scholarly journals Subsequent waves of viral pandemics, a hint for the future course of the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic.

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Fabian Standl ◽  
Karl-Heinz Joeckel ◽  
Bernd Kowall ◽  
Boerge Schmidt ◽  
Andreas Stang
Keyword(s):  
Wave Length ◽  
Swine Flu ◽  
Published Data ◽  
Peak Ratio ◽  
Influenza Pandemics ◽  
The Future ◽  
Spanish Flu ◽  
Wave Heights ◽  
Second Wave

Background It is unknown if the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic will have a second wave. We analysed published data of five influenza pandemics (such as the Spanish Flu and the Swine Flu) and the SARS-CoV-1 pandemic to describe whether there were subsequent waves and how they differed. Methods We reanalysed literature and WHO reports on SARS-CoV-1 and literature on five influenza pandemics. We report frequencies of second and third waves, wave heights, wavelengths and time between subsequent waves. From this, we estimated peak-to-peak ratios to compare the wave heights, and wave-length-to-wave-length ratios to compare the wavelengths differences in days. Furthermore, we analysed the seasonality of the wave peaks and the time between the peak values of two waves. Results Second waves, the Spanish Flu excluded, were usually about the same height and length as first waves and were observed in 93% of the 57 described epidemic events of influenza pandemics and in 42% of the 19 epidemic events of the SARS-CoV-1 pandemic. Third waves occurred in 54% of the 28 influenza and in 11% of the 19 SARS-CoV-1 epidemic events. Third waves, the Spanish Flu excluded, usually peaked higher than second waves with a peak-to-peak ratio of 0.5. Conclusion While influenza epidemics are usually accompanied by 2nd waves, this is only the case in the minority of SARS-Cov1 epidemics.

Two Years after the Crisis: Do Risks of the Second Wave Become Stronger?

2011 ◽  
pp. 4-20
Author(s):  
M. Ershov
Keyword(s):  
High Risk ◽  
World Economy ◽  
External Shocks ◽  
Global Imbalances ◽  
Russian Economy ◽  
The World ◽  
The Future ◽  
Second Wave

With signs of normalization seemingly in place in the world economy, a number of problems show the possibility of aggravation in the future. The volume of derivatives in American banks grows significantly, high risk instruments are back in place and their use becomes more active, global imbalances increase. All of the above requires thorough approaches when creating mechanisms which can neutralize external shocks for the Russian economy and make it possible to develop in the new post-crisis environment.

scholarly journals Photocatalytic-Fenton Process under Simulated Solar Radiation Promoted by a Suitable Catalyst Selection

Catalysts ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (8) ◽  
pp. 885
Author(s):  
Aida M. Díez ◽  
Helen E. Valencia ◽  
Maria Meledina ◽  
Joachim Mayer ◽  
Yury V. Kolen'ko
Keyword(s):  
Methylene Blue ◽  
Solar Radiation ◽  
Water Scarcity ◽  
Published Data ◽  
Fenton Process ◽  
Optimal Conditions ◽  
Operational Conditions ◽  
The Future ◽  
Simulated Solar Radiation ◽  
Catalyst Selection

Considering water scarcity, photo-based processes have been presented as a depollution technique, which should be optimized in order to be applied in the future. For that, the addition of an active photocatalyst and the usage of solar radiation are mandatory steps. Thus, Fe3O4–SiO2–TiO2 was synthesized, and its performance was evaluated using simulated solar radiation and methylene blue as a model pollutant. Under optimal conditions, 86% degradation was attained in 1 h. These results were compared to recent published data, and the better performance can be attributed to both the operational conditions selection and the higher photocatalyst activity. Indeed, Fe3O4–SiO2–TiO2 was physico-chemically characterized with techniques such as XRD, N2 isotherms, spectrophotometry, FTIR, electrochemical assays and TEM.

scholarly journals Numerical modelling of historical landslide-generated tsunamis in the French Lesser Antilles

2010 ◽  
Vol 10 (6) ◽  
pp. 1281-1292 ◽  
Author(s):  
B. Poisson ◽  
R. Pedreros
Keyword(s):  
Near Field ◽  
Pyroclastic Flows ◽  
Lesser Antilles ◽  
Published Data ◽  
Tsunami Height ◽  
Tsunami Modelling ◽  
Field Effects ◽  
Wave Heights ◽  
Unique Source ◽  
Height Data

Abstract. Two historical landslide-induced tsunamis that reached the coasts of the French Lesser Antilles are studied. First, the Martinique coast was hit by a tsunami down the western flank of Montagne Pelée at the beginning of the big eruption of May 1902. More recently, the northeastern coast of Guadeloupe was affected by a tsunami that had been generated around Montserrat by pyroclastic flows entering the sea, during the July 2003 eruption of the Soufrière Hills volcano. We use a modified version of the GEOWAVE model to compute numerical simulations of both events. Two source hypotheses are considered for each tsunami. The comparison of the simulation results with reported tsunami height data helps to discriminate between the tested source decriptions. In the Martinique case, we obtain a better fit to data when considering three successive lahars entering the sea, as a simplified single source leads to an overstimation of the tsunami wave heights at the coast. In the Montserrat case, the best model uses a unique source which volume corresponds to published data concerning the peak volume flow. These findings emphasize the importance of an accurate description of the relevant volume as well as the timing sequence of the source event in landslide-generated tsunami modelling. They also show that considering far-field effects in addition to near-field effects may significantly improve tsunami modelling.

Severe Neonatal COVID Pneumonia With Cytokine Storm

2022 ◽  
pp. 097321792110722
Author(s):  
Vineet Kumar Singh ◽  
Shalini Tripathi ◽  
Mala Kumar
Keyword(s):  
Preterm Neonate ◽  
Good Prognosis ◽  
Published Data ◽  
Cytokine Storm ◽  
Perinatal Complications ◽  
Poor Outcomes ◽  
Second Wave

COVID infection is not as common in children as in adults. In the first wave, symptomatic SARS-CoV-2 infection was less common with mild symptoms in children and neonates. But in the second wave, more children and neonates were affected with severe manifestations. COVID infection in neonates is mostly asymptomatic and published data from various neonatal units of India shows that most COVID positive newborns have good prognosis; poor outcomes are due to perinatal complications and rarely due to COVID. 1 However, in the second wave, newborns too were affected. We are presenting the case of a preterm neonate who developed severe COVID pneumonia on day 10 of life with cytokine storm and succumbed to death.

scholarly journals Four pandemics: lessons learned, lessons lost

2020 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Lessons Learned ◽  
World Health ◽  
Swine Flu ◽  
Global Public Health ◽  
Health Crisis ◽  
The World ◽  
Spanish Flu ◽  
Future Events ◽  
Health Organization

In the past 100 years, the world has faced four distinctly different pandemics: the Spanish flu of 1918-1919, the SARS pandemic of 2003, the H1N1 or “swine flu” pandemic of 2012, and the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic. Each public health crisis exposed specific systemic shortfalls and provided public health lessons for future events. The Spanish flu revealed a nursing shortage and led to a great appreciation of nursing as a profession. SARS showed the importance of having frontline clinicians be able to work with regulators and those producing guidelines. H1N1 raised questions about the nature of a global organization such as the World Health Organization in terms of the benefits and potential disadvantages of leading the fight against a long-term global public health threat. In the era of COVID-19, it seems apparent that we are learning about both the blessing and curse of social media.

scholarly journals Dynamics of russian citizens’ social fears during the first and second waves of COVID-19

2021 ◽  
Vol 41 (1) ◽  
pp. 27-38
Author(s):  
Victor V. Ermolaev ◽  
Julia Voroncova ◽  
Daria K. Nasonova ◽  
Alena I. Chetverikova
Keyword(s):  
Social Deprivation ◽  
Modern Society ◽  
Self Report ◽  
Russian Society ◽  
Sources Of Information ◽  
Self Confidence ◽  
The World ◽  
The Future ◽  
The Media ◽  
Second Wave

Background. The study of the psychological characteristics of social fears during the first wave of COVID-19 indicated that Russian citizens were massively in a state of fear. The persisting threat of a pandemic throughout the year, the inconsistency of managerial decisions in the absence of a coherent strategy to combat COVID-19, obviously create growing social tension in Russia, which is projected onto the psychological level of the state of modern society. Objective. To identify the dynamics of social fears among Russian citizens during the first and second waves of COVID-19. Hypothesis: there is a tendency for the growth of social fears among Russian citizens during the second wave of COVID-19, while the media continues to form a depressive and depressing “picture of the world”. Design. Psychodiagnostics was carried out remotely using Google forms. Sample size: 497 people. At the first stage (the first wave — March / April, 2020), 253 people were tested. At the second stage (second wave — October / November, 2020), 244 people passed testing, of which 150 took part in the periods of both the first and second waves, and 94 — only during the second wave. At the third stage, statistical analysis was carried out in order to identify the dynamics of social fears. Results. From the moment COVID-19 began to the peak of the second wave, Russian citizens showed negative dynamics, characterized by: 1) an increase in the experience of social fears associated with failure and defeat, as well as rejection and suppression; 2) an increase in the imbalance of trust caused by the growth of trust in the world and others, as trustworthy sources of information about the current danger, against the background of a steadily reduced trust in oneself; 3) a decrease in optimism and faith in the future with an increase in the intensity of emotional stress, as well as a desire to delegate responsibility for the events of one’s own life; 4) a general decrease in efficiency (based on the results of self-report). Conclusion. The information broadcast by the media about COVID-19 has a systemic psychological impact through the demonstration of a pessimistic “picture of the world”, which, creating an aggressive information field literally enveloping the psyche, destroys its self-confidence, social ties and group cohesion, and also fills it social fears, increasing the sense of social deprivation. The intended consequences will send the psychological community to develop a predictive model for overcoming this situation. In our opinion, the main thing in the work with the consequences of the pandemic is psychological assistance, the basis of which should be the methods of correction of the cognitive-affective sphere of the individual — the return of self-confidence and the transformation of the “picture of the world” of the present and future into a positive one. Particular attention should be paid to increasing collective cohesion and setting group goals that outline the future positive “picture of the world” of Russian society

Study of a Wave Absorber in Various Distance Placed in a Sinusoidal Propagate Wave

2013 ◽  
Vol 302 ◽  
pp. 326-331 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zhen Zhong Yuan ◽  
Bhupendra Singh Chauhan ◽  
Hee Chang Lim
Keyword(s):  
Wind Wave ◽  
Wave Length ◽  
Ocean Waves ◽  
Floating Body ◽  
Environmental Condition ◽  
Wave Flume ◽  
Strong Source ◽  
Wave Heights ◽  
Ocean Environment ◽  
Fundamental Equations

Since there has been a rapid progress to understand the dynamics of an offshore floating body under an ocean environment, we undertake to generate the ocean waves in a lab-scale wind-wave flume. The study is aiming to observe and optimize the similar ocean environmental condition as input wave and to reduce the wall reflective wave. Several absorption methods are suggested to optimize the propagate wave by measuring the maximum and minimum of the standing wave envelope. There has been no optimized absorption method, as they highly depend on the wave period and the wave length. One of the methods - two fixed wave gauges measuring two wave heights and one wave phase - is applied in this study. In the present paper various approaches were used to analyze the results using the flume, by position of probes, with absorber and without absorber, different position, condition and angle of the wave absorber, This paper also focuses on the analysis of fundamental equations which describe the separating method of the incident and reflective wave, and finally we confirm that the wave absorber is highly efficient considering all the permutation and combination.From the study it is clear that there is a change in the wave amplitude at the receiving end then the generated end; wave absorber is a strong source to control the energy of the coming wave. With the changing the period of the wave, the reflectance is increasing when the period becomes larger.

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