scholarly journals Global Proteomic Analyses of Macrophage Response toMycobacterium tuberculosisInfection

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Valérie Poirier ◽  
Gal Av-Gay ◽  
Yossef Av-Gay
Keyword(s):  
Innate Immune ◽  
Cellular Respiration ◽  
Microbial Infection ◽  
Host Proteins ◽  
First Line ◽  
Macrophage Response ◽  
Expression Levels ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Infection Experiments

AbstractAlveolar macrophages serve as the first line of defence against microbial infection, yet provide a unique niche for the growth ofMycobacterium tuberculosis. To better understand the evasive nature of the tubercle bacilli and its molecular manifest on the macrophage response to infection, we conducted a global quantitative proteomic profile of infected macrophages. By examining four independent controlled infection experiments, we detected 42,007 peptides resulting in the characterization of 4,868 distinct proteins. Of these, we identified 845 macrophage proteins whose expression is modulated upon infection in all replicates. We showed that the macrophage’s response toM. tuberculosisinfection includes simultaneous and concerted upregulation of selected proteins. Using a number of statistical methods, we identified 27 proteins whose expression levels are significantly regulated outside of a 90% confidence interval about the mean. These host proteins represent the macrophage transcriptional, translational, and innate immune response to infection as well as its signaling capacity. The contribution of PtpA, anM. tuberculosissecreted virulence factor, modulated the expression levels of 11 host macrophage proteins, as categorized by RNA metabolism, translation, and cellular respiration.

scholarly journals Macrophage Proinflammatory Responses to Microorganisms and Transplanted Organs

2020 ◽  
Vol 21 (24) ◽  
pp. 9669
Author(s):  
Malgorzata Kloc ◽  
Ahmed Uosef ◽  
Jacek Z. Kubiak ◽  
Rafik M. Ghobrial
Keyword(s):  
Tissue Repair ◽  
Surrounding Tissue ◽  
The Novel ◽  
Microbial Infection ◽  
First Line ◽  
Macrophage Response ◽  
Clinical Transplantation ◽  
Proinflammatory Responses ◽  
Inflammatory Milieu ◽  
Transplanted Organs

Tissue-resident macrophages and those conscripted from the blood/bone marrow are professional phagocytes. They play a role in tissue homeostasis, replacement, and healing, and are the first-line responders to microbial (viral, bacterial, and fungi) infections. Intrinsic ameboid-type motility allows non-resident macrophages to move to the site of inflammation or injury, where, in response to the inflammatory milieu they perform the anti-microbial and/or tissue repair functions. Depending on the need and the signaling from the surrounding tissue and other immune cells, macrophages acquire morphologically and functionally different phenotypes, which allow them to play either pro-inflammatory or anti-inflammatory functions. As such, the macrophages are also the major players in the rejection of the transplanted organs making an excellent target for the novel anti-rejection therapies in clinical transplantation. In this review, we describe some of the less covered aspects of macrophage response to microbial infection and organ transplantation.

scholarly journals Mitochondrial Regulation of Macrophage Response Against Pathogens

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 ◽  
Author(s):  
Subhadip Choudhuri ◽  
Imran Hussain Chowdhury ◽  
Nisha Jain Garg
Keyword(s):  
Innate Immune ◽  
Infectious Agents ◽  
First Line ◽  
Proinflammatory Response ◽  
Macrophage Response ◽  
Mitochondrial Regulation ◽  
Chain Complexes ◽  
Transport Chain ◽  
Sting Pathway ◽  
Direct Killing

Innate immune cells play the first line of defense against pathogens. Phagocytosis or invasion by pathogens can affect mitochondrial metabolism in macrophages by diverse mechanisms and shape the macrophage response (proinflammatory vs. immunomodulatory) against pathogens. Besides β-nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide 2'-phosphate, reduced (NADPH) oxidase, mitochondrial electron transport chain complexes release superoxide for direct killing of the pathogen. Mitochondria that are injured are removed by mitophagy, and this process can be critical for regulating macrophage activation. For example, impaired mitophagy can result in cytosolic leakage of mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) that can lead to activation of cGAS–STING signaling pathway of macrophage proinflammatory response. In this review, we will discuss how metabolism, mtDNA, mitophagy, and cGAS–STING pathway shape the macrophage response to infectious agents.

Caracterização da Peneira Média em Clones de Coffea canephora

REVISTA FIMCA ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 5 (2) ◽  
pp. 28-31
Author(s):  
Darlan Darlan Sanches Barbosa Alves ◽  
Victor Mouzinho Spinelli ◽  
Marcos Santana Moraes ◽  
Carolina Augusto De Souza ◽  
Rodrigo da Silva Ribeiro ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Improvement ◽  
Block Design ◽  
Coffea Canephora ◽  
Coffee Production ◽  
Randomized Block Design ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Four Blocks ◽  
Selection Of

Introdução: O estado de Rondônia se destaca como tradicional produtor de café, sendo o segundo maior produtor brasileiro de C. canephora. No melhoramento genético de C. canephora, a seleção de plantas de elevada peneira média está associada à bebida de qualidade superior. Objetivos: O objetivo desse estudo foi avaliar a variabilidade genética de clones de C. canephora para o tamanho dos grãos, mensurado a partir da avaliação da peneira média (PM). Materiais e Métodos: Para isso, foi conduzido ao longo de dois anos agrícolas experimento no campo experimental da Embrapa no município de Ouro Preto do Oeste-RO, para a avaliação da peneira média de 130 genótipos (clones) com características das variedades botânicas Conilon, Robusta e híbridos intervarietais. O delineamento experimental utilizado foi de blocos ao acaso, com quatro repetições de quatro plantas por parcela. Resultados: Não houve resultados significativos para a interação clones X anos, indicando uma maior consistência no comportamento das plantas ao longo do tempo. Porém foram observadas diferenças significativas para o tamanho dos grãos entre os genótipos avaliados, possibilitando selecionar genótipos superiores. Conclusão: Os genótipos agruparam-se em cinco classes de acordo com o teste de média, subsidiando a caracterização de um gradiente de variabilidade da característica avaliada ABSTRACTIntroduction: Coffea canephora accounts for approximately 35% of the world's coffee production. The state of Rondônia stands out as a traditional coffee producer, being the second largest Brazilian producer of C. canephora. In the classical genetic improvement of C. anephora, the selection of plants of high average sieve is associated with a drink of superior quality. Objectives: The objective of this udy was to evaluate the genetic variability of Coffea canephora clones for the agronomic medium sieve (PM). Materials and Methods: The experiment was conducted in the experimental field of Embrapa, municipality of OuroPreto do Oeste-RO, located at coordinates 10º44'53 "S and 62º12'57". One hundred thirty genotypes (clones) of botanical characteristics Conilon, Robusta and intervarietal hybrids were evaluated in the agricultural years 2013-2014 and 2014-2015. The experimental design was a randomized block design with four blocks and four plants per plot, spacing 3.5 x 1.5 meters between plants. Results: Significant difference was found for the grain size. According to the F test, at 5% probability, the genotypes were grouped into five classes according to the mean test. Conclusion: The results obtained subsidized the characterization of a variability gradient of the evaluated trait.

scholarly journals Existence of natural mouse IgG mAbs recognising epitopes shared by malondialdehyde acetaldehyde adducts and Porphyromonas gingivalis

2021 ◽  
Vol 27 (2) ◽  
pp. 158-169
Author(s):  
Mikael Kyrklund ◽  
Heidi Kaski ◽  
Ramin Akhi ◽  
Antti E Nissinen ◽  
Outi Kummu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Porphyromonas Gingivalis ◽  
Low Density Lipoprotein ◽  
Physiological Role ◽  
Density Lipoprotein ◽  
Tissue Homeostasis ◽  
Innate Immune ◽  
Periodontal Pathogen ◽  
First Line ◽  
Germline Genes ◽  
Innate Recognition

Natural Abs are produced by B lymphocytes in the absence of external Ag stimulation. They recognise self, altered self and foreign Ags, comprising an important first-line defence against invading pathogens and serving as innate recognition receptors for tissue homeostasis. Natural IgG Abs have been found in newborns and uninfected individuals. Yet, their physiological role remains unclear. Previously, no natural IgG Abs to oxidation-specific epitopes have been reported. Here, we show the cloning and characterisation of mouse IgG mAbs against malondialdehyde acetaldehyde (MAA)-modified low-density lipoprotein. Sequence analysis reveals high homology with germline genes, suggesting that they are natural. Further investigation shows that the MAA-specific natural IgG Abs cross-react with the major periodontal pathogen Porphyromonas gingivalis and recognise its principle virulence factors gingipain Kgp and long fimbriae. The study provides evidence that natural IgGs may play an important role in innate immune defence and in regulation of tissue homeostasis by recognising and removing invading pathogens and/or modified self-Ags, thus being involved in the development of periodontitis and atherosclerosis.

scholarly journals Characterization of Maize Genotypes (Zea mays L.) for Resistance to Striga asiatica and S. hermonthica and Compatibility with Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. strigae (FOS) in Tanzania

Agronomy ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (5) ◽  
pp. 1004
Author(s):  
John Lobulu ◽  
Hussein Shimelis ◽  
Mark D. Laing ◽  
Arnold Angelo Mushongi ◽  
Admire Isaac Tichafa Shayanowako
Keyword(s):  
Grain Yield ◽  
Fusarium Oxysporum ◽  
Biocontrol Agent ◽  
Zea Mays L ◽  
Control Treatment ◽  
Yield Reduction ◽  
Maize Genotypes ◽  
Significant Yield ◽  
The Mean

Striga species cause significant yield loss in maize varying from 20 to 100%. The aim of the present study was to screen and identify maize genotypes with partial resistance to S. hermonthica (Sh) and S. asiatica (Sa) and compatible with Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. strigae (FOS), a biocontrol agent. Fifty-six maize genotypes were evaluated for resistance to Sh and Sa, and FOS compatibility. Results showed that FOS treatment significantly (p < 0.001) enhanced Striga management compared to the untreated control under both Sh and Sa infestations. The mean grain yield was reduced by 19.13% in FOS-untreated genotypes compared with a loss of 13.94% in the same genotypes treated with FOS under Sh infestation. Likewise, under Sa infestation, FOS-treated genotypes had a mean grain yield reduction of 18% while untreated genotypes had a mean loss of 21.4% compared to the control treatment. Overall, based on Striga emergence count, Striga host damage rating, grain yield and FOS compatibility, under Sh and Sa infestations, 23 maize genotypes carrying farmer preferred traits were identified. The genotypes are useful genetic materials in the development of Striga-resistant cultivars in Tanzania and related agro-ecologies.

scholarly journals Characterization of Deleterious Mutations in Outcrossing Populations

Genetics ◽  
1998 ◽  
Vol 150 (2) ◽  
pp. 945-956 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hong-Wen Deng
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Variation ◽  
Genetic Variance ◽  
Estimation Bias ◽  
Deleterious Mutations ◽  
Environmental Variance ◽  
Higher Power ◽  
Sib Mating ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Simulation Results

Abstract Deng and Lynch recently proposed estimating the rate and effects of deleterious genomic mutations from changes in the mean and genetic variance of fitness upon selfing/outcrossing in outcrossing/highly selfing populations. The utility of our original estimation approach is limited in outcrossing populations, since selfing may not always be feasible. Here we extend the approach to any form of inbreeding in outcrossing populations. By simulations, the statistical properties of the estimation under a common form of inbreeding (sib mating) are investigated under a range of biologically plausible situations. The efficiencies of different degrees of inbreeding and two different experimental designs of estimation are also investigated. We found that estimation using the total genetic variation in the inbred generation is generally more efficient than employing the genetic variation among the mean of inbred families, and that higher degree of inbreeding employed in experiments yields higher power for estimation. The simulation results of the magnitude and direction of estimation bias under variable or epistatic mutation effects may provide a basis for accurate inferences of deleterious mutations. Simulations accounting for environmental variance of fitness suggest that, under full-sib mating, our extension can achieve reasonably well an estimation with sample sizes of only ∼2000-3000.

scholarly journals Correlation of Global Quantities at Material Characterization of Pressure-Sensitive Materials Using Sharp Indentation Testing

Lubricants ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (3) ◽  
pp. 29
Author(s):  
Carl F. O. Dahlberg ◽  
Jonas Faleskog ◽  
Per-Lennart Larsson
Keyword(s):  
Finite Element ◽  
Material Characterization ◽  
Pressure Sensitivity ◽  
Pressure Sensitive ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Sharp Indentation ◽  
Von Mises ◽  
Von Mises Plasticity ◽  
Hardness Values

Correlation of sharp indentation problems is examined theoretically and numerically. The analysis focuses on elastic-plastic pressure-sensitive materials and especially the case when the local plastic zone is so large that elastic effects on the mean contact pressure will be small or negligible as is the case for engineering metals and alloys. The results from the theoretical analysis indicate that the effect from pressure-sensitivity and plastic strain-hardening are separable at correlation of hardness values. This is confirmed using finite element methods and closed-form formulas are presented representing a pressure-sensitive counterpart to the Tabor formula at von Mises plasticity. The situation for the relative contact area is more complicated as also discussed.

scholarly journals Special Issue: “Innate Immune Sensing of Viruses and Viral Evasion”

Viruses ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (4) ◽  
pp. 567
Author(s):  
Renate König ◽  
Carsten Münk
Keyword(s):  
Innate Immunity ◽  
Innate Immune ◽  
Special Issue ◽  
First Line ◽  
Review Articles ◽  
Immune Sensing ◽  
Innate Immune Sensing ◽  
Viral Evasion

In this Special Issue, a wide variety of original and review articles provide a timely overview of how viruses are recognized by and evade from cellular innate immunity, which represents the first line of defense against viruses [...]

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