scholarly journals Evolutionary compromises to environmental toxins: ammonia and urea tolerance in Drosophila suzukii and Drosophila melanogaster

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Virginia Belloni ◽  
Alessia Galeazzi ◽  
Giulia Bernini ◽  
Mauro Mandrioli ◽  
Elisabetta Versace ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Drosophila Melanogaster ◽  
Larval Development ◽  
Glutathione S Transferase ◽  
Drosophila Suzukii ◽  
High Concentration ◽  
Waste Products ◽  
Nitrogenous Waste ◽  
Behavioral Adaptations ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
The Impact

SummaryThe invasive species Drosophila suzukii has evolved morphological and behavioral adaptations to lay eggs under the skin of fresh fruits. This results in severe damage of a wide range of small and stone fruits, thus making this species a serious agricultural and economical threat.Drosophila suzukii females typically lay few eggs per fruit, preferring not infested fruits. Hence larvae are exposed to a reduced amount of nitrogenous waste products. On the contrary, the innocuous Drosophila melanogaster lays eggs on fermented fruits already infested by conspecifics, with larvae developing in a crowded environment characterized by accumulation of nitrogenous waste such as ammonia and urea. Given these differences in oviposition and larval ecological niche, we expected different behavioral and physiological mechanisms in the two species to cope with nitrogenous waste. We investigated the impact of different concentrations of ammonia and urea on fecundity and larval development in both species. Females and larvae of D. suzukii showed a greater sensitivity to high concentration of both compounds, with a dramatic decrease in fecundity and egg viability.To better understand the pathways underlying these differences, we evaluated the effect on ornithine aminotransferase and glutathione-S-transferase, two enzymes involved in nitrogen metabolism and stress response that are expressed during larval development. Under ammonia and urea exposure, the expression of these enzymes was significantly reduced in D. suzukii.The fact that D. suzukii’s shift from rotten to fresh fruit as oviposition and larval substrate resulted in less efficient detoxifying and excretory mechanisms represents a potential approach for its control. Fecundity and larval development are in fact dramatically impaired by nitrogen waste products. These findings can help in planning effective strategies of sustainable pest management that targets both females and larvae.

Influences of repeated application of organic waste products on soil organic carbon content and stability assessed using Rock-Eval 6® thermal analysis

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Amicie Delahaie ◽  
Pierre Barré ◽  
Lauric Cécillon ◽  
François Baudin ◽  
Camille Resseguier ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Thermal Analysis ◽  
Organic Matter ◽  
Organic Carbon ◽  
Soil Organic Carbon ◽  
Organic Waste ◽  
Waste Products ◽  
Clear Effect ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Rock Eval ◽  
The Impact

<p>The term Organic Waste Products (OWPs) encompasses a wide range of byproducts such as manure, sewage sludge or green waste compost. The use of OWPs impacts soil quality and functioning, agricultural yields, carbon (C) sequestration, biogeochemical cycles of nutrients like nitrogen (N) or phosphorus, and organic matter (OM) dynamics. These impacts likely depend on the considered OWP.</p><p>Taking advantage of 3 mid to long-term experimental trials (6 to 20 years) located in the Northern part of France (Paris region; Brittany; Alsace), we investigated the impact of 16 different OWPs on C content and stability. To do so, surface soil samples from replicated plots amended with the different OWPs used either alone or in addition with mineral N fertilization and appropriated control treatments were analyzed using Rock-Eval 6® thermal analyses. Samples taken up at the onset of the experiment and after 6, 18 and 20 years for the 3 sites respectively were analyzed. It resulted in the analyses of 248 different samples whose Rock-Eval 6® (RE6) signature can be used as a proxy for soil organic carbon (SOC) biogeochemical stability. In particular, we determined 2 RE6 parameters that were related to SOC biogeochemical stability in previous studies (e.g. Barré et al., 2016): HI (the amount of hydrogen-rich effluents formed during the pyrolysis phase of RE6; mgCH.g<sup>-1</sup> SOC), and T50 CO<sub>2</sub> oxidation (the temperature at which 50% of the residual organic C was oxidized to CO<sub>2</sub> during the RE6 oxidation phase; °C). We also computed the amount of centennially stable SOC from RE6 parameters using the model developed in Cécillon et al. (2018).  </p><p> </p><p>Our results showed that no clear effect of OWPs addition can be established for the youngest site (6 years). On the contrary, OWPs amendments had a clear effect on SOC quantity and quality at the sites having experienced 18 and 20 years of OWPs addition. For these sites, OWPs amendments increased SOC content, decreased SOC thermal stability (T50 CO<sub>2</sub> oxidation) and increased the Rock-Eval 6® Hydrogen Index (HI) compared to control plots. OWPs amendments tended to increase slightly the amount of centennially stable SOC at the sites having experienced 20 years of repeated OWPs application. Our results suggest that if OWPs addition does increase SOC content, at least in the long run, the majority of this additional SOC is labile and may be quickly lost if OWPs additions are stopped.</p><p> </p><p>References:</p><p>Barré P., Plante A.F., Cécillon L., Lutfalla S., Baudin F., Bernard S., Christensen B.T., Eglin T., Fernandez J.M., Houot S., Kätterer T., Le Guillou C., Macdonald A., van Oort F. & Chenu C. (2016) The energetic and chemical signatures of persistent soil organic matter. Biogeochemistry, 130: 1-12.</p><p>Cécillon L., Baudin F., Chenu C., Houot S., Jolivet R., Kätterer T., Lutfalla S., Macdonald A.J., van Oort F., Plante A.F., Savignac F., Soucémarianadin L.N. & Barré P. (2018) A model based on Rock-Eval thermal analysis to quantify the size of the centennially persistent organic carbon pool in temperate soils. Biogeosciences, 15, 2835-2849.</p>

scholarly journals BIOPHILE ELEMENTS AND HEAVY METALS IN ARTEMISIA FRIGIDA WILLD. AND ARTEMISIA JACUTICA DROB.

2019 ◽  
pp. 199-205
Author(s):  
Elena Petrovna Dylenova ◽  
Svetlana Vasil'yevna Zhigzhitzhapova ◽  
Tuyana Erdemovna Randalova ◽  
Larisa Dorzhiyevna Radnaeva ◽  
Valentina Germanovna Shiretorova ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Heavy Metals ◽  
Forest Fires ◽  
Inductively Coupled Plasma ◽  
Aerial Part ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
High Concentration ◽  
Artemisia Frigida ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Copper Zinc ◽  
The Impact

Biophile microelements (copper, zinc, manganese, iron, nickel) and heavy metals (lead, cadmium) in the aerial part of Artemisia frigida Willd. and Artemisia jacutica Drob. of Russian (areas of the Republic of Buryatia) and Mongolian flora was presented in this paper. The quantitative content of the elements in the samples collected in 2008, 2015–2018 was studied using atomic absorption method performed on a SOLAAR M6 after preliminary decomposition by dry mineralization, and inductively coupled plasma atomic emission method (ICP) on a Profile Plus spectrometer after decomposition of samples in the MARS 6 microwave system. The content of the same elements in the aerial part of the same species of Artemisia varied in a wide range, which was consistent with the literature data. In addition, the Principle component analysis of the elemental composition of A. frigida and A. jacutica was presented in this paper. The biplot showed the impact of forest fires that took place on the territory of Buryatia in 2015. So this year was characterized by a high concentration of lead, cadmium, nickel, copper and iron in studied samples. Also, the biplot showed the elements content versus plant species. In general, the content of toxic (lead, cadmium, nickel) and vital elements (copper, zinc, iron, manganese) was within the normal concentration. Therefore, the aerial part of A. frigida and A. jacutica of Buryatian (Russia) and aimaks (Mongolia) flora can be considered as promising plant raw materials for using in medical practice.

scholarly journals Ionotropic receptors mediate nitrogenous waste avoidance in Drosophila melanogaster

2021 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Subash Dhakal ◽  
Jiun Sang ◽  
Binod Aryal ◽  
Youngseok Lee
Keyword(s):  
Drosophila Melanogaster ◽  
Ammonium Salt ◽  
Oviposition Behavior ◽  
Gustatory Receptor ◽  
Waste Products ◽  
Ionotropic Receptors ◽  
Nitrogenous Waste ◽  
Receptor Neurons ◽  
Gustatory Receptor Neurons ◽  
Natural Decomposition

AbstractAmmonia and its amine-containing derivatives are widely found in natural decomposition byproducts. Here, we conducted biased chemoreceptor screening to investigate the mechanisms by which different concentrations of ammonium salt, urea, and putrescine in rotten fruits affect feeding and oviposition behavior. We identified three ionotropic receptors, including the two broadly required IR25a and IR76b receptors, as well as the narrowly tuned IR51b receptor. These three IRs were fundamental in eliciting avoidance against nitrogenous waste products, which is mediated by bitter-sensing gustatory receptor neurons (GRNs). The aversion of nitrogenous wastes was evaluated by the cellular requirement by expressing Kir2.1 and behavioral recoveries of the mutants in bitter-sensing GRNs. Furthermore, by conducting electrophysiology assays, we confirmed that ammonia compounds are aversive in taste as they directly activated bitter-sensing GRNs. Therefore, our findings provide insights into the ecological roles of IRs as a means to detect and avoid toxic nitrogenous waste products in nature.

scholarly journals The microbiota of Drosophila suzukii influences the larval development of Drosophila melanogaster

PeerJ ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 7 ◽  
pp. e8097 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gabrielle M. Solomon ◽  
Hiruni Dodangoda ◽  
Tylea McCarthy-Walker ◽  
Rita Ntim-Gyakari ◽  
Peter D. Newell
Keyword(s):  
Drosophila Melanogaster ◽  
Larval Development ◽  
Opposite Effect ◽  
Larval Growth ◽  
Developmental Rate ◽  
Ecological Interactions ◽  
Drosophila Suzukii ◽  
Nutrition Behavior ◽  
The One ◽  
Axenic Conditions

Microorganisms play a central role in the biology of vinegar flies such as Drosophila suzukii and Drosophila melanogaster: serving as a food source to both adults and larvae, and influencing a range of traits including nutrition, behavior, and development. The niches utilized by the fly species partially overlap, as do the microbiota that sustain them, and interactions among these players may drive the development of crop diseases. To learn more about how the microbiota of one species may affect the other, we isolated and identified microbes from field-caught D. suzukii, and then characterized their effects on D. melanogaster larval development time in the laboratory. We found that the D. suzukii microbiota consistently included both yeasts and bacteria. It was dominated by yeasts of the genus Hanseniaspora, and bacteria from the families Acetobacteraceae and Enterobacteriaceae. Raising D. melanogaster under gnotobiotic conditions with each microbial isolate individually, we found that some bacteria promoted larval development relative to axenic conditions, but most did not have a significant effect. In contrast, nearly all the yeasts tested significantly accelerated larval development. The one exception was Starmerella bacillaris, which had the opposite effect: significantly slowing larval developmental rate. We investigated the basis for this effect by examining whether S. bacillaris cells could sustain larval growth, and measuring the survival of S. bacillaris and other yeasts in the larval gut. Our results suggest S. bacillaris is not digested by D. melanogaster and therefore cannot serve as a source of nutrition. These findings have interesting implications for possible interactions between the two Drosophilia species and their microbiota in nature. Overall, we found that microbes isolated from D. suzukii promote D. melanogaster larval development, which is consistent with the model that infestation of fruit by D. suzukii can open up habitat for D. melanogaster. We propose that the microbiome is an important dimension of the ecological interactions between Drosophila species.

Chronic kidney disease (CKD)

2021 ◽  
pp. 526-607
Keyword(s):  
Chronic Kidney Disease ◽  
Vitamin D ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Gastrointestinal Tract ◽  
Kidney Disease ◽  
Endocrine System ◽  
Waste Products ◽  
Nitrogenous Waste ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
The World

Chronic kidney disease (CKD) results from a wide range of disease processes that vary in prevalence across the world. However, the manifestations and complications of CKD are broadly common to all causes of CKD and result from the accumulation of nitrogenous waste products, abnormal electrolyte, water, and acid-base regulation, and loss of regulated production of erythropoietin, renin, and vitamin D. This chapter provides an overview of the approach to the patient with CKD and then provides a structured description of the pathogenesis of the complications of CKD according to the organ or system affected, including the cardiovascular system, the liver and gastrointestinal tract, the endocrine system, the skin, the nervous system, and the blood.

Synergy of an SMR for Addressing Remote Communities Non-Nuclear Waste

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Glenn Harvel
Keyword(s):  
Nuclear Waste ◽  
Fossil Fuel ◽  
District Heating ◽  
Environmental Load ◽  
Remote Communities ◽  
Waste Products ◽  
Remote Community ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Fuel Costs

Abstract SMRs are a popular topic with a significant number of designs with a wide range of sizes. There has been some assessment done with respect to non-electrical applications including district heating and desalination. The drive of this type of work is to find alternative uses for the SMRs so that the thermal energy is more effective and hence the SMR is more economical. This work is similar in that it studies the synergy that might exist between a remote community and the SMR. Most work for SMRs related to remote communities with the impact as one-way, that is the benefit of the SMR to the community yet the SMR is a separate plant. The consideration here is that the SMR could be used to burn the non-nuclear waste products of the community and return useful products. An example is the plastics generated by the community can be converted into a usable fossil fuel, such as kerosene, by using the heat energy of the SMR. The SMR then has a dependency on the community waste stream. In this manner, the environmental load of the community is reduced yet the community also obtains a locally produced fuel that could be used for heating or transport outside of the community. Considering that diesel fuel costs can be extremely high in remote communities, methods to reduce the fuel costs, including manufacture of their own fuel, can result in a synergistic or symbiotic relationship between the community and the SMR and the community can then have a centralized energy area for supporting neighbouring communities.

scholarly journals Uremic frost- A rare skin manifestation of severe kidney disease

2019 ◽  
Vol 5 (6) ◽  
pp. 208-209
Author(s):  
Tarkeswar Aich ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Renal Failure ◽  
Kidney Disease ◽  
Crystalline Material ◽  
Sebaceous Glands ◽  
High Concentration ◽  
Specific Therapy ◽  
Waste Products ◽  
Skin Manifestation ◽  
Nitrogenous Waste ◽  
High Level

Uremic frost is a rare dermatological manifestation of severe azotemia. It is rarely seen today because of early dialytic intervention. It occurs when high concentration of urea and other nitrogenous waste products accumulate in the sweat and then crystallizes as deposit on the skin after evaporation in a process called uridrosis or urinous sweat. Its a sign of impending renal failure and portends bad prognosis. Involvement of urea transporters may have a role in its development. Damage to the cutaneous microvasculature, eccrine sweat and sebaceous glands may be responsible for the high level of urea accumulation on skin. The test to analyze that the crystalline material is urea or nitrogenous waste products, the scrapings of the sample can be dilutad in normal saline and then tested for elevated urea nitrogen level. No specific therapy except correcting the underlying etiology

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