scholarly journals Adversity magnifies the importance of social information in decision-making

2017 ◽  
Vol 14 (136) ◽  
pp. 20170748 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alfonso Pérez-Escudero ◽  
Gonzalo G. de Polavieja
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Private Information ◽  
Social Information ◽  
Gain Factor ◽  
Collective Behaviour ◽  
Geometric Framework ◽  
Low Levels ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Insight Into

Decision-making theories explain animal behaviour, including human behaviour, as a response to estimations about the environment. In the case of collective behaviour, they have given quantitative predictions of how animals follow the majority option. However, they have so far failed to explain that in some species and contexts social cohesion increases when conditions become more adverse (i.e. individuals choose the majority option with higher probability when the estimated quality of all available options decreases). We have found that this failure is due to modelling simplifications that aided analysis, like low levels of stochasticity or the assumption that only one choice is the correct one. We provide a more general but simple geometric framework to describe optimal or suboptimal decisions in collectives that gives insight into three different mechanisms behind this effect. The three mechanisms have in common that the private information acts as a gain factor to social information: a decrease in the privately estimated quality of all available options increases the impact of social information, even when social information itself remains unchanged. This increase in the importance of social information makes it more likely that agents will follow the majority option. We show that these results quantitatively explain collective behaviour in fish and experiments of social influence in humans.

scholarly journals Adversity magnifies the importance of social information in decision-making

2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alfonso Perez-Escudero ◽  
Gonzalo G de Polavieja
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Mathematical Analysis ◽  
Social Information ◽  
The Other ◽  
Adverse Conditions ◽  
Social Species ◽  
Life Threatening ◽  
Low Levels ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Different Levels

In adverse conditions, individuals follow the majority more strongly. This phenomenon is very general across social species, but explanations have been particular to the species and context, including antipredatory responses, deflection of responsibility, or increase in uncertainty. Here we show that the impact of social information in realistic decision-making typically increases with adversity, giving more weight to the choices of the majority. The conditions for this social magnification are very natural, but were absent in previous decision-making models due to extra assumptionsthat simplified mathematical analysis, like very low levels of stochasticity or the assumption that when one option is good the other one must be bad. We show that decision-making in collectives can quantitatively explain the different impact of social influence with different levels of adversity for different species and contexts, including life-threatening situations in fish and simple experiments in humans.

Quota Women Are Threatening to Men

2017 ◽  
Vol 76 (3) ◽  
pp. 107-116 ◽  
Author(s):  
Klea Faniko ◽  
Till Burckhardt ◽  
Oriane Sarrasin ◽  
Fabio Lorenzi-Cioldi ◽  
Siri Øyslebø Sørensen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Organizational Performance ◽  
Gender Stereotypes ◽  
Perceived Threat ◽  
Preferential Treatment ◽  
Public Sector Employees ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Low Levels ◽  
Women In Decision Making ◽  
The Impact

Abstract. Two studies carried out among Albanian public-sector employees examined the impact of different types of affirmative action policies (AAPs) on (counter)stereotypical perceptions of women in decision-making positions. Study 1 (N = 178) revealed that participants – especially women – perceived women in decision-making positions as more masculine (i.e., agentic) than feminine (i.e., communal). Study 2 (N = 239) showed that different types of AA had different effects on the attribution of gender stereotypes to AAP beneficiaries: Women benefiting from a quota policy were perceived as being more communal than agentic, while those benefiting from weak preferential treatment were perceived as being more agentic than communal. Furthermore, we examined how the belief that AAPs threaten men’s access to decision-making positions influenced the attribution of these traits to AAP beneficiaries. The results showed that men who reported high levels of perceived threat, as compared to men who reported low levels of perceived threat, attributed more communal than agentic traits to the beneficiaries of quotas. These findings suggest that AAPs may have created a backlash against its beneficiaries by emphasizing gender-stereotypical or counterstereotypical traits. Thus, the framing of AAPs, for instance, as a matter of enhancing organizational performance, in the process of policy making and implementation, may be a crucial tool to countering potential backlash.

scholarly journals Lessons Learned From an Early Hotspot During the COVID-19 Pandemic

2021 ◽  
pp. 000313482199475
Author(s):  
Brett M. Chapman ◽  
George M. Fuhrman
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Surgical Education ◽  
Clinical Care ◽  
Well Being ◽  
Educational Environment ◽  
Lessons Learned ◽  
Residency Programs ◽  
Surgical Residency ◽  
The Impact

The Covid-19 pandemic has provided challenges for surgical residency programs demanding fluid decision making focused on providing care for our patients, maintaining an educational environment, and protecting the well-being of our residents. This brief report summarizes the impact of the impact on our residency programs clinical care and education. We have identified opportunities to improve our program using videoconferencing, managing recruitment, and maintaining a satisfactory caseload to ensure the highest possible quality of surgical education.

Optimizing patient adherence to stroke rehabilitation: A mixed method telerehabilitation trial (Preprint)

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Isabelle Gaboury ◽  
Michel Tousignant ◽  
Hélène Corriveau ◽  
Matthew Menear ◽  
Guylaine Le Dorze ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Shared Decision Making ◽  
Stroke Rehabilitation ◽  
Patient Adherence ◽  
Interprofessional Collaboration ◽  
Interdisciplinary Collaboration ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Shared Decision ◽  
The Impact

BACKGROUND Strong evidence supports beginning stroke rehabilitation as soon as the patient’s medical status has stabilized and continuing following discharge from acute care. However, adherence to rehabilitation treatments over the rehabilitation phase has been shown to be suboptimal. OBJECTIVE Objective: The aim of this study is to assess the impact of a telerehabilitation platform on stroke patients’ adherence to a rehabilitation plan and on their level of reintegration to normal social activities, in comparison with usual care. The primary outcome is patient adherence to stroke rehabilitation (up to 12 weeks), which is hypothesized to influence reintegration to normal living. Secondary outcomes for patients include functional recovery and independence, depression, adverse events related to telerehabilitation, use of services (up to 6 months), perception of interprofessional shared decision making, and quality of services received. Interprofessional collaboration as well as quality of interprofessional shared decision making will be measured on clinicians. METHODS In this interrupted time series with a convergent qualitative component, rehabilitation teams will be trained to develop rehabilitation treatment plans that engage the patient and family, while taking advantage of a telerehabilitation platform to deliver the treatment. The intervention will entail 220 patients to receive stroke telerehabilitation with an interdisciplinary group of clinicians (telerehabilitation) versus face-to-face, standard of care (n = 110 patients). RESULTS Results: Our Research Ethics Board has approved the study in June 2020. Data collection for the control group is underway, with another year planned before we begin the intervention phase. CONCLUSIONS This study will contribute to minimize both knowledge and practice gaps, while producing robust, in-depth data on the factors related to the effectiveness of telerehabilitation in a stroke rehabilitation continuum. Findings will inform best practices guidelines regarding telecare services and the provision of telerehabilitation, including recommendations regarding effective interdisciplinary collaboration regarding stroke rehabilitation. CLINICALTRIAL ClinicalTrials.gov NCT04440215

The Impact of Conflict- Generating Techniques on Student Reactions and Decision Quality

1995 ◽  
Vol 58 (4) ◽  
pp. 39-45
Author(s):  
Granger Macy ◽  
Joan C. Neal
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Business Students ◽  
Decision Quality ◽  
Structured Decision Making ◽  
Constructive Conflict ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Student Reactions ◽  
Graduate Business Students ◽  
The Impact

This study examined the effectiveness of conflict-generating decision-making techniques in the college classroom. Utiliz ing constructive conflict in classroom exercises may affect decision-making quality and student reactions. This study of undergraduate and graduate business students found significant difference in both the quality of the decisions and in student reactions to the techniques. The findings and discussion indicate the potential for appropriate use of structured decision-making techniques in the classroom.

scholarly journals The Impact of Sustainable Financial Data Governance, Political Connections, and Creative Accounting Practices on Organizational Outcomes

2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (20) ◽  
pp. 5676 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tha’er Amjed Mahmoud Ababneh ◽  
Mehmet Aga
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Accounting Information ◽  
Financial Data ◽  
Political Connections ◽  
Equation Modeling ◽  
Data Governance ◽  
Creative Accounting ◽  
Information Reporting ◽  
The Impact

Decision-making and financial information quality are key facets of corporate sustainability. The literature is devoid of inquiries investigating the collective impact of sustainable financial data governance and political connections on creative accounting practices, the quality of financial reporting and decision-making effectiveness. The present study integrates these critical factors by obtaining survey data (n = 180) from publicly listed firms in Amman Stock Exchange, Jordan. By applying partial least squares structural equation modeling (PLS-SEM), this study found that (i) sustainable financial data governance does not influence creative accounting practices, (ii) political connections influences the level of firms creative accounting practices, (iii) creative accounting practices influences the quality of financial and accounting information reporting, and (iv) the quality of financial and accounting information reporting influences firms decision-making effectiveness. Implications, limitations, and future research courses are discussed.

Diagnostic conversations: Clinical Decision Making in surgery – Part 2

Diagnosis ◽  
2014 ◽  
Vol 1 (2) ◽  
pp. 189-193 ◽  
Author(s):  
David Allan Watters ◽  
Spencer Wynyard Beasley ◽  
Wendy Crebbin
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Clinical Decision Making ◽  
Clinical Decision ◽  
Learning Opportunities ◽  
Clinical Decisions ◽  
Decision Making Processes ◽  
Royal Australasian College ◽  
Insight Into ◽  
Made In

AbstractProceduralists who fail to review their decision making are unlikely to learn from their experiences, irrespective of whether the operative outcome is successful or not. Teaching junior surgeons to develop ‘insight’ into their own decision making has long been a challenge. Surgeons and staff of the Royal Australasian College of Surgeons worked together to develop a model to help explain the processes around clinical decision making and incorporated this model into a Clinical Decision Making (CDM) training course. In this course, faculty apply the model to specific surgical cases, within the model’s framework of how clinical decisions are made; thus providing an opportunity to identify specific decision making processes as they occur and to highlight some of the learning opportunities they provide. The conversation in this paper illustrates the kinds of case-based interactions which typically occur in the development and teaching of the CDM course.The focus in this, the second of two papers, is on reviewing post-operative clinical decisions made in relation to one case, to improve the quality of subsequent decision making.

Factors explaining the Impact of Performance Measures in European Local Governments

2015 ◽  
Vol 13 (2) ◽  
pp. 229-248 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lourdes Torres ◽  
Vicente Pina ◽  
Caridad Martí
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Human Resources ◽  
Performance Measures ◽  
Local Governments ◽  
Monetary Incentives ◽  
Senior Managers ◽  
Hr Management ◽  
Perceived Impact ◽  
The Impact

This paper seeks to identify the drivers of the variations in the impact perceived by managers of the implementation of performance measures (PM) across European local governments. We argue that insights from the use of PM for managerial processes and human resources (HR) management features condition the perceived impact of PM systems. The data was collected through a questionnaire answered by local governments of 16 European countries. The results show that the higher the use of PM in performance-oriented budgeting processes, the higher the impact of PM on improvements in the quality of decision-making. Monetary incentives linked to performance better explain the actual results in PM implementation than the kind of HR system of the cities and the academic backgrounds of their senior managers.

Acquiring Advanced Technology: Decision-making Strategies at Twelve Medical Centers

1993 ◽  
Vol 9 (4) ◽  
pp. 530-538 ◽  
Author(s):  
Saul N. Weingart
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Technology Assessment ◽  
Ad Hoc ◽  
Clinical Care ◽  
Advanced Technology ◽  
Financial Impact ◽  
Assessment Process ◽  
Medical Centers ◽  
The Impact

AbstractThis study describes decision making regarding the acquisition of technology in 12 major medical centers. The financial impact of a project was the most widely cited criterion of decision, but financial considerations were less important than either the impact of a technology on the quality of clinical care or its contribution to teaching and research. Rarely were criteria set out explicitly or in advance. Although exemplary models exist, the technology assessment process at most institutions is described as “political,” “informal,” or “ad hoc.”

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