scholarly journals Cortico-hippocampal morphology and behavioural indices improved in maternal deprivation model of schizophrenia following vitamin B complex supplementation

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gabriel Olaiya Omotoso ◽  
Fatimah Adeola Abdulsalam ◽  
Nafisat Yetunde Mutholib ◽  
Abdulkabir Bature ◽  
Ismail Temitayo Gbadamosi
Keyword(s):  
Short Term Memory ◽  
Experimental Period ◽  
Maternal Deprivation ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Vitamin B ◽  
Rat Pups ◽  
Deprivation Model ◽  
Hippocampal Morphology ◽  
And Oxidative Stress

ABSTRACTMaternal deprivation (MD) during early life development has been documented to culminate in long-term alterations in brain function and behavioural manifestations that mimic schizophrenia. This study elucidated the putative neuroprotective roles of vitamin B complex in MD-induced behavioural and neurochemical modifications in hippocampus and prefrontal cortex of Wistar rats. Rat pups were maternally deprived on postnatal day 9 for 24 hours and then treated with or without vitamin B complex for 15 days while a control group was undisturbed during the experimental period. The rats were then subjected to behavioural paradigms to measure memory indices and anxiety levels. The rats were sacrificed to obtain the PFC and hippocampus for histomorphological and biochemical analysis. Behavioural analysis of the animals revealed that MD induced a declination in long- and short-term memory in addition to anxiety-like behaviour in the open field test. Cortico-hippocampal histomorphology of these animals showed an increased astrocytic density and chromatolysis, which were accompanied by reduced levels of superoxide dismutase and catalase enzymes. Vitamin B complex mitigated MD-induced behavioural decline, histomorphological perturbation and oxidative stress by enhancing the intrinsic antioxidant defence, thereby culminating in nootropic behaviour and reduced anxiety. In conclusion, we confirmed the hypothesis that vitamin B complex is neuroprotective against neuropathological alterations induced by maternal deprivation.

scholarly journals Cortico-hippocampal morphology and behavioural indices improved in maternal deprivation model of schizophrenia following vitamin B complex supplementation

2020 ◽  
Vol 38 ◽  
pp. 74-82
Author(s):  
Gabriel Olaiya Omotoso ◽  
Fatimah Adeola Abdulsalam ◽  
Nafisat Yetunde Mutholib ◽  
Abdulkabir I. Bature ◽  
Ismail Temitayo Gbadamosi
Keyword(s):  
Maternal Deprivation ◽  
Vitamin B ◽  
Deprivation Model ◽  
Hippocampal Morphology

scholarly journals The effect of iodine and strumigens long-term foodborne intake on histometrical parameters of thyroid gland in gimmers

2013 ◽  
Vol 61 (5) ◽  
pp. 1365-1369
Author(s):  
Zdeněk Peksa ◽  
Jan Trávníček ◽  
Roman Konečný ◽  
František Jelínek ◽  
Hana Dušová ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Thyroid Gland ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Experimental Period ◽  
Rapeseed Meal ◽  
Iodine Intake ◽  
Control Group ◽  
High Iodine ◽  
Average Size ◽  
Experimental Group

In 2010 and 2011 two experiments on gimmers of Šumava mountain sheep were performed. The first experiment was carried out on 12 animals (experimental period was 11 months); control group was fed with 3 mg I*kg−1 in dry matter per day and experimental group was fed with 5 mg I*kg−1 in dry matter per day. The second experiment lasted 10 months and it was carried out on 12 animals. Feed ration for control group contained 10 mg I*kg DM−1. Feed ration for experimental group contained 10 mg I*kg DM−1 too; moreover it included rapeseed meal and 1 g of sodium nitrate. The aim of the first experiment was focused on impact of high iodine intake on structure of thyroid gland. The aim of the second experiment was to discover effect of strumigens during high iodine intake on structure of thyroid gland. The animals were slaughtered after the experiment and there was executed the dissection of thyroid gland. The samples of thyroid gland were processed during classic paraffin method and dyed with haematoxylin and eosin. For finding of histometrical parameters was used program Leica IM 500 Version 4.0. The length, the width and the area of follicles were measured. The follicles were divided into three groups after this procedure (by the length); in each group were measured 20 thyreocytes. In group with intake 5 mg I*kg DM−1 (experiment from year 2010): higher weight of thyroid (p < 0.01), significant higher (p < 0.05) proportional representation of large and medium follicles, significantly (p < 0.05) higher average size of follicles, demonstrably lower (p < 0.05) height of epithelium were found. There were not found any differences in monitored parameters between the groups from experiment which was carried out during the year 2011. After comparing results from the both experiments significantly higher percentage representation of large follicles a significantly lower representation of small follicles, distinctly higher average size and higher height of epithelium in all size categories, in groups with iodine intake 10 mg I*kg DM−1was found (from second experiment – year 2011).

Influence of preconditioning-like hypoxia on the liver of developing methyl-deficient rats

2007 ◽  
Vol 293 (6) ◽  
pp. E1492-E1502 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sébastien A. Blaise ◽  
Jean-Marc Alberto ◽  
Sandra Audonnet-Blaise ◽  
Jean-Louis Guéant ◽  
Jean-Luc Daval
Keyword(s):  
Oxidative Stress ◽  
Adverse Effects ◽  
Progressive Increase ◽  
No Synthase ◽  
Vitamin B ◽  
Early Exposure ◽  
Adult Disease ◽  
Rat Pups ◽  
Long Term Adverse Effects

Deficiency in nutritional determinants of homocysteine (HCY) metabolism, such as vitamin B12 and folate, during pregnancy is known to influence HCY levels in the progeny, which in turn may exert adverse effects during development, including liver defects. Since short hypoxia has been shown to induce tolerance to subsequent stress in various cells including hepatocytes, and as vitamins B deficiency and hypoxic episodes may simultaneously occur in neonates, we aimed to investigate the influence of brief postnatal hypoxia (100% N2 for 5 min) on the liver of rat pups born from dams fed a deficient regimen, i.e., depleted in vitamins B12, B2, folate, and choline. Four experimental groups were studied: control, hypoxia, deficiency, and hypoxia + deficiency. Although hypoxia transiently stimulated HCY catabolic pathways, it was associated with a progressive increase of hyperhomocysteinemia in deficient pups, with a fall of cystathionine β-synthase activity at 21 days. At this stage, inducible NO synthase activity was dramatically increased and glutathione reductase decreased, specifically in the group combining hypoxia and deficiency. Also, hypoxia enhanced the deficiency-induced drop of the S-adenosylmethionine/ S-adenosylhomocysteine ratio. In parallel, early exposure to the methyl-deficient regimen induced oxidative stress and led to hepatic steatosis, which was found to be more severe in pups additionally exposed to hypoxia. In conclusion, brief neonatal hypoxia may accentuate the long-term adverse effects of impaired HCY metabolism in the liver resulting from an inadequate nutritional regimen during pregnancy, and our data emphasize the importance of early factors on adult disease.

scholarly journals Vasopressin deficiency diminishes acute and long-term consequences of maternal deprivation in male rat pups

2015 ◽  
Vol 51 ◽  
pp. 378-391 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dóra Zelena ◽  
Berhard Stocker ◽  
István Barna ◽  
Zsuzsanna E. Tóth ◽  
Gábor B. Makara
Keyword(s):  
Maternal Deprivation ◽  
Male Rat ◽  
Rat Pups ◽  
Long Term Consequences

scholarly journals Long-Term Effects of Maternal Deprivation on the Neuronal Soma Area in the Rat Neocortex

2014 ◽  
Vol 2014 ◽  
pp. 1-6 ◽  
Author(s):  
Milan Aksić ◽  
Nevena V. Radonjić ◽  
Dubravka Aleksić ◽  
Gordana Jevtić ◽  
Branka Marković ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Animal Model ◽  
Morphological Changes ◽  
Maternal Deprivation ◽  
Retrosplenial Cortex ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Long Term Effects ◽  
Adult Rats ◽  
Adult Age ◽  
Neuronal Soma

Early separation of rat pups from their mothers (separatio a matrem) is considered and accepted as an animal model of perinatal stress. Adult rats, separated early postnatally from their mothers, are developing long-lasting changes in the brain and neuroendocrine system, corresponding to the findings observed in schizophrenia and affective disorders. With the aim to investigate the morphological changes in this animal model we exposed 9-day-old (P9) Wistar rats to a 24 h maternal deprivation (MD). At young adult age rats were sacrificed for morphometric analysis and their brains were compared with the control group bred under the same conditions, but without MD. Rats exposed to MD had a 28% smaller cell soma area in the prefrontal cortex (PFCX), 30% in retrosplenial cortex (RSCX), and 15% in motor cortex (MCX) compared to the controls. No difference was observed in the expression of glial fibrillary acidic protein in the neocortex of MD rats compared to the control group. The results of this study demonstrate that stress in early life has a long-term effect on neuronal soma size in cingulate and retrosplenial cortex and is potentially interesting as these structures play an important role in cognition.

scholarly journals Training enhances fidelity of color representations in visual long-term memory

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rebecca Ovalle-Fresa ◽  
Nicolas Rothen
Keyword(s):  
Short Term Memory ◽  
Mental Representations ◽  
Training Group ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Long Term Memory ◽  
Term Memory ◽  
Visual Short Term Memory ◽  
Continuous Response ◽  
Before And After

Visual perception can be affected by training mental representations. However, it remains unclear if training procedures can also affect the quality of mental representations. To investigate if training enhances the fidelity of mental representations retrieved from visual long-term memory (VLTM), we used a task including object-color associations with a continuous response-space. We tested 15 participants in a training group, and 15 participants in a control group. Training consisted of six training runs executed on three consecutive days. Before and after training, we assessed accessibility and fidelity of mental representations in VLTM, and of single objects in visual short-term memory (VSTM). Not only accessibility to mental representation but also their fidelity increased across training and transferred to novel object-color associations in VLTM and VSTM after training. At the end of the training, fidelity of VLTM representations were virtually identical to fidelity of VSTM representations. We conclude, that training object-color associations does not only improve the accessibility of VLTM representations, but also their fidelity based on perceptual plasticity of the visual system.

scholarly journals Acute response of refeeding in tambaqui submitted to long-term fasting

2021 ◽  
Vol 22 ◽  
Author(s):  
Renata Franco dos SANTOS ◽  
Shamila Évellem Magalhães da SILVA ◽  
Monique Ferreira BRANDÃO ◽  
Maria Vitória Marialva da Silva LÔBO ◽  
Deborah Jacob Freire da PAZ ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Serum Protein ◽  
Statistical Significance ◽  
Experimental Period ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Blood Collection ◽  
Hepatic Glycogen ◽  
Tukey Test ◽  
Acute Response ◽  
Mesenteric Fat

ABSTRACT This study aimed evaluate energetic mobilization in tambaqui submitted to fasting, after a one-day refeeding. 120 tambaqui juveniles were distributed in 12 310L polyethylene boxes. Three treatments were evaluated: Control (14 days of feeding); Fasting for 14 days; and Refeeding (13 days fasting and one day of feedback). After the experimental period, the fish were anesthetized with eugenol for blood collection and serum and plasma were used to measure glucose, triglycerides, cholesterol and serum protein. Subsequently, fish were euthanized to remove liver and mesenteric fat and were used to determine hepatic glycogen and lipid and mesenteric fat index. The results were submitted to ANOVA and the means compared by Tukey test when statistical significance was observed (P <0.05). Glucose, triglycerides and serum protein decreased after fasting, differing statistically with the control. Refeeding resulted in the recovery of three blood indicators. Liver analysis shows glycogen was consumed intensely during fasting and partially recovered after refeeding, when compared to control group. The results obtained in this study suggest that the 14-day fast was not harmful to the fish and the tambaqui are able to quickly adjust their metabolism according to their nutritional status.

RESEARCH ON THE LONG-TERM EFFECTS OF THE CARBOHYDRATE-VITAMIN-MINERAL CONCENTRATE “LIZUNETS SOLEVIT”

2020 ◽  
Vol 15 (8) ◽  
pp. 1147-1153
Author(s):  
D.D. Khayrullin ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Aqueous Suspension ◽  
Animal Husbandry ◽  
The Body ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Long Term Effects ◽  
Rat Pups ◽  
White Rats ◽  
Production Increase ◽  
Different Doses

The main factors constraining the development of animal husbandry is a weak fodder base, due to insufficient supply of nutrients; the costs of its production increase and becomes the cause of metabolic disorders in animals. The aim of our research was to study the embryotoxic and teratogenic effect of the new CVMC “Lizunets-Solevit” on white rats. For this reason, the drug was administered to pregnant females in the form of an aqueous suspension in different doses for 19 days. By the end of the study, no visible signs of fetal abnormalities were found after autopsy of the experimental rats. There was no significant increase in the number of corpus luteum compared with the control group at 1/10 dose by 1.1% and 1/20 dose by 1.95%, respectively. The preimplantation death of zygotes was taken into account on the embryotoxic effect of the drug, in comparison with the control group at a dose of 1/10 more by 19.7%, and at a dose of 1/20 less by 6.23%. The total embryonic mortality is higher in the experimental groups of animals by 12.69% and 3.74% than in the control. Post-implantation death of embryos in the control group was 4.99%, in the experimental 1/10 dose - 4.69% and in the experimental 1/20 dose - 6.66%. In terms of physiological development, the rat pups of the experimental groups did not differ from the control. Thus, it was found that CVMC “Lizunets-Solevit”, in doses of 1/10 and 1/20, has no embryotoxic and teratogenic effects in the body of white rats, their embryos and young animals of the neonatal and postnatal periods of life.

Protective effect of long-term angiotensin II inhibition

2007 ◽  
Vol 293 (3) ◽  
pp. H1351-H1358 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nidia Basso ◽  
Rosa Cini ◽  
Adriana Pietrelli ◽  
León Ferder ◽  
Norberto A. Terragno ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Angiotensin Ii ◽  
Protective Effect ◽  
Cardiovascular System ◽  
Enzyme Inhibitor ◽  
Experimental Studies ◽  
Renin Angiotensin System ◽  
Experimental Period ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Ang Ii

Experimental studies indicate that angiotensin II (ANG II) through its type 1 receptor (AT1) promotes cardiovascular hypertrophy and fibrosis. Therefore, the aim of this study was to analyze whether chronic long-term inhibition of the renin-angiotensin system (RAS) can prevent most of the deleterious effects due to aging in the cardiovascular system of the normal rat. The main objective was to compare two strategies of ANG II blockade: a converting enzyme inhibitor (CEI) and an AT1 receptor blocker (AT1RB). A control group remained untreated; treatment was initiated 2 wk after weaning. A CEI, enalapril (10 mg·kg−1·day−1), or an AT1RB, losartan (30 mg·kg−1·day−1), was used to inhibit the RAS. Systolic blood pressure, body weight, and water and food intake were recorded over the whole experimental period. Heart, aorta, and mesenteric artery weight as well as histological analysis of cardiovascular structure were performed at 6 and 18 mo. Twenty animals in each of the three experimental groups were allowed to die spontaneously. The results demonstrated a significant protective effect on the function and structure of the cardiovascular system in all treated animals. Changes observed at 18 mo of age in the hearts and aortas were quite significant, but each treatment completely abolished this deterioration. The similarity between the results detected with either enalapril or losartan treatment clearly indicates that most of the effects are exerted through AT1 receptors. An outstanding finding was the significant and similar prolongation of life span in both groups of treated animals compared with untreated control animals.

scholarly journals Long-Term Effects of Maternal Deprivation on Cholinergic System in Rat Brain

2014 ◽  
Vol 2014 ◽  
pp. 1-7 ◽  
Author(s):  
Branka Marković ◽  
Nevena V. Radonjić ◽  
Milan Aksić ◽  
Branislav Filipović ◽  
Nataša Petronijević
Keyword(s):  
Cholinergic System ◽  
Ache Activity ◽  
Maternal Separation ◽  
Adult Life ◽  
Brain Regions ◽  
Maternal Deprivation ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Long Term Effects ◽  
Activity Measurements

Numerous clinical studies have demonstrated an association between early stressful life events and adult life psychiatric disorders including schizophrenia. In rodents, early life exposure to stressors such as maternal deprivation (MD) produces numerous hormonal, neurochemical, and behavioral changes and is accepted as one of the animal models of schizophrenia. The stress induces acetylcholine (Ach) release in the forebrain and the alterations in cholinergic neurotransmitter system are reported in schizophrenia. The aim of this study was to examine long-term effects of maternal separation on acetylcholinesterase (AChE) activity in different brain structures and the density of cholinergic fibers in hippocampus and retrosplenial (RS) cortex. Wistar rats were separated from their mothers on the postnatal day (P) 9 for 24 h and sacrificed on P60. Control group of rats was bred under the same conditions, but without MD. Brain regions were collected for AChE activity measurements and morphometric analysis. Obtained results showed significant decrease of the AChE activity in cortex and increase in the hippocampus of MD rats. Density of cholinergic fibers was significantly increased in CA1 region of hippocampus and decreased in RS cortex. Our results indicate that MD causes long-term structure specific changes in the cholinergic system.

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