scholarly journals Evolution of vertebrate gill covers via shifts in an ancient Pou3f3 enhancer

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lindsey Barske ◽  
Peter Fabian ◽  
Christine Hirschberger ◽  
David Jandzik ◽  
Tyler Square ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Expression Patterns ◽  
Cartilaginous Fish ◽  
Unidirectional Flow ◽  
Gill Chamber ◽  
Bony Fishes ◽  
Anatomical Difference ◽  
Oxygenated Water ◽  
Cartilaginous Fishes ◽  
Minor Sequence ◽  
Single Versus

SummaryWhereas the gill chambers of extant jawless vertebrates (lampreys and hagfish) open directly into the environment, jawed vertebrates evolved skeletal appendages that promote the unidirectional flow of oxygenated water over the gills. A major anatomical difference between the two jawed vertebrate lineages is the presence of a single large gill cover in bony fishes versus separate covers for each gill chamber in cartilaginous fishes. Here we find that these divergent gill cover patterns correlate with the pharyngeal arch expression of Pou3f3 orthologs. We identify a Pou3f3 arch enhancer that is deeply conserved from cartilaginous fish through humans but undetectable in lampreys, with minor sequence differences in the bony versus cartilaginous fish enhancers driving the corresponding single versus multiple gill arch expression patterns. In zebrafish, loss of Pou3f3 gene function disrupts gill cover formation, and forced expression of Pou3f3b in the gill arches generates ectopic skeletal elements resembling the multiple gill cover pattern of cartilaginous fishes. Emergence of this Pou3f3 enhancer >430 mya and subsequent modifications may thus have contributed to the acquisition and diversification of gill covers and respiratory strategies during gnathostome evolution.

scholarly journals Evolution of vertebrate gill covers via shifts in an ancient Pou3f3 enhancer

2020 ◽  
Vol 117 (40) ◽  
pp. 24876-24884
Author(s):  
Lindsey Barske ◽  
Peter Fabian ◽  
Christine Hirschberger ◽  
David Jandzik ◽  
Tyler Square ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Expression Patterns ◽  
Cartilaginous Fish ◽  
Pharyngeal Arch ◽  
Gill Chamber ◽  
Bony Fishes ◽  
Anatomical Difference ◽  
Oxygenated Water ◽  
Cartilaginous Fishes ◽  
Jawless Fish

Whereas the gill chambers of jawless vertebrates open directly into the environment, jawed vertebrates evolved skeletal appendages that drive oxygenated water unidirectionally over the gills. A major anatomical difference between the two jawed vertebrate lineages is the presence of a single large gill cover in bony fishes versus separate covers for each gill chamber in cartilaginous fishes. Here, we find that these divergent patterns correlate with the pharyngeal arch expression of Pou3f3 orthologs. We identify a deeply conserved Pou3f3 arch enhancer present in humans through sharks but undetectable in jawless fish. Minor differences between the bony and cartilaginous fish enhancers account for their restricted versus pan-arch expression patterns. In zebrafish, mutation of Pou3f3 or the conserved enhancer disrupts gill cover formation, whereas ectopic pan-arch Pou3f3b expression generates ectopic skeletal elements resembling the multimeric covers of cartilaginous fishes. Emergence of this Pou3f3 arch enhancer >430 Mya and subsequent modifications may thus have contributed to the acquisition and diversification of gill covers and respiratory strategies during gnathostome evolution.

scholarly journals Cartilaginous fishes (Class Chondrichthyes) from the Ichthyological Collection at the Federal University of Paraíba, Brazil

2020 ◽  
Vol 27 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Sarah TFL Viana ◽  
Danilo Lima ◽  
Katherine Viana ◽  
Antônio Felinto ◽  
Ricardo de Souza Rosa
Keyword(s):  
Fish Fauna ◽  
Public Consultation ◽  
Type Collection ◽  
Neotropical Fish ◽  
Full List ◽  
Bony Fishes ◽  
Fish Collection ◽  
Cartilaginous Fishes ◽  
Geographical Scope ◽  
Amazonian Region

Federal University of Paraíba (UFPB) ichthyological collection comprises over 11,000 lots of species of cartilaginous and bony fishes from marine, estuarine and freshwater realms. Due to the collection size, rarity of some specimens, taxonomic and geographical scope, this collection represents a substantial archive of the Neotropical fish fauna, especially concerning the Northeast Brazilian region. Currently, UFPB fish collection is under bioinformatization and curatorial transitions. Hence, the present study aimed to provide a detailed analysis of the Chondrichthyan collection database in which the systematic, spatial and chronological coverages are discussed. Full list of collection objects, updated nomenclature and type collection extent are given for public consultation. There are 504 lots of sharks, batoids and chimaeras that are classified within 10 orders, 22 families, 34 genera, and 64 species. Myliobatiformes and Carcharhiniformes represent taxa with higher number of lots in which freshwater stingrays (Potamotrygonidae) and requiem sharks (Carcharhinidae) stand out. Specimens were mostly collected in the marine coastline off Paraíba state and lower Amazonian region, which set UFPB fish collection as an outstanding scientific collection of the regional genetic heritage. 

scholarly journals The clavobranchialis musculature in sarcopterygian fishes, and contribution to osteichthyan feeding and respiration

2003 ◽  
Vol 72 (1) ◽  
pp. 17-37 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zerina Johanson
Keyword(s):  
Oral Cavity ◽  
Negative Pressure ◽  
Ventral Surface ◽  
Pectoral Girdle ◽  
Gill Chamber ◽  
Bony Fishes ◽  
Oropharyngeal Cavity ◽  
Actinopterygian Fishes ◽  
Negative Pressures

Various fossil lungfish taxa preserve distinct depressions on the smooth postbranchial lamina of the dermal pectoral girdle. These depressions are largely unknown in other sarcopterygian fishes, but are present in the rhizodont sarcopterygian Strepsodus. Comparisons with extant actinopterygian fishes suggest these depressions mark the point of origin for the clavobranchialis musculature, extending anterodorsally into the gill chamber to insert on the ventral surface of the ceratobranchial(s). Studios examining feeding and respiratory mechanisms of bony fishes (Osteichthyes) have emphasised the role of mandibular depression in generating negative pressures within the oral cavity to draw in water/air/food via suction. However, phylogenetically basal actinopterygians, fossil lungfish and other fossil sarcopterygians (such as Strepsodus) lack the apomorphies that increase suction among bony fishes. In these taxa the clavobranchialis muscles may serve to augment this negative pressure by retracting the ceratobranchials and increasing the size of the oral/ oropharyngeal cavity. A comparable action is performed by the chondrichthyan coracobranchiales muscles, particularly during feeding, and the function of these ventral gill arch muscles is likely to be a synapomorphy of jawed vertebrates (Gnathostomata). This musculature is absent from jawless vertebrates such as the Osteostraci.

scholarly journals Study of Shark Kidney Histology (Carcharhinus sorrah)

2017 ◽  
Vol 1 ◽  
pp. 67-69
Author(s):  
Zakia Darajat
Keyword(s):  
Microscopic Observation ◽  
Lymphoid Tissue ◽  
Animal Species ◽  
Cartilaginous Fish ◽  
Proximal Tubules ◽  
Bony Fishes ◽  
Distal Tubules ◽  
Different Characteristics ◽  
Hematoxylin Eosin ◽  
Paraffin Method

Shark is a fish widespread in the tropical Indo-Pacific Ocean with a depth of 75 to 130 meters. Shark is a cartilaginous fish (Elasmobranchii). The fish is an ancient animal species that are still alive and also have different characteristics with bony fishes. Research on the histology of the shark's kidneys is still rare. The purpose of this study was to describe the histology of the shark kidneys (Carcharhinus sorrah). In this study we used one individual shark (Carcharhinus sorrah) from Depok Beach, Yogyakarta. The method used in this research was paraffin method with Hematoxylin-Eosin staining. From microscopic observation, the kidneys consist of glomerular parts, proximal tubules, distal tubules and lymphoid tissue.

scholarly journals Dynamic chromosome rearrangements of the white-spotted bamboo shark shed light on cartilaginous fish diversification mechanisms

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yaolei Zhang ◽  
Haoyang Gao ◽  
Hanbo Li ◽  
Jiao Guo ◽  
Meiniang Wang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Chromosome Rearrangement ◽  
Cartilaginous Fish ◽  
Chromosome Rearrangements ◽  
Single Chain ◽  
Single Chain Antibody ◽  
Conserved Genes ◽  
Rearrangement Process ◽  
Cartilaginous Fishes ◽  
Bamboo Shark ◽  
Immune Related Genes

AbstractCartilaginous fishes have a very high phenotypical diversity, a phenomenon for which the mechanisms have been largely unexplored. Here, we report the genome of the white-spotted bamboo shark as the first chromosome-level genome assembly of cartilaginous fish. Using this genome, we illustrated a dynamic chromosome rearrangement process in the bamboo shark, which resulted in the formation of 13 chromosomes, all of which were sparsely distributed with conserved genes and fast-evolving. We found the fast-evolving chromosomes to be enriched in immune-related genes with two chromosomes harboring the major genes for developing the single-chain antibody. We also found chromosome rearrangements to have resulted in the loss of two genes (p2rx3andp2rx5) which we also showed were involved in cartilage development using a CRISPR/Cas9 approach in zebrafish. Our study highlighted the significance of chromosome rearrangements in the phenotypical evolution of cartilaginous fishes, providing clues to inform further studies on mechanisms for fish diversification.

scholarly journals Morphology and evolutionary significance of phosphatic otoliths within the inner ears of cartilaginous fishes (Chondrichthyes)

2019 ◽  
Vol 19 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Lisa Schnetz ◽  
Cathrin Pfaff ◽  
Eugen Libowitzky ◽  
Zerina Johanson ◽  
Rica Stepanek ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Calcium Carbonate ◽  
Chemical Properties ◽  
Organic Matrix ◽  
Evolutionary Significance ◽  
Crown Group ◽  
Bony Tissue ◽  
Skeletal Tissue ◽  
Bony Fishes ◽  
Close Relationship ◽  
Cartilaginous Fishes

Abstract Background Chondrichthyans represent a monophyletic group of crown group gnathostomes and are central to our understanding of vertebrate evolution. Like all vertebrates, cartilaginous fishes evolved concretions of material within their inner ears to aid with equilibrium and balance detection. Up to now, these materials have been identified as calcium carbonate-bearing otoconia, which are small bio-crystals consisting of an inorganic mineral and a protein, or otoconial masses (aggregations of otoconia bound by an organic matrix), being significantly different in morphology compared to the singular, polycrystalline otolith structures of bony fishes, which are solidified bio-crystals forming stony masses. Reinvestigation of the morphological and chemical properties of these chondrichthyan otoconia revises our understanding of otolith composition and has implications on the evolution of these characters in both the gnathostome crown group, and cartilaginous fishes in particular. Results Dissections of Amblyraja radiata, Potamotrygon leopoldi, and Scyliorhinus canicula revealed three pairs of singular polycrystalline otolith structures with a well-defined morphology within their inner ears, as observed in bony fishes. IR spectroscopy identified the material to be composed of carbonate/collagen-bearing apatite in all taxa. These findings contradict previous hypotheses suggesting these otoconial structures were composed of calcium carbonate in chondrichthyans. A phylogenetic mapping using 37 chondrichthyan taxa further showed that the acquisition of phosphatic otolith structures might be widespread within cartilaginous fishes. Conclusions Differences in the size and shape of otoliths between taxa indicate a taxonomic signal within elasmobranchs. Otoliths made of carbonate/collagen-bearing apatite are reported for the first time in chondrichthyans. The intrinsic pathways to form singular, polycrystalline otoliths may represent the plesiomorphic condition for vertebrates but needs further testing. Likewise, the phosphatic composition of otoliths in early vertebrates such as cyclostomes and elasmobranchs is probably closely related to the lack of bony tissue in these groups, supporting a close relationship between skeletal tissue mineralization patterns and chemical otolith composition, underlined by physiological constraints.

scholarly journals Evidence for Sleep in Sharks and Rays: Behavioural, Physiological, and Evolutionary Considerations

2019 ◽  
Vol 94 (Suppl. 1-4) ◽  
pp. 37-50 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael L. Kelly ◽  
Shaun P. Collin ◽  
Jan M. Hemmi ◽  
John A. Lesku
Keyword(s):  
Evolutionary History ◽  
Activity Patterns ◽  
Preliminary Evidence ◽  
Animal Kingdom ◽  
Future Studies ◽  
Terrestrial Vertebrates ◽  
Sleep Behaviour ◽  
Bony Fishes ◽  
History Of ◽  
Cartilaginous Fishes

Sleep is widespread across the animal kingdom. However, most comparative sleep data exist for terrestrial vertebrates, with much less known about sleep in amphibians, bony fishes, and invertebrates. There is an absence of knowledge on sleep in cartilaginous fishes. Sharks and rays are amongst the earliest vertebrates, and may hold clues to the evolutionary history of sleep and sleep states found in more derived animals, such as mammals and birds. Here, we review the literature concerning activity patterns, sleep behaviour, and electrophysiological evidence for sleep in cartilaginous (and bony) fishes following an exhaustive literature search that found more than 80 relevant studies in laboratory and field environments. Evidence for sleep in sharks and rays that respire without swimming is preliminary; evidence for sleep in continuously swimming fishes is currently absent. We discuss ways in which the latter group might sleep concurrent with sustained movement, and conclude with suggestions for future studies in order to provide more comprehensive data on when, how, and why sharks and rays sleep.

Respiratory faculties of aquatic craniotes

2019 ◽  
pp. 125-138
Author(s):  
Steven F. Perry ◽  
Markus Lambertz ◽  
Anke Schmitz
Keyword(s):  
Gas Exchange ◽  
Current Model ◽  
Muscular Activity ◽  
Cartilaginous Fish ◽  
Unidirectional Flow ◽  
Internal Fluid ◽  
Filter Feeders ◽  
Respiratory Mechanism ◽  
Counter Current ◽  
Branchial Region

This chapter introduces the ‘who has what’ in terms of water-breathing respiratory faculties for craniotes. A branchial basket and a ventral heart or hearts that perfuse the branchial region with deoxygenated internal fluid is part of the bauplan of all chordates, including craniotes. Cilia ventilate the branchial region of extant non-craniote chordates, which are also predominantly sessile or planktonic filter feeders. In craniotes, the gills are the main gas exchange organs. They are ventilated by muscular activity and perfused with blood that contains haemoglobin in erythrocytes and flows in the opposite direction to the ventilated water (counter-current model). In spite of major differences in the structure of gills and the ventilatory apparatus among jawless craniotes, cartilaginous fish, and bony fish, the basic push–pull, constant, unidirectional flow respiratory mechanism remains unchanged (of course, with a few notable exceptions). In addition, both the blood and the structure of the gills may reflect adaptations of the respiratory faculty to habitual living conditions.

Marginal dentition and multiple dermal jawbones as the ancestral condition of jawed vertebrates

Science ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 369 (6500) ◽  
pp. 211-216 ◽  
Author(s):  
Valéria Vaškaninová ◽  
Donglei Chen ◽  
Paul Tafforeau ◽  
Zerina Johanson ◽  
Boris Ekrt ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Tooth Replacement ◽  
The Czech Republic ◽  
Early Devonian ◽  
Ancestral Condition ◽  
Bony Fishes ◽  
The Common ◽  
Cartilaginous Fishes ◽  
Dermal Bones ◽  
Synchrotron Microtomography ◽  
Land Vertebrates

The dentitions of extant fishes and land vertebrates vary in both pattern and type of tooth replacement. It has been argued that the common ancestral condition likely resembles the nonmarginal, radially arranged tooth files of arthrodires, an early group of armoured fishes. We used synchrotron microtomography to describe the fossil dentitions of so-called acanthothoracids, the most phylogenetically basal jawed vertebrates with teeth, belonging to the genera Radotina, Kosoraspis, and Tlamaspis (from the Early Devonian of the Czech Republic). Their dentitions differ fundamentally from those of arthrodires; they are marginal, carried by a cheekbone or a series of short dermal bones along the jaw edges, and teeth are added lingually as is the case in many chondrichthyans (cartilaginous fishes) and osteichthyans (bony fishes and tetrapods). We propose these characteristics as ancestral for all jawed vertebrates.

scholarly journals Extinction risk is most acute for the world’s largest and smallest vertebrates

2017 ◽  
Vol 114 (40) ◽  
pp. 10678-10683 ◽  
Author(s):  
William J. Ripple ◽  
Christopher Wolf ◽  
Thomas M. Newsome ◽  
Michael Hoffmann ◽  
Aaron J. Wirsing ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Body Mass ◽  
Extinction Risk ◽  
Anthropogenic Activities ◽  
Large Body ◽  
Range Size ◽  
Bony Fishes ◽  
Cartilaginous Fishes ◽  
Direct Killing ◽  
Negative Relationships ◽  
Insight Into

Extinction risk in vertebrates has been linked to large body size, but this putative relationship has only been explored for select taxa, with variable results. Using a newly assembled and taxonomically expansive database, we analyzed the relationships between extinction risk and body mass (27,647 species) and between extinction risk and range size (21,294 species) for vertebrates across six main classes. We found that the probability of being threatened was positively and significantly related to body mass for birds, cartilaginous fishes, and mammals. Bimodal relationships were evident for amphibians, reptiles, and bony fishes. Most importantly, a bimodal relationship was found across all vertebrates such that extinction risk changes around a body mass breakpoint of 0.035 kg, indicating that the lightest and heaviest vertebrates have elevated extinction risk. We also found range size to be an important predictor of the probability of being threatened, with strong negative relationships across nearly all taxa. A review of the drivers of extinction risk revealed that the heaviest vertebrates are most threatened by direct killing by humans. By contrast, the lightest vertebrates are most threatened by habitat loss and modification stemming especially from pollution, agricultural cropping, and logging. Our results offer insight into halting the ongoing wave of vertebrate extinctions by revealing the vulnerability of large and small taxa, and identifying size-specific threats. Moreover, they indicate that, without intervention, anthropogenic activities will soon precipitate a double truncation of the size distribution of the world’s vertebrates, fundamentally reordering the structure of life on our planet.

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