scholarly journals Social network heterogeneity is essential for contact tracing

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bjarke Frost Nielsen ◽  
Kim Sneppen ◽  
Lone Simonsen ◽  
Joachim Mathiesen
Keyword(s):  
Social Network ◽  
Social Structure ◽  
Mitigation Strategy ◽  
Mitigation Strategies ◽  
Contact Tracing ◽  
Activity Levels ◽  
Proximity Data ◽  
Personal Mobility ◽  
Network Heterogeneity ◽  
The Social

Contact tracing is suggested as an effective strategy for controlling an epidemic without severely limiting personal mobility. Here, we explore how social structure affects contact tracing of COVID-19. Using smartphone proximity data, we simulate the spread of COVID-19 and find that heterogeneity in the social network and activity levels of individuals decreases the severity of an epidemic and improves the effectiveness of contact tracing. As a mitigation strategy, contact tracing depends strongly on social structure and can be remarkably effective, even if only frequent contacts are traced. In perspective, this highlights the necessity of incorporating social heterogeneity into models of mitigation strategies.

scholarly journals Differences in social activity increase efficiency of contact tracing

2021 ◽  
Vol 94 (10) ◽  
Author(s):  
Bjarke Frost Nielsen ◽  
Kim Sneppen ◽  
Lone Simonsen ◽  
Joachim Mathiesen
Keyword(s):  
Social Network ◽  
Social Activity ◽  
Mitigation Strategies ◽  
Contact Tracing ◽  
Minimum Duration ◽  
Activity Increase ◽  
Proximity Data ◽  
Personal Mobility ◽  
Social Network Structure ◽  
Social Heterogeneity

Abstract Digital contact tracing has been suggested as an effective strategy for controlling an epidemic without severely limiting personal mobility. Here, we use smartphone proximity data to explore how social structure affects contact tracing of COVID-19. We model the spread of COVID-19 and find that the effectiveness of contact tracing depends strongly on social network structure and heterogeneous social activity. Contact tracing is shown to be remarkably effective in a workplace environment and the effectiveness depends strongly on the minimum duration of contact required to initiate quarantine. In a realistic social network, we find that forward contact tracing with immediate isolation can reduce an epidemic by more than 70%. In perspective, our findings highlight the necessity of incorporating social heterogeneity into models of mitigation strategies. Graphic abstract

Influential Nodes in Social Networks

2020 ◽  
pp. 371-385
Author(s):  
Kousik Das ◽  
Rupkumar Mahapatra ◽  
Sovan Samanta ◽  
Anita Pal
Keyword(s):  
Social Networks ◽  
Social Network ◽  
Social Structure ◽  
The Social ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Influential Nodes

Social network is the perfect place for connecting people. The social network is a social structure formed by a set of nodes (persons, organizations, etc.) and a set of links (connection between nodes). People feel very comfortable to share news and information through a social network. This chapter measures the influential persons in different types of online and offline social networks.

Introduction

2020 ◽  
pp. 1-29
Keyword(s):  
Social Network ◽  
Social Network Analysis ◽  
Network Analysis ◽  
Social Structure ◽  
Research Methods ◽  
The Other ◽  
Traditional Research ◽  
The Social ◽  
Social Realm ◽  
The Impact

The traditional research approaches common in different disciplines of social sciences centered around one half of the social realm: the actors. The other half are the relations established by these actors and forming the basis of “social.” The social structure shaped by these relations, the position of the actor within this structure, and the impact of this position on the actor are mostly excluded by the traditional research methods. In this chapter, the authors introduce social network analysis and how it complements the other methods.

scholarly journals Promoting Participation in DCD: Physical Activity Levels and the Social Network

2020 ◽  
Vol 7 (2) ◽  
pp. 43-47
Author(s):  
Bert Steenbergen ◽  
Hidde Bekhuis ◽  
Femke van Abswoude
Keyword(s):  
Physical Activity ◽  
Social Networks ◽  
Social Network ◽  
Developmental Coordination Disorder ◽  
Group Behavior ◽  
Systematic Research ◽  
Activity Levels ◽  
Active Lifestyle ◽  
The Social ◽  
Coordination Disorder

Abstract Purpose of Review Physical inactivity is a worldwide problem, also affecting children with motor problems, such as developmental coordination disorder. We try to understand what motivates children to start, continue, and stop having an active lifestyle and explore the role that the social network of the child can have to stimulate an active lifestyle. Recent Findings Social network theory is useful for understanding individual and group behavior related to physical activity. Social networks, ranging from peers and parents to teachers and medical professionals were shown to play an important role in bringing about sustainable behavioral change. Up to now, little systematic research has been done into how social networks can be used to keep children with developmental coordination disorder (DCD) physically active and motivated. Summary Future studies should more systematically examine and target the social network of the child with DCD. This social network can then be used to develop interventions for a sustained physical active lifestyle leading to increased participation in the society.

scholarly journals Chronology and development of the Chalcolithic necropolis of Varna I

2018 ◽  
Vol 44 ◽  
pp. 282-305 ◽  
Author(s):  
Raiko Krauß ◽  
Clemens Schmid ◽  
David Kirschenheuter ◽  
Jonas Abele ◽  
Vladimir Slavchev ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Spatial Distribution ◽  
Social Network ◽  
Social Network Analysis ◽  
Network Analysis ◽  
Gender Roles ◽  
Social Structure ◽  
Rank Order ◽  
14C Age ◽  
The Social ◽  
Age Model

In the following paper, we present the main results of our now completed studies of the Varna I cemetery, based on the excavations undertaken by Ivan Ivanov in the years 1972–1991. The richness of the assemblages is singular in Old World prehistory. To tackle the question of its inter­nal, chronological development, we applied correspondence analysis (CA) to a newly created database that includes the inventories of all presently known graves, symbolic burials and find de­posits. The rank order of the seriated inventories was used to establish a CA-based 14C-age model for wiggle matching. In combination with topographic observations and social network analysis (SNA), our studies provide a new understanding both of the chronological and spatial distribution of the graves and burial goods, as well as new insights into the social structure, gender roles, individual relation­ships and ritual practices of the Chalcolithic community.

scholarly journals The Investigation and Study of the Cross-Culture Social Adaption of Students from ASEAN in Jiangxi Province

2019 ◽  
pp. 1-11
Author(s):  
Xiong Zhiwei ◽  
Zeng Jiayun
Keyword(s):  
Social Network ◽  
Cultural Adaptation ◽  
Foreign Students ◽  
Cross Cultural ◽  
Jiangxi Province ◽  
Cross Culture ◽  
Network Heterogeneity ◽  
Cross Cultural Adaptation ◽  
The Social ◽  
The Cross

The social network of foreign students and its heterogeneity are the important factors that influence the cross-cultural adaptation of international students. In this paper, some colleges and universities in Nanchang ASEAN students studying design as an example, the heterogeneity of the questionnaire of social network, analyzes the social network heterogeneity present situation, then using  two element  Logistic regression analysis to examine various dimensions of heterogeneity affect cross-cultural adaptation. At last, drawing conclusions and recommendations for improvement, improving the cross-cultural adaptability of students.

Similarity in sex and reproductive state, but not relatedness, influence the strength of association in the social network of feral horses in the Blauwe Kamer Nature Reserve

2015 ◽  
Vol 61 (2) ◽  
pp. 106-113 ◽  
Author(s):  
Amos Bouskila ◽  
Emmanuel Lourie ◽  
Shiri Sommer ◽  
Han de Vries ◽  
Zef M. Hermans ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Social Network ◽  
Dna Analysis ◽  
Nature Reserve ◽  
Spatial Proximity ◽  
Reproductive State ◽  
Feral Horses ◽  
Proximity Data ◽  
The Social ◽  
Network Pattern ◽  
Strength Of Association

Relatedness is likely to affect the decisions of animals regarding their affiliations with conspecifics. Social network analysis provides tools to describe the social structure of animals. Here, we investigate the social network of a population of 27 unmanaged Konik horses in the Blauwe Kamer Nature Reserve, in the Netherlands. We test three hypotheses: (1) that related individuals will have stronger associations; (2) that individuals with low values of average relatedness to their neighbors in the network will have more links and (3) homophily, the tendency of individuals to associate with similar others, will lead to stronger associations among individuals of similar sex, reproductive state, age and rank in the social network. We videotaped 22 horses (excluding foals) and their interactions. Relatedness was calculated from the pedigree, which was based on parentage, determined by DNA analysis. The social network was based on spatial proximity data. There was no significant influence of relatedness on strength of associations in the network or an influence of age- or rank-homophily. We argue that the lack of a relatedness effect is not likely to have been caused by an inability to detect kinship. Strength of associations in the social network was significantly affected by the tendency of the horses to associate with individuals of the same sex and the same reproductive state. This social network pattern is not common in mammals, and the study of unexplained variation in choice and strength of associations may have important implications for other equids increasingly confined to reserves worldwide.

scholarly journals A Qualitative Investigation on the Roles of Social Support on Physical Activity Behaviour among the Rural-Dwelling Older Women in Malaysia

2021 ◽  
Vol 18 (18) ◽  
pp. 9609
Author(s):  
Thaneswaran Marthammuthu ◽  
Farizah Mohd Hairi ◽  
Wan Yuen Choo ◽  
Nur Afiqah Mohd Salleh ◽  
Noran Naqiah Hairi
Keyword(s):  
Physical Activity ◽  
Social Support ◽  
Social Network ◽  
Older Women ◽  
Physical Activity Behaviour ◽  
Physical Activities ◽  
Activity Levels ◽  
The Social ◽  
Physical Activity Levels ◽  
Activity Behaviour

Despite many health benefits of physical activities, both physically and mentally, the majority of the older women in the rural areas of Malaysia are showing a low prevalence of physical activities. Understanding the roles of social support to improve physical activities is imperative to promote active and healthy ageing among the rural-dwelling older women in Malaysia. Hence, this qualitative study adopted an inductive design using 17 in-depth interviews to understand the role of social support on physical activity behaviour among the rural community-dwelling older woman in Kuala Pilah District, Negeri Sembilan, Malaysia from December 2019 to January 2020. Three categories of themes were identified in this study. Firstly, adaptive social support in terms of informational, companionship and emotional supports reported enhancing physical activity levels among older women. Secondly, the absence of help and assistance from the social network asserts independence and triggers the older women to perform the activities by themselves, thus engage in physically active lifestyles. Thirdly, lacking social support demotivate older women to be engaged in physical activities. In particular, loss of companionship support, poor acceptance or appraisal support, logistic issues to attend exercise programmes and neighbourhood safety and security issues were among the main barriers of physical activities reported by the older women. The main findings of this study shed some light on the exigency of strengthening social support from the social network to engage the older women in physical activities. The roles of social media, effective patient-doctor communication and interventions targeting the spouses and family members must be strengthened to create a supportive atmosphere to enhance physical activity levels among older women.

scholarly journals Kinship does not predict the structure of a shark social network

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Johann Mourier ◽  
Serge Planes
Keyword(s):  
Social Network ◽  
Social Structure ◽  
Marine Mammals ◽  
Social Preferences ◽  
Genetic Relatedness ◽  
Error Rates ◽  
Type I ◽  
The Social ◽  
Social Associations

ABSTRACTGenetic relatedness in animal societies is often a factor that drives the structure of social groups. In the marine world, most studies which have investigated this question have focused on marine mammals such as whales and dolphins. For sharks, recent studies have demonstrated preferential associations among individuals from which social communities emerge. Assortment patterns have been found according to phenotypic or behavioural traits but the role of genetic relatedness in shaping the social structure of adult shark populations has, to the best our knowledge, never been investigated. Here, we used a social network analysis crossed with DNA microsatellite genotyping to investigate the role of the genetic relatedness in the social structure of a blacktip reef shark (Carcharhinus melanopterus) population. Based on data from 156 groups of sharks, we used generalized affiliation indices to isolate social preferences from non-social associations, controlling for the contribution of sex, size, gregariousness, spatial and temporal overlap on social associations, to test for the influence of genetic relatedness on social structure. A double permutation procedure was employed to confirm our results and account for issues arising from potentially elevated type I and type II error rates. Kinship was not a predictor of associations and affiliations among sharks at the dyad or community levels as individuals tended to associate independently of the genetic relatedness among them. The lack of parental care in this species may contribute to the breakdown of family links in the population early in life, thereby preventing the formation of kin-based social networks.

scholarly journals Social Network Influences on Non-Agricultural Employment Quality for Part-Time Peasants: A Case Study of Sichuan Province, China

2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (15) ◽  
pp. 4134 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kaijing Xue ◽  
Dingde Xu ◽  
Shaoquan Liu
Keyword(s):  
Social Networks ◽  
Social Network ◽  
Education Level ◽  
Network Heterogeneity ◽  
Agricultural Employment ◽  
The Social ◽  
Network Scale ◽  
Part Time ◽  
Indirect Impacts ◽  
Employment Quality

In recent years, the issue of employment quality for workers has received increasing attention from the government and academia. As a social resource, a social network can provide people with social support and help job seekers find better jobs by transmitting the information on job opportunities. However, currently, there are few empirical studies on employment quality from the perspective of social networks. Based on data from 194 samples from 400 households in Sichuan Province in 2015, this paper constructs an employment quality index system from the six dimensions of labor wages, working time, employment stability, employment environment, career development, and social security. In addition, from the perspective of the structural features and the overall characteristics of the social network, OLS (Ordinary Least Squares) and the path analysis model are used to quantitatively explore the mechanisms of action paths of the social network in terms of the non-agricultural employment quality of part-time peasants. The results show that: (1) the social network scale and the relative network of part-time peasants are found to positively affect employment quality. (2) Age, gender, and education level have indirect impacts on the employment quality loop through network heterogeneity and network scale. In addition, network heterogeneity and health status indirectly impact employment quality through a network scale. (3) By synthesizing the direct and indirect impacts, the comprehensive impacts of each factor on employment quality, in decreasing order, are: village–county distance > village terrain > family population > network scale > education level > skill > network heterogeneity > health status > age > gender. The results suggest that we should pay attention to the role of social network resources in improving employment quality, and should implement various measures to expand peasants’ social networks, so as to achieve high-quality employment.

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