scholarly journals Infection in asymptomatic carriers of SARS-CoV-2 can interfere with the achievement of robust immunity on a population scale

2021 ◽  
Vol 102 (11) ◽  
Author(s):  
Kelvinson Viana ◽  
Luis Zarpelon ◽  
Andre Leandro ◽  
Maria Terencio ◽  
Renata Lopes ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Immune Response ◽  
Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome ◽  
Cellular Immunity ◽  
Cellular Immune Response ◽  
Herd Immunity ◽  
Border Region ◽  
Asymptomatic Carriers ◽  
Population Scale ◽  
Cellular Immune ◽  
First Contact

The severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) continues to spread worldwide as a severe pandemic, and a significant portion of the infected population may remain asymptomatic. Given this, five surveys were carried out between May and September 2020 with a total of 3585 volunteers in the municipality of Foz do Iguaçu, State of Paraná, a triple border region between Brazil/Argentina/Paraguay. Five months after the first infection, volunteers were re-analysed for the production of IgG anti-Spike and anti-RBD-Spike, in addition to analyses of cellular immunity. Seroconversion rates ranged from 4.4 % to a peak of 37.21 % followed by a reduction in seroconversion to 21.1 % in September, indicating that 25 % of the population lost their circulating anti-SARS-CoV-2 antibodies 3 months after infection. Analyses after 5 months of infection showed that only 17.2 % of people still had anti-RBD-Spike antibodies, however, most volunteers had some degree of cellular immune response. The strategy of letting people become naturally infected with SARS-CoV-2 to achieve herd immunity is flawed, and the first contact with the virus may not generate enough immunogenic stimulus to prevent a possible second infection.

scholarly journals Modern Conceptions about the Mechanisms of Interaction Between Biofilm and Cellular Immunity Factors

2020 ◽  
Vol 97 (1) ◽  
pp. 83-90
Author(s):  
N. M. Shlepotina ◽  
M. V. Peshikova ◽  
O. L. Kolesnikov ◽  
Yu. S. Shishkova
Keyword(s):  
Immune Response ◽  
Pseudomonas Aeruginosa ◽  
Immune System ◽  
Cellular Immunity ◽  
Cellular Immune Response ◽  
Growth And Development ◽  
Microbial Consortium ◽  
Significant Negative Effect ◽  
Negative Effect ◽  
Cellular Immune

Features of the cellular immune response in the presence of a microbial biofilm are well described in the literature. Based on numerous studies, it became possible to establish a number of patterns: mature biofilms are better protected from immune factors, the effectiveness of antibiofilm strategies depends on species of the microorganisms, forming the biofilm, and, accordingly, on the composition of the biopolymer matrix. For example, rhamnolipids and alginate of Pseudomonas aeruginosa exert a significant negative effect on the function of immunocompetent cells. The bacteria of biofilms became able to turn to their advantage many of the protective reactions developed by the immune system and fixed evolutionarily, applying them for the growth and development of the microbial consortium.

scholarly journals Exacerbated inflammatory cellular immune response characteristics of HAM/TSP is observed in a large proportion of HTLV-I asymptomatic carriers

2004 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Silvane Braga Santos ◽  
Aurélia Fonseca Porto ◽  
André Luiz Muniz ◽  
Amélia Ribeiro de Jesus ◽  
Elza Magalhães ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Immune Response ◽  
Cellular Immune Response ◽  
Asymptomatic Carriers ◽  
Response Characteristics ◽  
Cellular Immune

scholarly journals DYNAMICS OF CELLULAR IMMUNE RESPONSE IN SHIGELLOSIS IN CHILDREN INFECTED WITH CYTOMEGALOVIRUS

World Science ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 2 (3(55)) ◽  
pp. 4-7
Author(s):  
Bukiy S. M. ◽  
Olkhovska O. M.
Keyword(s):  
Immune Response ◽  
Cellular Immunity ◽  
Mixed Infection ◽  
Peripheral Blood ◽  
Cellular Immune Response ◽  
Full Recovery ◽  
Acute Period ◽  
Cd8 Cells ◽  
Cellular Immune ◽  
Response Indicators

The analysis of the cellular immune response indicators in shigellosis in 90 children aged four to ten years infected with cytomegolovirus. It was found that in the acute period of the disease in children with mixed infection, the content of CD3 +, CD4 + and CD8 + cells of peripheral blood decreases, and by the period of early reconvalescence, the full recovery of cellular immunity indicators in these children does not occur. The revealed features of cellular immunity in shigellosis in children infected with CMV may be the cause of an unfavorable course of the disease and require further research.

scholarly journals A glimpse into the diverse cellular immunity against SARS-CoV-2 

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lung-Ji Chang ◽  
Cheng-Wei Chang ◽  
Yuchen Liu ◽  
Cheng Jiao ◽  
Hongwei Liu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Immune Response ◽  
T Cell ◽  
Immune Responses ◽  
Cellular Immunity ◽  
Cellular Immune Response ◽  
Critical Role ◽  
T Cell Response ◽  
Viral Antigens ◽  
Cellular Immune

Abstract Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2)-specific cellular immune response may prove to be essential for long-term immune protection against the novel coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). To assess COVID-19-specific immunity in the population, we synthesized selected peptide pools of SARS-CoV-2 structural and functional proteins, including Spike (S), Membrane (M), envelope (E), Nucleocapsid (N) and Protease (P) as target antigens. Survey of the T cell precursur frequencies in healthy individuals specific to these viral antigens demonstrated a diverse cellular immunity, including high, medium, low and no responders. This was further confirmed by in vitro induction of anti-SARS-CoV-2 T cell immune responses using dendritic cell (DC)/T cell coculture, which was consistent with the corresponding T cell precursor frequencies in each individual tested. In general, the combination of all five antigenic pools induced the strongest cellular immune response, and individual donors responded differently to different viral antigens. Importantly, a secondary in vitro booster stimulation of the T cells with the DC-peptides induced increased anti-viral immune responses in all individuals even in the no responders, suggesting that booster immunization in a vaccine scheme may elicit a broad protection in immune naïve population. Our analysis illustrates the critical role of cellular immunity in fighting COVID-19 and the importance of analyzing anti-SARS-CoV-2 T cell response in addition to antibody response in the population.

scholarly journals T- and B-cell immunosuppressive activity of novel α-santonin analogs with humoral and cellular immune response in Balb/c mice

MedChemComm ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
pp. 211-219 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nisar A. Dangroo ◽  
Jasvinder Singh ◽  
Nidhi Gupta ◽  
Shashank Singh ◽  
Anapurna Kaul ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Immune Response ◽  
B Cell ◽  
Cellular Immunity ◽  
Cellular Immune Response ◽  
Immunosuppressive Activity ◽  
Humoral And Cellular Immunity ◽  
Cellular Immune

Herein we report the synthesis of α-santonin analogs, and identification of potent immunosuppressant molecules. In vivo investigation on BALB/c mice revealed that compound 4e suppresses both humoral and cellular immunity.

scholarly journals Modern Conceptions about the Mechanisms of Interaction Between Biofilm and Cellular Immunity Factors

2020 ◽  
pp. 83-90
Author(s):  
N. M. Shlepotina ◽  
M. V. Peshikova ◽  
O. L. Kolesnikov ◽  
Yu. S. Shishkova
Keyword(s):  
Immune Response ◽  
Pseudomonas Aeruginosa ◽  
Immune System ◽  
Cellular Immunity ◽  
Cellular Immune Response ◽  
Growth And Development ◽  
Microbial Consortium ◽  
Significant Negative Effect ◽  
Negative Effect ◽  
Cellular Immune

Features of the cellular immune response in the presence of a microbial biofilm are well described in the literature. Based on numerous studies, it became possible to establish a number of patterns: mature biofilms are better protected from immune factors, the effectiveness of antibiofilm strategies depends on species of the microorganisms, forming the biofilm, and, accordingly, on the composition of the biopolymer matrix. For example, rhamnolipids and alginate of Pseudomonas aeruginosa exert a significant negative effect on the function of immunocompetent cells. The bacteria of biofilms became able to turn to their advantage many of the protective reactions developed by the immune system and fixed evolutionarily, applying them for the growth and development of the microbial consortium.

scholarly journals Cellular immunity in chronic Chagas' disease

1977 ◽  
Vol 5 (4) ◽  
pp. 401-404
Author(s):  
O M Montufar ◽  
C C Musatti ◽  
E Mendes ◽  
N F Mendes
Keyword(s):  
Immune Response ◽  
Chagas Disease ◽  
Cellular Immunity ◽  
Cellular Immune Response ◽  
Specific Antigen ◽  
Lymphocyte Function ◽  
Cell Reactivity ◽  
Cellular Immune ◽  
Chronic Chagas Disease

The cellular immune response was assessed in 20 patients with chronic Chagas' disease (American trypanosomiasis). Thymus-derived lymphocyte function was determined in vivo by cutaneous reactivity to several antigens including a soluble preparation derived from Trypanosoma cruzi and sensitization to 2,4-dinitrochlorobenzene. The in vitro T-cell reactivity was investigated by the proliferative response to phytohemagglutinin and to T. cruzi antigen and by inhibition of leukocyte migration with the specific antigen. In addition, the proportion and absolute numbers of peripheral blood T and B-lymphocytes were determined by rosette formation. This research indicates that the general and specific cellular immune response, evaluated by the tests herein mentioned, is well preserved in patients, with Chagas' disease. We conclude that chronic Chagas' disease is not associated with deficiency in cellular immunity, nor does it lead to it. Conceivably, the active participation of delayed hypersensitivity may play an important role in the expression of the human chagasic lesions.

scholarly journals The Evaluation of Cellular Immunity to Avian Viral Diseases: Methods, Applications, and Challenges

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xiaoli Hao ◽  
Fan Zhang ◽  
Yi Yang ◽  
Shaobin Shang
Keyword(s):  
Immune Response ◽  
T Cell ◽  
Viral Infection ◽  
T Cell Activation ◽  
Cellular Immunity ◽  
Cellular Immune Response ◽  
Viral Diseases ◽  
Immune Protection ◽  
Cell Immunity ◽  
Cellular Immune

Cellular immune responses play critical roles in the control of viral infection. However, the immune protection against avian viral diseases (AVDs), a major challenge to poultry industry, is yet mainly evaluated by measuring humoral immune response though antibody-independent immune protection was increasingly evident in the development of vaccines against some of these diseases. The evaluation of cellular immune response to avian viral infection has long been neglected due to limited reagents and methods. Recently, with the availability of more immunological reagents and validated approaches, the evaluation of cellular immunity has become feasible and necessary for AVD. Herein, we reviewed the methods used for evaluating T cell immunity in chickens following infection or vaccination, which are involved in the definition of different cellular subset, the analysis of T cell activation, proliferation and cytokine secretion, and in vitro culture of antigen-presenting cells (APC) and T cells. The pros and cons of each method were discussed, and potential future directions to enhance the studies of avian cellular immunity were suggested. The methodological improvement and standardization in analyzing cellular immune response in birds after viral infection or vaccination would facilitate the dissection of mechanism of immune protection and the development of novel vaccines and therapeutics against AVD.

scholarly journals Evidence of long-lasting humoral and cellular immunity against SARS-CoV-2 even in elderly COVID-19 convalescents showing a mild to moderate disease progression

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bastian Fischer ◽  
Christopher Lindenkamp ◽  
Christoph Lichtenberg ◽  
Ingvild Birschmann ◽  
Cornelius Knabbe ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Immune Response ◽  
Cellular Immune Response ◽  
Herd Immunity ◽  
Special Equipment ◽  
Humoral And Cellular Immunity ◽  
Lack Of Information ◽  
Moderate Disease ◽  
Blood Specimens ◽  
Novel Coronavirus ◽  
Cellular Immune

AbstractAfter the novel coronavirus severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) was first identified in China in late 2019, a pandemic evolved that has claimed millions of lives so far. While about 80 % of infections cause mild or moderate COVID-19 disease, some individuals show a severe progression or even die. Most countries are far from achieving herd-immunity, however, the first approved vaccines offer hope for containment of the virus. Although much is known about the virus, there is a lack of information on the immunity of convalescent individuals.We here evaluate the humoral and cellular immune response against SARS-CoV-2 in 41 COVID-19 convalescents. As previous studies mostly included younger individuals, one advantage of our study is the comparatively high mean age of the convalescents included in the cohort considered (54 ± 8.4 years). While anti-SARS-CoV-2 antibodies were still detectable in 95 % of convalescents up to 8 months post infection, an antibody-decay over time was generally observed in most donors. Using a multiplex assay, our data additionally reveal that most convalescents exhibit a broad humoral immunity against different viral epitopes. We demonstrate by flow cytometry that convalescent donors show a significantly elevated number of natural killer cells when compared to healthy controls, while no differences were found concerning other leucocyte subpopulations. We detected a specific long-lasting cellular immune response in convalescents by stimulating immune cells with SARS-CoV-2-specific peptides, covering domains of the viral spike, membrane and nucleocapsid protein, and measuring interferon-γ (IFN-γ) release thereafter. We modified a commercially available ELISA assay for IFN-γ determination in whole-blood specimens of COVID-19 convalescents. One advantage of this assay is that it does not require special equipment and can, thus, be performed in any standard laboratory. In conclusion, our study adds knowledge regarding the persistence of immunity of convalescents suffering from mild to moderate COVID-19. Moreover, our study provides a set of simple methods to characterize and confirm experienced COVID-19.

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