scholarly journals Adversity magnifies the importance of social information in decision-making

2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alfonso Perez-Escudero ◽  
Gonzalo G de Polavieja
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Mathematical Analysis ◽  
Social Information ◽  
The Other ◽  
Adverse Conditions ◽  
Social Species ◽  
Life Threatening ◽  
Low Levels ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Different Levels

In adverse conditions, individuals follow the majority more strongly. This phenomenon is very general across social species, but explanations have been particular to the species and context, including antipredatory responses, deflection of responsibility, or increase in uncertainty. Here we show that the impact of social information in realistic decision-making typically increases with adversity, giving more weight to the choices of the majority. The conditions for this social magnification are very natural, but were absent in previous decision-making models due to extra assumptionsthat simplified mathematical analysis, like very low levels of stochasticity or the assumption that when one option is good the other one must be bad. We show that decision-making in collectives can quantitatively explain the different impact of social influence with different levels of adversity for different species and contexts, including life-threatening situations in fish and simple experiments in humans.

scholarly journals Adversity magnifies the importance of social information in decision-making

2017 ◽  
Vol 14 (136) ◽  
pp. 20170748 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alfonso Pérez-Escudero ◽  
Gonzalo G. de Polavieja
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Private Information ◽  
Social Information ◽  
Gain Factor ◽  
Collective Behaviour ◽  
Geometric Framework ◽  
Low Levels ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Insight Into

Decision-making theories explain animal behaviour, including human behaviour, as a response to estimations about the environment. In the case of collective behaviour, they have given quantitative predictions of how animals follow the majority option. However, they have so far failed to explain that in some species and contexts social cohesion increases when conditions become more adverse (i.e. individuals choose the majority option with higher probability when the estimated quality of all available options decreases). We have found that this failure is due to modelling simplifications that aided analysis, like low levels of stochasticity or the assumption that only one choice is the correct one. We provide a more general but simple geometric framework to describe optimal or suboptimal decisions in collectives that gives insight into three different mechanisms behind this effect. The three mechanisms have in common that the private information acts as a gain factor to social information: a decrease in the privately estimated quality of all available options increases the impact of social information, even when social information itself remains unchanged. This increase in the importance of social information makes it more likely that agents will follow the majority option. We show that these results quantitatively explain collective behaviour in fish and experiments of social influence in humans.

Quota Women Are Threatening to Men

2017 ◽  
Vol 76 (3) ◽  
pp. 107-116 ◽  
Author(s):  
Klea Faniko ◽  
Till Burckhardt ◽  
Oriane Sarrasin ◽  
Fabio Lorenzi-Cioldi ◽  
Siri Øyslebø Sørensen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Organizational Performance ◽  
Gender Stereotypes ◽  
Perceived Threat ◽  
Preferential Treatment ◽  
Public Sector Employees ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Low Levels ◽  
Women In Decision Making ◽  
The Impact

Abstract. Two studies carried out among Albanian public-sector employees examined the impact of different types of affirmative action policies (AAPs) on (counter)stereotypical perceptions of women in decision-making positions. Study 1 (N = 178) revealed that participants – especially women – perceived women in decision-making positions as more masculine (i.e., agentic) than feminine (i.e., communal). Study 2 (N = 239) showed that different types of AA had different effects on the attribution of gender stereotypes to AAP beneficiaries: Women benefiting from a quota policy were perceived as being more communal than agentic, while those benefiting from weak preferential treatment were perceived as being more agentic than communal. Furthermore, we examined how the belief that AAPs threaten men’s access to decision-making positions influenced the attribution of these traits to AAP beneficiaries. The results showed that men who reported high levels of perceived threat, as compared to men who reported low levels of perceived threat, attributed more communal than agentic traits to the beneficiaries of quotas. These findings suggest that AAPs may have created a backlash against its beneficiaries by emphasizing gender-stereotypical or counterstereotypical traits. Thus, the framing of AAPs, for instance, as a matter of enhancing organizational performance, in the process of policy making and implementation, may be a crucial tool to countering potential backlash.

scholarly journals Physicians’ decreased tendency to choose palliative care for patients with advanced dementia between 1999 and 2015

2021 ◽  
Vol 20 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Saila Haapasalmi ◽  
Reetta P. Piili ◽  
Riina Metsänoja ◽  
Pirkko-Liisa I. Kellokumpu-Lehtinen ◽  
Juho T. Lehto
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Palliative Care ◽  
Legal Protection ◽  
Postal Survey ◽  
Advanced Dementia ◽  
Background Factors ◽  
Physician Decision Making ◽  
Care Approach ◽  
Life Threatening ◽  
The Impact

Abstract Background Physicians’ decision-making for seriously ill patients with advanced dementia is of high importance, especially as the prevalence of dementia is rising rapidly, and includes many challenging ethical, medical and juridical aspects. We assessed the change in this decision-making over 16 years (from 1999 to 2015) and several background factors influencing physicians’ decision. Methods A postal survey including a hypothetical patient-scenario representing a patient with an advanced dementia and a life-threatening gastrointestinal bleeding was sent to 1182 and 1258 Finnish physicians in 1999 and 2015, respectively. The target groups were general practitioners (GPs), surgeons, internists and oncologists. The respondents were asked to choose between several life-prolonging and palliative care approaches. The influence of physicians’ background factors and attitudes on their decision were assessed. Results The response rate was 56%. A palliative care approach was chosen by 57 and 50% of the physicians in 1999 and 2015, respectively (p = 0.01). This change was statistically significant among GPs (50 vs 40%, p = 0.018) and oncologists (77 vs 56%, p = 0.011). GPs chose a palliative care approach less often than other responders in both years (50 vs. 63% in 1999 and 40 vs. 56% in 2015, p < 0.001). In logistic regression analysis, responding in 2015 and being a GP remained explanatory factors for a lower tendency to choose palliative care. The impact of family’s benefit on the decision-making decreased, whereas the influence of the patient’s benefit and ethical values as well as the patient’s or physician’s legal protection increased from 1999 to 2015. Conclusions Physicians chose a palliative care approach for a patient with advanced dementia and life-threatening bleeding less often in 2015 than in 1999. Specialty, attitudes and other background factors influenced significantly physician decision-making. Education on the identification and palliative care of the patients with late-stage dementia are needed to make these decisions more consistent.

scholarly journals Stochastic Fuzzy Algorithms for Impairment of Assets Management

2020 ◽  
Vol 15 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Marcel Ioan Bolos ◽  
Victoria Bogdan ◽  
Ioana Alexandra Bradea ◽  
Claudia Diana Sabau Popa ◽  
Dorina Nicoleta Popa
Keyword(s):  
Artificial Intelligence ◽  
Decision Making ◽  
Fuzzy Numbers ◽  
Cash Flows ◽  
The Other ◽  
Dual Purpose ◽  
Fuzzy Algorithms ◽  
Tangible Assets ◽  
The Impact

The present paper aims to analyze the impairment of tangible assets with the help of artificial intelligence. Stochastic fuzzy numbers have been introduced with a dual purpose: on one hand to estimate the cash flows generated by tangible assets exploitation and, on the other hand, to ensure the value ranges stratifications that define these cash flows. Estimation of cash flows using stochastic fuzzy numbers was based on cash flows generated by tangible assets in previous periods of operation. Also, based on the Lagrange multipliers, were introduced: the objective function of minimizing the standard deviations from the recorded value of the cash flows generated by the tangible assets, as well as the constraints caused by the impairment of tangible assets identification according to which the cash flows values must be equal to the annual value of the invested capital. Within the determination of the impairment value and stratification of the value ranges determined by the cash flows using stochastic fuzzy numbers, the impairment of assets risk was identified. Information provided by impairment of assets but also the impairment risks, is the basis of the decision-making measures taken to mitigate the impact of accumulated impairment losses on company’s financial performance.

Does strategic planning help firms translate slack resources into better performance?

2018 ◽  
Vol 26 (4) ◽  
pp. 395-407 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jinyu Guo ◽  
Bo Zhou ◽  
Haili Zhang ◽  
Chunjia Hu ◽  
Michael Song
Keyword(s):  
Firm Performance ◽  
Strategic Planning ◽  
External Environment ◽  
Organizational Slack ◽  
Low Levels ◽  
Using Data ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Performance Research ◽  
Practical Implications ◽  
Different Levels

AbstractIs organizational slack good or bad for firm performance? Research addressing this question has obtained mixed results. Such studies have focused mainly on the impact of environmental conditions on the slack–performance relationship. In this study, instead of focusing on the uncontrollable external environment, we consider actions determined by firms internally, in particular strategic planning. Using data from 183 US firms, we explore the connection between organizational slack and firm performance with different levels of strategic planning. The results suggest that at low levels of strategic planning the slack–performance relationship is linear, while at high levels of strategic planning this relationship is inverse U shaped. We discuss the theoretical and practical implications of these findings.

Situation Awareness and the Decision-Making Process in a Dynamic Situation: Avoiding Collisions at Sea

2008 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-23 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christine Chauvin ◽  
J. P. Clostermann ◽  
Jean-Michel Hoc
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Situation Awareness ◽  
The Other ◽  
Decision Making Process ◽  
Secondary Importance ◽  
Training Course ◽  
Training Facility ◽  
Level 1 ◽  
The One ◽  
The Impact

In this study, the authors aim to determine the impact of situation awareness (SA) in the decision-making process of “young” watch officers of a Merchant Marine training facility. The trainees were shown an ambiguous interaction situation in which they could choose among several actions. The results show that Level 1 SA (perception of the elements in the environment) tends to be of secondary importance in decision making. The major variables of the decision-making process are the interpretation of the rules and anticipation of the other vessel's intentions. Moreover, four different trainee “profiles” emerged. The main difference between them lies in the distance at which they decided to change course, the direction of this maneuver (port or starboard), the way in which they interpreted the other vessel's intentions (is it going to change course?), and whether the trainees referred to the rules. Of the trainees, 55% performed a maneuver that was against regulations, and 34% did so in an unsafe manner. This result provides an incentive to rethink the training course to put more stress on recognizing prototypical situations and choosing which actions to take in situations such as the one presented here.

scholarly journals Depressive Disorders and Incidence of COVID-19: Is There a Correlation and Management Interference?

2020 ◽  
pp. 1-7
Author(s):  
Nagwa Ali Sabri ◽  
Nagwa Ali Sabri ◽  
Mohamed Ahmed Raslan ◽  
Eslam Mansour Shehata ◽  
Sara Ahmed Raslan
Keyword(s):  
Insulin Resistance ◽  
Depressive Disorder ◽  
Depressive Disorders ◽  
Virus Disease ◽  
The Other ◽  
Acute Pneumonia ◽  
Threatening Condition ◽  
Life Threatening ◽  
Respiratory Droplets ◽  
The Impact

Corona virus Disease-2019 is a new strain of Coronaviruses (COVID-19) causing an infection which has rapidly spread all over the Globe, where the primary pathways of infection spreading reported to be through large respiratory droplets and the disease severity has varied from mild self-limiting flu like illness to acute pneumonia, respiratory collapse and death. On the other hand, depression is a disease that could be progress to a life-threatening condition that affects globally hundreds of millions of people. The aim of this review is desired to investigate and find a correlation between depressive disorders and the incidence of COVID19, where, pathogeneses of depressive disorder and its effect on the immunity system was addressed, besides the impact of depression on individual food intake and its complications regarding weight gain, insulin resistance, and immune system disruption was also discussed which by turn might increase the risk for infection with COVID-19. Finally, the possible drug-drug interactions between drugs included in management protocols of both depressive disorder including antidepressants and anxiolytics and COVID19 with possible proposed alternatives.

scholarly journals Ownership governance and performance in Spanish-Moroccan joint ventures

2013 ◽  
Vol 16 (3) ◽  
pp. 231-243 ◽  
Author(s):  
Maria Victoria Lopez-Perez ◽  
Maria Carmen Perez-Lopez ◽  
Lazaro Rodriguez-Ariza
Keyword(s):  
Joint Ventures ◽  
Positive Influence ◽  
Management Team ◽  
International Joint Ventures ◽  
The Other ◽  
International Joint ◽  
Form Part ◽  
And Performance ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Different Levels

This paper analyses the impact of ownership on performance by SMEs formed as Spanish-Moroccan international joint ventures (IJVs). In such SMEs, the functions and persons involved at different levels of governance – ownership, board and managers – often overlap. The results obtained from 210 SMEs suggest that owners often exert control by participating in the other mechanisms of governance. Their participation as members of the board has a positive influence on performance and thus the success of the IJV, but when owners form part of the management team (a less frequent situation), the influence on performance is negative and not significant. Participation by owners in the management team is not associated with the IJV’s performance.

Socio-Cultural Factors Affecting the Market Behavior of Coconut Farmers in Central Philippines

2013 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
ERNESTO GO YAP
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Participant Observation ◽  
Group Discussion ◽  
The Philippines ◽  
Cultural Factors ◽  
The Other ◽  
Productive Capacity ◽  
Market Behavior ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Coconut Meat

In a competitive market, both suppliers and buyers behave with the aim of obtaining the most concession from the other. There are situations wherein one party benefits more than the other, resulting in unfavorable outcomes for the latter. The study explored the socio-cultural factors that affect the market behavior of coconut farmers, in an attempt to rationalize why coconut farmers are poor. This study is conducted in the Municipality of Bacong, Negros Oriental in the central part of the Philippines. Themes in the study included decision-making, division of labor, urban migration, and relations with other stakeholders as well as the impact to the local ecology. This study was conducted using qualitative research techniques that included key informant interview, participant observation, and focus group discussion. The findings show that the productive capacity of coconut farmers are limited, if not decreasing and are more influenced by the socio-cultural factors that govern the farmers’ life situations, than by the market prices of coconut meat. The farmers are price takers of the coconut meat they produce and sold. Productivity and income of small coconut farmers are expected to deteriorate together with vast agricultural lands becoming idle and barren, unless government interventions are enhanced, and young professionals are encouraged to return to the farms.Keywords: Socio-cultural factors, market behavior, decision-making, coconut farmers,descriptive design, Philippines

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