scholarly journals Comparison of epidemiological characteristics of COVID-19 patients in Vietnam

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Toan Ha ◽  
Gualberto Ruaño ◽  
Lewis Judy
Keyword(s):  
International Travel ◽  
Limited Data ◽  
Chi Square ◽  
Travel History ◽  
Exact Test ◽  
Overseas Travel ◽  
Chi Square Test ◽  
Available Information ◽  
Epidemiological Characteristics ◽  
Local Transmission

AbstractBackgroundThere are limited data on COVID-19 patients in Vietnam. The paper examined and compared epidemiological characteristics of COVID-19 patients in VietnamMethodThe data was obtained using publicly available information from the official website of Vietnam Ministry of Health covering a period of 01/23/2020 to 05/27/2020. T-test, Chi-square test and Fisher’s Exact test were utilized to compare characteristics of COVID-19 patients between under-treatment and discharge groups and between overseas and non-overseas travel groups.ResultsVietnam had a total of 327 cases of COVID-19 as of May 27, 2020. The median age of patients was 30 years (ranging from 3 months to 88 years). About 68% of patients (n=223) had acquired the disease from overseas while 32% were infected from local transmission. Among those infected from local transmission, 66% were women. Men were more likely than women to be infected with COVID-19 from overseas (p<0.001). Younger patients were significantly associated with international travel (p=.001). While patients in the South reported highest levels of overseas travel history (77.9%), those (100%) in the Central reported the highest level of being discharged (p<0.001). Women (54.7%) had a higher rate of discharge compared to men (45.3%) [p <0.001]. Nearly 86% have recovered and discharged from hospitals. There has been no reported fatality.ConclusionsA majority of COVID-19 cases in Vietnam were acquired overseas. A significantly higher number of women than men were infected inside the country calling for further research about gender disparities in the fight against COVID-19 in Vietnam.

scholarly journals Does breastfeeding protect children from COVID-19? An observational study from pediatric services in Majorca, Spain

2021 ◽  
Vol 16 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Sergio Verd ◽  
Jan Ramakers ◽  
Isabel Vinuela ◽  
Maria-Isabel Martin-Delgado ◽  
Aina Prohens ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Observational Study ◽  
Emergency Services ◽  
Secondary Analysis ◽  
Pediatric Emergency ◽  
Chi Square ◽  
Exact Test ◽  
Chi Square Test ◽  
Student’S T ◽  
Tract Infections ◽  
Epidemiological Characteristics

Abstract Background It has been demonstrated that children who had been breastfed remain better protected against various infections, and notably respiratory tract infections, well beyond infancy. Since the role of breastfeeding to explain why children are less affected by COVID-19 has not been studied until now, the aim of this study was to determine whether any history of breastfeeding reduces the incidence rate of COVID-19 in children. Methods This was a secondary analysis of an observational study on clinical and epidemiological characteristics of pediatric COVID-19 in Majorca. A total of 691 children were recruited during the 5 months of August–December 2020. Eligible participants were children under 14 who were tested for SARS-CoV-2 in pediatric emergency services. The independent explanatory variable was any breastfeeding. Bivariate analyses were conducted through the Chi-square test, the Fisher’s Exact test or the Student’s T test. All children had the same demographic, epidemiological and clinical data collected through a study team member interview and via the participants medical records. Results Within the sample of children who visited emergency services with symptoms of potential COVID-19, we found higher prevalence of positive SARS-CoV-2 RT-PCR test results among those who were exclusively formula fed compared with those who were ever breastfed (OR 2.48; 95% CI 1.45, 3.51; P = 0.036). Conclusions The present study suggests that ever breastfeeding reduces the risk of COVID-19 among children, as documented for other infections.

scholarly journals Infant Feeding Type of Children Who Qualify For SARS-CoV-2 Testing: An Observational Study.

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sergio Verd ◽  
Jan Ramakers ◽  
Isabel Vinuela ◽  
Maria-Isabel Martin-Delgado ◽  
Aina Prohens ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Observational Study ◽  
Emergency Services ◽  
Secondary Analysis ◽  
Pediatric Emergency ◽  
Chi Square ◽  
Exact Test ◽  
Chi Square Test ◽  
Student’S T ◽  
Tract Infections ◽  
Epidemiological Characteristics

Abstract Background: It has been demonstrated that children who had been breastfed remain better protected against various infections, and notably respiratory tract infections, well beyond infancy. Since the role of breastfeeding to explain why children are less affected by COVID-19 has not been studied until now, the aim of this study was to determine whether any history of breastfeeding reduces the incidence rate of COVID-19 in children.Methods: This was a secondary analysis of an observational study on clinical and epidemiological characteristics of pediatric COVID-19 in Majorca. A total of 691 children were recruited. Eligible participants were children under 14 who were tested for SARS-CoV-2 in pediatric emergency services. The independent explanatory variable was initial breastfeeding. Bivariate analyses were conducted through the Chi-square test, the Fisher's Exact test or the Student’s T test. All children had the same demographic, epidemiological and clinical data collected through a study team member interview and via the participants medical records. Aspredicted Trials Registry number is #62721. Results: Within the sample of children who visited emergency services with symptoms of potential COVID-19, we found higher prevalence of positive SARS-CoV-2 RT-PCR test results among those who were exclusively formula fed compared with those who were ever breastfed (OR, 2.48; 95%CI, 1.45-3.51; P=0.036). Conclusions: Since approximately 1 in 60 ever breastfed symptomatic children had tested positive for SARS-CoV-2 versus 1 in 25 never breastfed symptomatic children, this study shows that initially breastfed children remain at lower risk of COVID-19.

scholarly journals COVID-19 Screening By Anti-SARS-CoV-2 Antibody Seropositivity: Clinical And Epidemiological Characteristics, Comorbidities, And Food Intake Quality

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
G Macedo-Ojeda ◽  
JF Muñoz-Valle ◽  
P Yokogawa-Teraoka ◽  
AC Machado-Sulbarán ◽  
MG Loza-Rojas ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Food Intake ◽  
Joint Pain ◽  
Diagnostic Testing ◽  
Blood Type ◽  
Molecular Diagnostic ◽  
Chi Square ◽  
Exact Test ◽  
Chi Square Test ◽  
Polyunsaturated Fats ◽  
Epidemiological Characteristics

Abstract Background: Developing countries have reported lower molecular diagnostic testing levels due to a lack of infrastructure and resources. Therefore, antibody tests represent an alternative to detect exposure to SARS-CoV-2 and analyze possible risk factors in them. This study aimed to describe and compare the clinical and epidemiological characteristics and the quality of food intake between individuals with a positive or negative test to antibodies against SARS-CoV-2.Methods: Mexican individuals of diverse ages and sex, that attended to detect anti-SARS-CoV-2 antibody seropositivity from July to November 2020 were included. A survey was applied to identify the clinical and epidemiological characteristics and food intake quality in negative and positive individuals for anti-SARS-CoV-2 antibodies. These variables were compared using the Chi-square test, Kruskal Wallis, Fisher's exact test, or t-student.Results: In this study, a total of 1,799 individuals participated; 42% were positive for SARS-CoV-2. It was found that seropositive subjects were older and that diabetes was more prevalent in them (p <0.01). No differences were identified in the blood type nor vaccination against influenza between seronegative and seropositive cases. Cough, respiratory distress, muscle pain, joint pain, and anosmia were more prevalent in seropositive cases than in those seronegative (p<0.0001). The IgM or IgM+IgG seropositive cases presented anosmia more frequently than those with only IgG antibodies (p<0.05). The dietary patterns and individual food intake habits were similar in both groups, except for the most consumed type of fat (p = 0.006). Seronegative cases showed to consume monounsaturated fats more frequently than other types of fats, whereas seropositive subjects have more regular consumption of polyunsaturated fats.Conclusion: This study confirms the association between being anti-SARS-CoV-2 seropositive with older age and the presence of diabetes mellitus. Furthermore, it suggests muscle and joint pain could also be considered major criteria for discriminating patients with suspected COVID-19 seropositivity. Moreover, the results suggested polyunsaturated fats as a possible new risk factor associated with COVID-19, and anosmia as a marker of active disease. This finding will be of interest to investigate in further studies regarding the type of fat consumed and the risk of infection by SARS-CoV-2.

Comparison of Clinical Outcomes With Drug Coated Balloons Versus Plain Balloon Angioplasty In Chronic Limb-Threatening Ischemia

2021 ◽  
pp. 153857442110225
Author(s):  
Joel Mathew John ◽  
Vimalin Samuel ◽  
Dheepak Selvaraj ◽  
Prabhu Premkumar ◽  
Albert A Kota ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Clinical Outcomes ◽  
Interventional Procedure ◽  
Tertiary Care ◽  
Arterial Disease ◽  
Multivariable Logistic Regression Analysis ◽  
Tertiary Care Centre ◽  
Chi Square ◽  
Exact Test ◽  
Institutional Review ◽  
Chi Square Test

Objective: The use of drug coated balloon (DCB) for angioplasty has shown superior efficacy against plain balloons for treating complex infrainguinal arterial disease. We report and compare the clinical outcomes following application of DCB(Paclitaxel) and plain angioplasty (POBA) in our tertiary care centre. Methods: A retrospective, single centre analysis of 301 patients with chronic limb-threatening ischemia involving the infrainguinal segment was conducted between September 2014 and September 2018, after approval from the Institutional review board. We analyzed clinical outcomes by measuring postoperative ABI improvement, restenosis requiring reintervention procedure, minor and major amputations at the end of 18 months. . To find the association between the group variables (POBA and DCB) and other risk variables, Chi-square test/Fisher’s exact test was used. Multivariable logistic regression analysis was used. Results: Patients who underwent treatment with plain balloon (POBA) and DCB(Paclitaxel) angioplasty were 246(81.7%) and 55(18.3%) respectively. Our study group was predominantly male (Male: Female = 6.7:1), most patients were more than 50 years of age (n = 251, 83.4%). Smoking (n = 199, 66.1%) and diabetes (n = 210, 69.8%) were the most common atherosclerotic risk factors. Postoperative Ankle Brachial Pressure Index (ABI) improvement were similar in both groups (POBA = 57.7%; DCB = 69.8%; p = 0.103). Minor and major amputations following POBA were 26% and 22%; and DCB were 12.7% and 16.4% respectively. Re-stenosis requiring a re-interventional procedure within 18 months was 15%, (n = 37) following POBA; and 12.7% (n = 7) following DCB (p = 0.661). Conclusions: This retrospective study shows similar clinical limb related outcomes following POBA and DCB at 18 months. However, our comparative analysis between the POBA and DCB groups was totally unadjusted and not adjusted for common confounders such as age and sex. Hence, for one to draw definitive conclusions leading to changes in clinical practice; a randomized, prospective study with a larger patient cohort is needed.

scholarly journals MRI of the Entire Spinal Cord—Worth the While or Waste of Time? A Retrospective Study of 74 Patients with Multiple Sclerosis

Diagnostics ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (8) ◽  
pp. 1424
Author(s):  
Esben Nyborg Poulsen ◽  
Anna Olsson ◽  
Stefan Gustavsen ◽  
Annika Reynberg Langkilde ◽  
Annette Bang Oturai ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Multiple Sclerosis ◽  
Spinal Cord ◽  
Cervical Spinal Cord ◽  
Brain Mri ◽  
Anatomical Location ◽  
Spinal Cord Lesions ◽  
Chi Square ◽  
Exact Test ◽  
Mcdonald Criteria ◽  
Chi Square Test

Spinal cord lesions are included in the diagnosis of multiple sclerosis (MS), yet spinal cord MRI is not mandatory for diagnosis according to the latest revisions of the McDonald Criteria. We investigated the distribution of spinal cord lesions in MS patients and examined how it influences the fulfillment of the 2017 McDonald Criteria. Seventy-four patients with relapsing-remitting MS were examined with brain and entire spinal cord MRI. Sixty-five patients received contrast. The number and anatomical location of MS lesions were assessed along with the Expanded Disability Status Scale (EDSS). A Chi-square test, Fischer’s exact test, and one-sided McNemar’s test were used to test distributions. MS lesions were distributed throughout the spinal cord. Diagnosis of dissemination in space (DIS) was increased from 58/74 (78.4%) to 67/74 (90.5%) when adding cervical spinal cord MRI to brain MRI alone (p = 0.004). Diagnosis of dissemination in time (DIT) was not significantly increased when adding entire spinal cord MRI to brain MRI alone (p = 0.04). There was no association between the number of spinal cord lesions and the EDSS score (p = 0.71). MS lesions are present throughout the spinal cord, and spinal cord MRI may play an important role in the diagnosis and follow-up of MS patients.

scholarly journals 1591. Antibiotic Utilization Trends in Veterans Affairs (VA) Patients with Carbapenem Resistant Enterobacteriaceae (CRE) Infections

2020 ◽  
Vol 7 (Supplement_1) ◽  
pp. S792-S792
Author(s):  
Alfredo Traversa ◽  
Linda Poggensee ◽  
Geneva M Wilson ◽  
Katie J Suda ◽  
Charlesnika T Evans ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Treatment Options ◽  
Blood Stream ◽  
Chi Square ◽  
Blood Stream Infections ◽  
Exact Test ◽  
Carbapenem Resistant ◽  
Extended Spectrum ◽  
New Antibiotics ◽  
Chi Square Test ◽  
Carbapenem Resistant Enterobacteriaceae

Abstract Background Carbapenem-resistant Enterobacteriaceae (CRE) are classified as an “urgent threat” to public health. Historically, colistin and tigecycline had been considered the drugs of choice for CRE infections, while other agents such as aminoglycosides and carbapenems had been used as adjunctive therapy. However, the FDA approval of ceftazidime-avibactam in 2015, meropenem-vaborbactam in 2017, and plazomicin in 2018 has expanded treatment options. Our purpose was to assess trends in CRE treatment for “new” antibiotics (ceftazidime-avibactam, meropenem-vaborbactam, plazomicin) as compared with other antibiotics with CRE activity. Methods This was a retrospective cohort study describing treatment of CRE blood stream infections (BSI) across 134 VA facilities from 2012-2018. Patients were censored at their first positive blood culture with CRE. Categorical data was assessed with a Fisher’s exact test or chi-square test. Trends test and logistic regression were used to describe changes in CRE treatment over time. Results 724 patients with positive blood cultures for CRE were identified during the study period. Most patients were male (94%), white (32%) or Hispanic (38%), and the mean age was 71.5+11.9. Of those patients that received antibiotics (N=697), 53.4% carbapenems, 40.3% received aminoglycosides, 39.3% received polymyxins, 32.9% penicillins, 32.6% extended spectrum cephalosporins, 26.1% fluoroquinolones, 11.6% ceftazidime/avibactam, and 0.4% ceftolazone/tazobactam. Over the study period, there was decreased utilization of aminoglycosides (P &lt; 0.0026) and colistin (P&lt; 0.002) and increases in extended spectrum cephalosporins (P &lt; 0.001) and ceftazidime/avibactam (P &lt; 0.001). Conclusion Utilization of “older” agents such as aminoglycosides and polymyxins for the treatment of CRE blood stream infections is decreasing in the VA. Treating CRE with ceftazidime/avibactam, a newly approved antibiotic, and extended spectrum cephalosporins are increasing. Disclosures All Authors: No reported disclosures

scholarly journals Association of cervical carcinogenesis risk with HPV16 E6 and E7 variants in the Taizhou area, China

BMC Cancer ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 21 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Mei-Zhen Dai ◽  
Yi Qiu ◽  
Xing-Hong Di ◽  
Wei-Wu Shi ◽  
Hui-Hui Xu
Keyword(s):  
Cervical Cancer ◽  
Cervical Carcinogenesis ◽  
Chi Square ◽  
Major Health Problem ◽  
Hpv16 E6 ◽  
Exact Test ◽  
Chi Square Test ◽  
E6 And E7

Abstract Background Human papillomavirus (HPV) type 16 accounts for a larger share of cervical cancer and has been a major health problem worldwide for decades. The progression of initial infection to cervical cancer has been linked to viral sequence properties; however, the role of HPV16 variants in the risk of cervical carcinogenesis, especially with longitudinal follow-up, is not fully understood in China. Methods We aimed to investigate the genetic variability of HPV16 E6 and E7 oncogenes in isolates from cervical exfoliated cells. Between December 2012 and December 2014, a total of 310 single HPV16-positive samples were selected from women living in the Taizhou area, China. Sequences of all E6 and E7 oncogenes were analysed by PCR-sequencing assay. Detailed sequence comparison, genetic heterogeneity analyses and maximum-likelihood phylogenetic tree construction were performed with BioEdit Sequence Alignment Editor and MEGA X software. Data for cytology tests and histological diagnoses were obtained from our Taizhou Area Study with longitudinal follow-up for at least 5 years. The relationship between HPV16 variants and cervical carcinogenesis risk was analysed by the chi-square test or Fisher’s exact test. Results In this study, we obtained 64 distinct variation patterns with the accession GenBank numbers MT681266-MT681329. Phylogenetic analysis revealed that 98.3% of HPV16 variants belong to lineage A, in which the A4 (Asian) sublineage was dominant (64.8%), followed by A2 (12.1%), A1 (11.4%), and A3 (10.0%). The A4 (Asian) sublineage had a higher risk of CIN2+ than the A1–3 (European) sublineages (OR = 2.69, 95% CI = 1.04–6.97, P < 0.05). Furthermore, nucleotide variation in HPV16 E6 T178G is associated with the development of cervical cancer. Conclusion These data could provide novel insights into the role of HPV16 variants in cervical carcinogenesis risk in China.

Hardy-Weinberg Testing for Continuous Data

Genetics ◽  
1997 ◽  
Vol 147 (4) ◽  
pp. 1965-1975
Author(s):  
Lauren M McIntyre ◽  
B S Weir
Keyword(s):  
Intraclass Correlation ◽  
Kernel Density ◽  
Variable Number ◽  
Continuous Data ◽  
Test Statistic ◽  
Test Procedures ◽  
Chi Square ◽  
Exact Test ◽  
Chi Square Test ◽  
The Many

Abstract Estimation of allelic and genotypic distributions for continuous data using kernel density estimation is discussed and illustrated for some variable number of tandem repeat data. These kernel density estimates provide a useful representation of data when only some of the many variants at a locus are present in a sample. Two Hardy-Weinberg test procedures are introduced for continuous data: a continuous chi-square test with test statistic TCCS and a test based on Hellinger's distance with test statistic TCCS. Simulations are used to compare the powers of these tests to each other and to the powers of a test of intraclass correlation TIC, as well as to the power of Fisher's exact test TFET applied to discretized data. Results indicate that the power of TCCS is better than that of THD but neither is as powerful as TFET. The intraclass correlation test does not perform as well as the other tests examined in this article.

scholarly journals Leadership and Motivation as Important Aspects of the International Company’s Corporate Culture

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (7) ◽  
pp. 3916
Author(s):  
Ingrida Košičiarová ◽  
Zdenka Kádeková ◽  
Peter Štarchoň
Keyword(s):  
Corporate Culture ◽  
Rank Correlation ◽  
Chi Square ◽  
Exact Test ◽  
Main Research ◽  
Leadership Motivation ◽  
Kendall Rank Correlation ◽  
Friedman's Test ◽  
Chi Square Test

Although the issue of corporate culture has been taken over and addressed in the literature from various perspectives, there are very few researchers about the role of leadership and motivation in it, respectively very few researchers have addressed them as important components of the international company’s corporate culture. The present paper aims to point out that leadership and motivation can be perceived as important aspects of the international company’s corporate culture. The object of the investigation was an international company (situated in Italy) and its five subsidiaries (situated in Italy, Czech Republic, Germany, and Turkey). As the main research method, there was chosen the method of the questionnaire survey, which was attempted by all the company’s employees (totally 270 respondents). The questionnaire was divided into three separate, but logically related parts—leadership, motivation, and corporate culture, and submitted to two groups of respondents—the company’s management and its employees. In total 11 hypotheses were formulated and further evaluated by the methods of Pearson Chi-square Test, Fisher’s Exact Test, Cramer’s V coefficient, Kendall rank correlation coefficient, Eta coefficient, Spearman coefficient, Mann–Whitney U test and Wilcoxon W statistics, Kruskal–Wallis test, and Friedman’s test. The results of the research have proven that leadership and motivation are important parts of the corporate culture.

F-Test Alternatives to Fisher’s Exact Test and to the Chi-Square Test of Homogeneity in 2 × 2 Tables

1983 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
pp. 59-73 ◽  
Author(s):  
John E. Overall ◽  
Robert R. Starbuck
Keyword(s):  
Beta Distribution ◽  
Binary Response ◽  
Binomial Model ◽  
Chi Square ◽  
Exact Probability ◽  
Exact Test ◽  
Mutual Dependence ◽  
Treatment Groups ◽  
Test Of Homogeneity ◽  
Chi Square Test

A binomial model is proposed for testing the significance of differences in binary response probabilities in two independent treatment groups. Without correction for continuity, the binomial statistic is essentially equivalent to Fisher’s exact probability. With correction for continuity, the binomial statistic approaches Pearson’s chi-square. Due to mutual dependence of the binomial and F distributions on the beta distribution, a simple F statistic can be used for computation instead of the binomial.

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