scholarly journals Differential small RNA responses against co-infecting insect-specific viruses in Aedes albopictus mosquitoes

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lionel Frangeul ◽  
Hervé Blanc ◽  
Maria-Carla Saleh ◽  
Yasutsugu Suzuki
Keyword(s):  
Aedes Albopictus ◽  
Small Rna ◽  
Reproductive Organs ◽  
Antiviral Response ◽  
The Body ◽  
Antiviral Responses ◽  
Viral Stock ◽  
Infected Adult ◽  
Antiviral Role ◽  
Male Mosquitoes

AbstractThe mosquito antiviral response has been mainly studied in the case of arthropod-borne virus (arbovirus) infection in female mosquitoes. However, in nature, both female and male mosquitoes are abundantly infected with insect-specific viruses (ISVs). ISVs are capable of infecting the reproductive organs of both sexes and are maintained primarily by vertical transmission. Since the RNA interference (RNAi)-mediated antiviral response plays an important antiviral role in mosquitoes, ISVs constitute a relevant model to study sex-dependent antiviral responses. Using a naturally generated viral stock containing three distinct ISVs, Aedes flavivirus (AEFV), Menghai Rhabdovirus (MERV) and Shinobi tetra virus (SHTV), we infected adult Aedes albopictus females and males and generated small RNA libraries from ovaries, testes, and the remainder of the body. Overall, both female and male mosquitoes showed unique small RNA profiles to each co-infecting ISV regardless the sex or tissue tested. While all three ISVs generated virus-derived siRNAs, only MERV generated virus-derived piRNAs. We also studied the expression of PIWI genes in reproductive tissues and carcasses. Piwi1-4 were abundantly expressed in ovaries and testes in contrast to Piwi5-9, suggesting that Piwi 5-9 are involved in exogenous viral piRNA production. Together, our results show that ISV-infected Aedes albopictus produce viral small RNAs in a virus-specific manner and that male mosquitoes mount a similar small RNA-mediated antiviral response to that of females.

scholarly journals Differential Small RNA Responses against Co-Infecting Insect-Specific Viruses in Aedes albopictus Mosquitoes

Viruses ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (4) ◽  
pp. 468 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lionel Frangeul ◽  
Hervé Blanc ◽  
Maria-Carla Saleh ◽  
Yasutsugu Suzuki
Keyword(s):  
Aedes Albopictus ◽  
Small Rna ◽  
Reproductive Organs ◽  
Antiviral Response ◽  
The Body ◽  
Antiviral Responses ◽  
Viral Stock ◽  
Infected Adult ◽  
Antiviral Role ◽  
Male Mosquitoes

The mosquito antiviral response has mainly been studied in the context of arthropod-borne virus (arbovirus) infection in female mosquitoes. However, in nature, both female and male mosquitoes are frequently infected with insect-specific viruses (ISVs). ISVs are capable of infecting the reproductive organs of both sexes and are primarily maintained by vertical transmission. Since the RNA interference (RNAi)-mediated antiviral response plays an important antiviral role in mosquitoes, ISVs constitute a relevant model to study sex-dependent antiviral responses. Using a naturally generated viral stock containing three distinct ISVs, Aedes flavivirus (AEFV), Menghai rhabdovirus (MERV), and Shinobi tetra virus (SHTV), we infected adult Aedes albopictus females and males and generated small RNA libraries from ovaries, testes, and the remainder of the body. Overall, both female and male mosquitoes showed unique small RNA profiles to each co-infecting ISV regardless of the sex or tissue tested. While all three ISVs generated virus-derived siRNAs, only MERV generated virus-derived piRNAs. We also studied the expression of PIWI genes in reproductive tissues and carcasses. In contrast to Piwi5-9, Piwi1-4 were abundantly expressed in ovaries and testes, suggesting that Piwi5-9 are involved in exogenous viral piRNA production. Together, our results show that ISV-infected Aedes albopictus produce viral small RNAs in a virus-specific manner and that male mosquitoes mount a similar small RNA-mediated antiviral response to that of females.

Reproductive Organ Education for Psychic Health Development of Early Age

2018 ◽  
Vol 2 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dwi Darwati
Keyword(s):  
Early Childhood ◽  
Early Childhood Development ◽  
Deviant Behavior ◽  
Reproductive Organs ◽  
Reproductive Organ ◽  
The Body ◽  
Childhood Development ◽  
Early Age ◽  
Digital Era ◽  
Stage Of Development

Reproductive  health education should be given since early childhood by using language that is adapted to the stage of development. If you procrastinate and wait until the teenager it is already too late because in the days of the digital era, as now, all the information can be easily accessed by anyone including children early age. If the early childhood misinformed about their reproductive organs it would disrupt the physical and psychological development due to the wrong behavior in caring for and maintaining reproductive organs. Qur’an as the holy book of Muslims describes the steps of reproduction and  imparting education wisely as well as how to apply such education. This kind of education must be in accordance with the conditions of children and there should not be a lie about it We can also use media and methods such as pictures, songs, tap or other visual  media which can give clearer information, so that children can clearly see parts of the body, their characteristics, and how to treat and care them. The impropriate approach in conveying this kind of knowledge will be very dangerous for children. The provision of early age reproductive organs education can prevent the occurrence of deviant behavior as well as protect children from dangerous influence in early childhood development.

The internal anatomy of the woodlouse, Metoponorthus pruinosus (Brandt), (Porcellionidae, Peracarida)

1968 ◽  
Vol 46 (3) ◽  
pp. 321-327 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. A. Alikhan
Keyword(s):  
Nervous System ◽  
Digestive System ◽  
Circulatory System ◽  
Reproductive Organs ◽  
The Body ◽  
Internal Anatomy ◽  
Suboesophageal Ganglion ◽  
Digestive Tube ◽  
Thoracic Ganglia ◽  
Digestive Glands

Tbe circulatory system, lying in the mid-dorsal line of the body, consists of an oval heart, the opthalmic artery, and a dorsal abdominal artery.The digestive system comprises a wide, large alimentary tube and two pairs of digestive glands. An oesophagus, a proventriculus, midgut, and a short proctodacum or hindgut form the digestive tube. The digestive glands are very well developed and are beaded in form; each pair lies on either side of the alimentary canal.The reproductive organs are well developed in both sexes: in the male they consist of paired testes and their vas deferentia, and in the female paired bilobed ovaries and oviducts.A cerebral or supraoesophageal ganglion, a suboesophageal ganglion, and seven thoracic ganglia form the nervous system. The supraoesophageal ganglion is united with the suboesophageal ganglion by means of the circumoesophageal commissures, whereas the thoracic ganglia and suboesophageal ganglia are linked with each other by paired connectives.The gills and the tracheae are the organs of respiration. The gills are borne of the bases of the pleopods and are enclosed in the branchial chamber. The tracheae are located on the lateral lobes of the first two pleopods only.

scholarly journals On the effects of castration and ovariotomy upon sheep

1912 ◽  
Vol 85 (576) ◽  
pp. 27-32 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Old Age ◽  
Early Life ◽  
Complete Removal ◽  
Reproductive Organs ◽  
Fallow Deer ◽  
The Body ◽  
Male Characters ◽  
Game Birds ◽  
Male Plumage ◽  
The Face

It is well known that castration, when performed in early life and before sexual maturity has been reached, has a marked effect not only in inhibiting the development of the accessory male organs, but in changing the general conformation of the body. Thus in castrated guinea-pigs, oxen, and capons, as well as in eunuchs, the bones of the limbs tend to be abnormally long, this result depending upon an arrest in the ossification of epiphyses. The secondary male characters are also in many cases suppressed, so that there is an apparent approximation to the female type. Thus in red deer if the testes are removed in quite immature animals the antlers fail to make their appearance, and in fallow deer castration at birth limits the horn formation to the development of single dugs. Secondary sexual characters, however, are not always correlated with the presence of the essential reproductive organs, even in mammals. Thus the withers in the gelding resemble those of the horse rather than those of the mare, in which the witheres are lower. Moreover, in certain varieties of cattle in Italy, the horns in the ox, if castraction has been carried out young, are far longer than those of either the bull or the cow. Ovariotomy in the female is often said to lead to the assumption of male characters, but there is little experimental evidence that this is actually the case. In the human female complete removal of the ovaries, if carried out in early life, besides preventing the onset of puberty and the occurrence of menstruation, produces effects on the general form and appearance, individuals so operated upon being said, in some cases, to show resemblances to men. Abnormalities in the ovaries have been described as producing similar results. Thus, Rörig records three cases in which female deer possessed horns, and were shown on dissection to have had abnormal ovaries. Darwin states that female deer in old age have been known to acquire horns. It Wallace says that in old mares the neck tends to acquire an arch as in the stallion. The occasional growth of hair on the face in old women is a phenomenon of the same kind. Similar observations have been made upon birds, especially ducks, poultry, and game birds. Darwin mentions the case of a duck which, when 10 years old, acquired the plumage of the drake. Other cases are those of hens which in old age assumed secondary male characters and started to crow. Hunter mentions a hen pheasant which had male plumage associated with an abnormal ovary. Numerous other instances have been described, but it is not apparent that such an acquirement of male characters by female individuals is always correlated with an abnormality in the reproductive organs. According to Gurney the assumption of male plumage is generally associated with sterility in female gallinaceous birds, but not, as a rule, in female passerine birds. Thus Gurney describes a hen chaffinch with male plumage and a number of developing eggs.

INDICATORS OF DAIRY PRODUCTIVITY OF COWS BRED IN FARMS OF THE VORONEZH REGION WITH THE ANALYSIS OF MAIN TECHNOLOGICAL REASONS FOR THEIR CULLING

2020 ◽  
pp. 232-239
Author(s):  
V.V. Krupitsyn ◽  
◽  
V.I. Kotarev ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Metabolic Disorders ◽  
Raw Milk ◽  
Reproductive Organs ◽  
The Body ◽  
Breast Diseases ◽  
Dairy Herds ◽  
Milk Productivity ◽  
Digestive Diseases ◽  
Body Experiences ◽  
Voronezh Region

The main breeds of cows bred in the Voronezh region are red-mottled, Simmental, Holstein, both domestic and imported selection. The milk productivity of the red-mottled breed is 6247.9 kg, the duration of production use of ncp is 2.9 lactation; the Simmental ncpis 6952.9 kg and ncp is 3.21, and the Holstein ncp is 8845.4 kg and ncp is 1.85, respectively. Imported Simmental and Holstein cattle have a high potential for milk productivity, but the longevity period with the technology of loose keeping is very short. The main reasons for culling imported cattle are transport injuries, metabolic disorders, respiratory diseases, digestive diseases, breast diseases, hooves in general due to adaptation of body and the influence of production paratypical factors. With the technology of loose keeping of dairy herds as a result of intensive load, the main reasons for culling are udder diseases of ncp-19.5 %, diseases of the reproductive organs of ncp-25.1%, and limbs of ncp – 18.5 %. In conditions of year-round tie-up housing of cows, as a result of hypodynamia, metabolic disorders occur. Diseases of reproductive organs make up ncp-32.8%, as well as diseases of distal extremities of ncp-22.3. In a number of farms, protein overfeed is noted, as a result of which the body experiences an intense load, leading to a number of animal diseases. As a result, it is necessary to recommend and follow the technological principles of providing the necessary hygienic conditions that would be close to the physiological or natural requirements of animal’s body to ensure the efficiency of raw milk production.

scholarly journals Characterization of the imaginal reproductive diapause of Oebalus poecilus (Dallas) (Hemiptera: Pentatomidae)

2003 ◽  
Vol 63 (4) ◽  
pp. 695-703 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. S. S. Santos ◽  
L. R. Redaelli ◽  
L. M. G. Diefenbach ◽  
H. P. Romanowski ◽  
H. F. Prando
Keyword(s):  
Body Fat ◽  
Sexual Maturation ◽  
Abdominal Cavity ◽  
Reproductive Organs ◽  
Reproductive Organ ◽  
The Body ◽  
Reproductive Diapause ◽  
Male And Female ◽  
In The Beginning

The state of development of the internal reproductive organs of male and female Oebalus poecilus (Dallas) as well as the body fat amount in the abdominal cavity during hibernation, of individuals sampled in bamboo litter in Eldorado do Sul (30º02'S and 51°23'W), RS, Brazil was investigated. Females and males showed the abdominal cavity filled with body fat in the beginning of the hibernation phase. The decrease in fat reserve level occurred from August on for males and from October on for females. Ovaries and testis doubled in length and tripled in width from immature to the reproductive phase. Male sexual maturation occurred in the hibernation sites while for females it occurred later on outside of the sites. Reproductive organ immaturity and abdominal body fat hypertrophy characterized the diapause of O. poecilus.

On spermatophore-producing aquatic microdrile oligochaetes (Annelida: Clitellata)

Zootaxa ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 4497 (1) ◽  
pp. 41
Author(s):  
PILAR RODRIGUEZ ◽  
STEVEN V. FEND
Keyword(s):  
Body Wall ◽  
Single Species ◽  
Reproductive Organs ◽  
The Body ◽  
Aquatic Oligochaetes

The formation of encapsulated spermatophores is exceptional among aquatic oligochaetes, although it seems to have occurred independently in several unrelated taxa. Among the microdriles, some variations appear unique to single species. The recently described lumbriculid Uktena riparia Fend et al. forms spermatophores in the male duct and attaches them within a deep spermathecal bursa. The attachment of spermatophores to the body wall, in the clitellar region, or in the vicinity of male or spermathecal pores has been reported in Paranadrilus Gavrilov, Bothrioneurum Štolc and some Aktedrilus Knöllner species. Anatomical comparison of reproductive organs suggests convergent development of glandular organs in the male duct or spermathecae, used for the formation, transfer and/or attachment of spermatophores to the concopulant worms. The presence of similar organs in Smithsonidrilus Brinkhurst, where spermatophores have not been reported, is also discussed. Furthermore, a lectotype is designated for Paranadrilus descolei Gavrilov, 1955. 

Case of Malformation of Genitalia with Insanity

1878 ◽  
Vol 24 (107) ◽  
pp. 459-461
Author(s):  
G. H. Savage
Keyword(s):  
Reproductive Organs ◽  
The Body ◽  
General Interest

The subjoined case is one of great general interest, for in it we have multiple malformations both in the reproductive organs and also in the rest of the body and head.

scholarly journals XII.–On some Points in the Structure of Tubifex

1871 ◽  
Vol 26 (2) ◽  
pp. 253-267 ◽  
Author(s):  
W. C. M'Intosh
Keyword(s):  
Reproductive Organs ◽  
The Body ◽  
The Other ◽  
Dorsal Vessel ◽  
Peculiar Mode

At least two species of Tubifex are abundant in Scotland, one of which is, perhaps, more prevalent in streams, the other in lakes. The former is common at the margin of the river Tay, when the water is low, in sandy tubes of little tenacity, and often in tunnels formed amongst the wet sand under stones, just as many of the marine annelids occur. Its length varies from three-fourths of an inch to an inch and a-half when stretched, and the segments range from fifty to seventy, the average number probably being sixty. The body is of various shades of dull fawn or pale madder-brown, somewhat interrupted by the pale bands at the junctions of the segments, and streaked by the reddish dorsal vessel; or, in summer, marked anteriorly by the whitish mass of the reproductive organs. It is easily recognised amongst its fellows by its faintly purplish or lilac hue, as well as by its peculiar mode of progression; and not a few are observed with reproducing heads and tails. This form, perhaps, has most claim to be called Tubifex rivulorum.

scholarly journals II. Researches on the reproductive organs of the annelids

1857 ◽  
Vol 8 ◽  
pp. 371-376
Keyword(s):  
Reproductive System ◽  
Reproductive Organs ◽  
The Body ◽  
General Proposition

In this paper the author seeks to establish the following general proposition, viz. that there prevails throughout the Actiniadæ, Echinodermata, Rotifera and Annelida, a special organ, which, under different phases, subserves different functions, which is essentially identifiable under every modification, reducible to the same type, and which constitutes the root of the Reproductive system in these families. To this special organ he proposes to apply the provisional name of the " segmental organ .” In the chambers which are enclosed by the vertical dissepiments dividing the body of Actinia , convoluted tubular cords are contained which support the generative structures.

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