scholarly journals Structural features recapitulate collective dynamics of inhibitory networks

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shivik Garg ◽  
Divye Singh
Keyword(s):  
Clustering Algorithm ◽  
Sensory Information ◽  
Structural Features ◽  
Vital Role ◽  
Spatiotemporal Patterns ◽  
Inhibitory Interneurons ◽  
Neuronal Populations ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
Community Clustering ◽  
Inhibitory Networks

AbstractInhibitory interneurons are ubiquitous through-out the central nervous system (CNS) and play an important role in organizing the excitatory neuronal populations into spatiotemporal patterns. These spatiotemporal patterns are believed to play a vital role in encoding sensory information. The olfactory system is a wellknown example where odor information is encoded in temporally evolving activity of the principal neurons and inhibitory interneurons play an important role in generating these patterns. In this work we study how inhibitory interactions generate such patterns in the con-text of odor encoding by simulating random biophysical models of mitral cells. Using the Newman community clustering algorithm we identify synchronously firing groups of neurons that switch in their activity. Our study presents a new method of inferring the dynamics of inhibitory networks from their structure.

scholarly journals Selective vulnerability of inhibitory networks in multiple sclerosis

2021 ◽  
Vol 141 (3) ◽  
pp. 415-429 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lida Zoupi ◽  
Sam A. Booker ◽  
Dimitri Eigel ◽  
Carsten Werner ◽  
Peter C. Kind ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Multiple Sclerosis ◽  
Demyelinating Disease ◽  
Selective Vulnerability ◽  
Preclinical Model ◽  
Inhibitory Interneurons ◽  
Disease Course ◽  
Secondary Progressive ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
Inhibitory Networks

AbstractIn multiple sclerosis (MS), a chronic demyelinating disease of the central nervous system, neurodegeneration is detected early in the disease course and is associated with the long-term disability of patients. Neurodegeneration is linked to both inflammation and demyelination, but its exact cause remains unknown. This gap in knowledge contributes to the current lack of treatments for the neurodegenerative phase of MS. Here we ask if neurodegeneration in MS affects specific neuronal components and if it is the result of demyelination. Neuropathological examination of secondary progressive MS motor cortices revealed a selective vulnerability of inhibitory interneurons in MS. The generation of a rodent model of focal subpial cortical demyelination reproduces this selective neurodegeneration providing a new preclinical model for the study of neuroprotective treatments.

scholarly journals Demyelination induces selective vulnerability of inhibitory networks in multiple sclerosis

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lida Zoupi ◽  
Sam A. Booker ◽  
Dimitri Eigel ◽  
Carsten Werner ◽  
Peter C. Kind ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Multiple Sclerosis ◽  
Demyelinating Disease ◽  
Selective Vulnerability ◽  
Preclinical Model ◽  
Inhibitory Interneurons ◽  
Disease Course ◽  
Secondary Progressive ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
Inhibitory Networks

In multiple sclerosis (MS), a chronic demyelinating disease of the central nervous system, neurodegeneration is detected early in the disease course and is associated with the long-term disability of patients. Neurodegeneration is linked to both inflammation and demyelination, but its exact cause remains unknown. This gap in knowledge contributes to the current lack of treatments for the neurodegenerative phase of MS. Here we ask if neurodegeneration in MS affects specific neuronal components and if it is the result of demyelination. Neuropathological examination of secondary progressive MS motor cortices revealed a selective vulnerability of inhibitory interneurons in MS. The generation of a rodent model of focal subpial cortical demyelination proved that this selective neurodegeneration is secondary to demyelination providing the first temporal evidence of demyelination-induced neurodegeneration and a new preclinical model for the study of neuroprotective treatments.

The Role of Neuropeptide Y and Peptide YY in the Development of Obesity via Gut-brain Axis

2019 ◽  
Vol 20 (7) ◽  
pp. 750-758 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yi Wu ◽  
Hengxun He ◽  
Zhibin Cheng ◽  
Yueyu Bai ◽  
Xi Ma
Keyword(s):  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Neuropeptide Y ◽  
Metabolic Diseases ◽  
Peptide Yy ◽  
Vital Role ◽  
Gut Peptides ◽  
Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver ◽  
The Central Nervous System

Obesity is one of the main challenges of public health in the 21st century. Obesity can induce a series of chronic metabolic diseases, such as diabetes, dyslipidemia, hypertension and nonalcoholic fatty liver, which seriously affect human health. Gut-brain axis, the two-direction pathway formed between enteric nervous system and central nervous system, plays a vital role in the occurrence and development of obesity. Gastrointestinal signals are projected through the gut-brain axis to nervous system, and respond to various gastrointestinal stimulation. The central nervous system regulates visceral activity through the gut-brain axis. Brain-gut peptides have important regulatory roles in the gut-brain axis. The brain-gut peptides of the gastrointestinal system and the nervous system regulate the gastrointestinal movement, feeling, secretion, absorption and other complex functions through endocrine, neurosecretion and paracrine to secrete peptides. Both neuropeptide Y and peptide YY belong to the pancreatic polypeptide family and are important brain-gut peptides. Neuropeptide Y and peptide YY have functions that are closely related to appetite regulation and obesity formation. This review describes the role of the gutbrain axis in regulating appetite and maintaining energy balance, and the functions of brain-gut peptides neuropeptide Y and peptide YY in obesity. The relationship between NPY and PYY and the interaction between the NPY-PYY signaling with the gut microbiota are also described in this review.

scholarly journals Understanding Emotions: Origins and Roles of the Amygdala

Biomolecules ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (6) ◽  
pp. 823
Author(s):  
Goran Šimić ◽  
Mladenka Tkalčić ◽  
Vana Vukić ◽  
Damir Mulc ◽  
Ena Španić ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Sensory Information ◽  
Anterior Cingulate ◽  
Central Nucleus ◽  
Subcortical Structures ◽  
Neuronal Populations ◽  
Efferent Projections ◽  
Short And Long Term ◽  
Understanding Emotions ◽  
Fight Or Flight Response ◽  
And Behavior

Emotions arise from activations of specialized neuronal populations in several parts of the cerebral cortex, notably the anterior cingulate, insula, ventromedial prefrontal, and subcortical structures, such as the amygdala, ventral striatum, putamen, caudate nucleus, and ventral tegmental area. Feelings are conscious, emotional experiences of these activations that contribute to neuronal networks mediating thoughts, language, and behavior, thus enhancing the ability to predict, learn, and reappraise stimuli and situations in the environment based on previous experiences. Contemporary theories of emotion converge around the key role of the amygdala as the central subcortical emotional brain structure that constantly evaluates and integrates a variety of sensory information from the surroundings and assigns them appropriate values of emotional dimensions, such as valence, intensity, and approachability. The amygdala participates in the regulation of autonomic and endocrine functions, decision-making and adaptations of instinctive and motivational behaviors to changes in the environment through implicit associative learning, changes in short- and long-term synaptic plasticity, and activation of the fight-or-flight response via efferent projections from its central nucleus to cortical and subcortical structures.

Similarity detection of English text and teaching evaluation based on improved TCUSS clustering algorithm

2020 ◽  
pp. 1-11
Author(s):  
Yu Wang
Keyword(s):  
Language Processing ◽  
Calculation Method ◽  
Clustering Algorithm ◽  
Research Result ◽  
Structural Features ◽  
English Text ◽  
Support Vector ◽  
Similarity Calculation ◽  
Other Information ◽  
Calculation Task

The semantic similarity calculation task of English text has important influence on other fields of natural language processing and has high research value and application prospect. At present, research on the similarity calculation of short texts has achieved good results, but the research result on long text sets is still poor. This paper proposes a similarity calculation method that combines planar features with structured features and uses support vector regression models. Moreover, this paper uses PST and PDT to represent the syntax, semantics and other information of the text. In addition, through the two structural features suitable for text similarity calculation, this paper proposes a similarity calculation method combining structural features with Tree-LSTM model. Experiments show that this method provides a new idea for interest network extraction.

Load-Regulating Mechanisms in Gait and Posture: Comparative Aspects

2000 ◽  
Vol 80 (1) ◽  
pp. 83-133 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. Duysens ◽  
F. Clarac ◽  
H. Cruse
Keyword(s):  
Functional Role ◽  
Stance Phase ◽  
Force Feedback ◽  
Sensory Information ◽  
Specific Load ◽  
Afferent Activity ◽  
Basic Principles ◽  
Load Sensing ◽  
The Central Nervous System

How is load sensed by receptors, and how is this sensory information used to guide locomotion? Many insights in this domain have evolved from comparative studies since it has been realized that basic principles concerning load sensing and regulation can be found in a wide variety of animals, both vertebrate and invertebrate. Feedback about load is not only derived from specific load receptors but also from other types of receptors that previously were thought to have other functions. In the central nervous system of many species, a convergence is found between specific and nonspecific load receptors. Furthermore, feedback from load receptors onto central circuits involved in the generation of rhythmic locomotor output is commonly found. During the stance phase, afferent activity from various load detectors can activate the extensor part in such circuits, thereby providing reinforcing force feedback. At the same time, the flexion is suppressed. The functional role of this arrangement is that activity in antigravity muscles is promoted while the onset of the next flexion is delayed as long as the limb is loaded. This type of reinforcing force feedback is present during gait but absent in the immoble resting animal.

scholarly journals Population Coding of Self-Motion: Applying Bayesian Analysis to a Population of Visual Interneurons in the Fly

2005 ◽  
Vol 94 (3) ◽  
pp. 2182-2194 ◽  
Author(s):  
Katja Karmeier ◽  
Holger G. Krapp ◽  
Martin Egelhaaf
Keyword(s):  
Bayesian Analysis ◽  
Rotation Axis ◽  
Sensory Information ◽  
Population Coding ◽  
Calliphora Vicina ◽  
Integration Time ◽  
Noise Correlation ◽  
Neuronal Populations ◽  
Response Onset ◽  
Self Motion

Coding of sensory information often involves the activity of neuronal populations. We demonstrate how the accuracy of a population code depends on integration time, the size of the population, and noise correlation between the participating neurons. The population we study consists of 10 identified visual interneurons in the blowfly Calliphora vicina involved in optic flow processing. These neurons are assumed to encode the animal's head or body rotations around horizontal axes by means of graded potential changes. From electrophysiological experiments we obtain parameters for modeling the neurons' responses. From applying a Bayesian analysis on the modeled population response we draw three major conclusions. First, integration of neuronal activities over a time period of only 5 ms after response onset is sufficient to decode accurately the rotation axis. Second, noise correlation between neurons has only little impact on the population's performance. And third, although a population of only two neurons would be sufficient to encode any horizontal rotation axis, the population of 10 vertical system neurons is advantageous if the available integration time is short. For the fly, short integration times to decode neuronal responses are important when controlling rapid flight maneuvers.

Mechanisms for generating temporal filters in the electrosensory system

1999 ◽  
Vol 202 (10) ◽  
pp. 1281-1289 ◽  
Author(s):  
G.J. Rose ◽  
E.S. Fortune
Keyword(s):  
Nervous System ◽  
Discharge Rate ◽  
Temporal Structure ◽  
Sensory Information ◽  
Gain Control ◽  
Membrane Properties ◽  
Control Mechanisms ◽  
Temporal Features ◽  
Level Of Activity ◽  
The Central Nervous System

Temporal patterns of sensory information are important cues in behaviors ranging from spatial analyses to communication. Neural representations of the temporal structure of sensory signals include fluctuations in the discharge rate of neurons over time (peripheral nervous system) and the differential level of activity in neurons tuned to particular temporal features (temporal filters in the central nervous system). This paper presents our current understanding of the mechanisms responsible for the transformations between these representations in electric fish of the genus Eigenmannia. The roles of passive and active membrane properties of neurons, and frequency-dependent gain-control mechanisms are discussed.

scholarly journals The Role of Ankle Proprioception for Balance Control in relation to Sports Performance and Injury

2015 ◽  
Vol 2015 ◽  
pp. 1-8 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jia Han ◽  
Judith Anson ◽  
Gordon Waddington ◽  
Roger Adams ◽  
Yu Liu
Keyword(s):  
Sports Injuries ◽  
Balance Control ◽  
Sensory Information ◽  
Proprioceptive Information ◽  
Central Processing ◽  
Processing Theory ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
Sports And Exercise ◽  
Ankle Proprioception

Balance control improvement is one of the most important goals in sports and exercise. Better balance is strongly positively associated with enhanced athletic performance and negatively associated with lower limb sports injuries. Proprioception plays an essential role in balance control, and ankle proprioception is arguably the most important. This paper reviews ankle proprioception and explores synergies with balance control, specifically in a sporting context. Central processing of ankle proprioceptive information, along with other sensory information, enables integration for balance control. When assessing ankle proprioception, the most generalizable findings arise from methods that are ecologically valid, allow proprioceptive signals to be integrated with general vision in the central nervous system, and reflect the signal-in-noise nature of central processing. Ankle proprioceptive intervention concepts driven by such a central processing theory are further proposed and discussed for the improvement of balance control in sport.

scholarly journals Extracellular Vesicle as a Source of Alzheimer’s Biomarkers: Opportunities and Challenges

2019 ◽  
Vol 20 (7) ◽  
pp. 1728 ◽  
Author(s):  
Seongju Lee ◽  
Sakulrat Mankhong ◽  
Ju-Hee Kang
Keyword(s):  
Clinical Evidence ◽  
Biological Function ◽  
Cell Types ◽  
Extracellular Vesicle ◽  
Vital Role ◽  
Synaptic Loss ◽  
Memory Decline ◽  
Disease Propagation ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
Yield And Purity

Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is a chronic progressive neurodegenerative disease characterized by memory decline and cognitive dysfunction. Although the primary causes of AD are not clear, it is widely accepted that the accumulation of amyloid beta (Aβ) and consecutive hyper-phosphorylation of tau, synaptic loss, oxidative stress and neuronal death might play a vital role in AD pathogenesis. Recently, it has been widely suggested that extracellular vesicles (EVs), which are released from virtually all cell types, are a mediator in regulating AD pathogenesis. Clinical evidence for the diagnostic performance of EV-associated biomarkers, particularly exosome biomarkers in the blood, is also emerging. In this review, we briefly introduce the biological function of EVs in the central nervous system and discuss the roles of EVs in AD pathogenesis. In particular, the roles of EVs associated with autophagy and lysosomal degradation systems in AD proteinopathy and in disease propagation are discussed. Next, we summarize candidates for biochemical AD biomarkers in EVs, including proteins and miRNAs. The accumulating data brings hope that the application of EVs will be helpful for early diagnostics and the identification of new therapeutic targets for AD. However, at the same time, there are several challenges in developing valid EV biomarkers. We highlight considerations for the development of AD biomarkers from circulating EVs, which includes the standardization of pre-analytical sources of variability, yield and purity of isolated EVs and quantification of EV biomarkers. The development of valid EV AD biomarkers may be facilitated by collaboration between investigators and the industry.

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