scholarly journals Young chicks quickly lose their spontaneous preference to aggregate with females

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Virginia Pallante ◽  
Daniele Rucco ◽  
Elisabetta Versace
Keyword(s):  
Sex Discrimination ◽  
Phasianus Colchicus ◽  
Same Sex ◽  
Experimental Protocol ◽  
Male And Female ◽  
Sex Preference ◽  
Initial Preference ◽  
The Social ◽  
Males And Females ◽  
Young Chicks

AbstractIt is not clear when and how animals start to discriminate between male and female conspecifics and how this distinction drives their social behaviour. A recent study on pheasants found that one-week-old chicks (Phasianus colchicus) preferentially aggregated with same-sex peers and this trend became more pronounced through development, suggesting that sexual segregation increases during ontogeny. However, it remains unclear whether this ability depends on experience or develops spontaneously. Using a similar experimental protocol, we investigated whether sex discrimination is present at birth in domestic chickens (Gallus gallus) by testing the aggregation preferences of young chicks with clutch mates. We measured the amount of time spent close to male and female conspecifics in visually inexperienced chicks. Soon after hatching, both males and females preferentially aggregated with females. To clarify whether the experience with conspecifics modifies the initial preference for females we used an imprinting procedure. We exposed chicks to conspecifics of the same sex, different sex or both sexes for three days and then tested their preferences to aggregate with males or females. No sex preference was observed after three days of imprinting exposure. The disappearance of the initial sex preference shows that, although chicks can discriminate between conspecifics of different sex, sex segregation does not influence aggregation in the first week of life. We suggest that the absence of sexual assortment in the first week of age can enhance the social cohesion of the flock.

Influence of Same-Sex and Mixed-Sex Exercise Settings on the Social Physique Anxiety and Exercise Intentions of Males and Females

2004 ◽  
Vol 26 (4) ◽  
pp. 616-622 ◽  
Author(s):  
L. Darren Kruisselbrink ◽  
Ann M. Dodge ◽  
Sherry L. Swanburg ◽  
Amanda L. MacLeod
Keyword(s):  
Negative Impact ◽  
Exercise Behavior ◽  
Social Physique Anxiety ◽  
Same Sex ◽  
Female Fitness ◽  
Male And Female ◽  
The Social ◽  
Males And Females

Situational social physique anxiety (SPA) and immediate exercise intentions in male and female fitness club members were examined in response to all-female, all-male, and mixed-sex exercise setting scenarios. Overall, women showed higher levels of situational SPA than men. SPA increased significantly from an all-female, to a mixed-sex, to an all-male exercise setting for women but not for men. More women indicated they would shorten their workout in response to the all-male vs. all-female or mixed-sex exercise scenarios. For all-male and mixed-sex scenarios, participants who intended to shorten their workout also tended to report higher situational SPA scores. The results indicate that the presence of men in an exercise setting stimulates physique anxiety in women, and that exercising in an all-female environment may have the least negative impact on the exercise behavior of women.

Social experience influences preferences in black ducks and mallards

1989 ◽  
Vol 67 (6) ◽  
pp. 1434-1438 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lynn M. Brodsky ◽  
C. Davison Ankney ◽  
Darrell G. Dennis
Keyword(s):  
Social Preferences ◽  
Anas Platyrhynchos ◽  
Social Experience ◽  
The Other ◽  
Captive Population ◽  
Male And Female ◽  
Potential Mate ◽  
The Social ◽  
Opposite Sex ◽  
Males And Females

The influence of social experience on the preferences for a potential mate in a captive population of black ducks, Anas rubripes, and mallards, Anas platyrhynchos, was examined. Birds were reared from hatching with conspecifics (i.e., female black ducks with male black ducks, female mallards with male mallards), or were cross-fostered with the other species (i.e., female black ducks with male mallards, female mallards with male black ducks). Preferences of individuals were tested in a chamber containing caged black ducks and mallards of the opposite sex. In over 90% (100/109) of the trials, males and females preferred the species that they were raised with since hatching, whether they were of the same species or not. These results demonstrate that social experience influences the social preferences of male and female black ducks and mallards.

scholarly journals Morphometric Correlates of Age and Breeding Status in American Coots

The Auk ◽  
1987 ◽  
Vol 104 (4) ◽  
pp. 640-646 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ray T. Alisauskas
Keyword(s):  
Body Size ◽  
Multivariate Techniques ◽  
Same Sex ◽  
Linear Measurements ◽  
Morphometric Variation ◽  
Size And Shape ◽  
Multivariate Dispersion ◽  
Age Related ◽  
The Social ◽  
Males And Females

Abstract I studied morphometric variation in 13 linear measurements from 228 American Coots (Fulica americana) collected in southern Manitoba. Univariate and multivariate techniques revealed differences in size and shape among adult coots that were 1, 2, and =2 yr old. In addition to the obvious differences in size between males and females, the morphometry of older birds differed from that of younger birds in two ways. First, older coots were of larger body size than younger coots of the same sex. Second, older coots had proportionately larger feet and claws relative to the size of their tarsi, and proportionately wider bills and heads relative to other head measurements, than did younger birds. Multivariate dispersion matrices within age/sex cohorts were less variable for older coots. In an analysis of 1-yr-old males, breeders did not differ from nonbreeders in overall body size, but breeders had relatively longer claws and wings than nonbreeders. Age-related differences in morphology may have relevance to the social structure of nesting coots, which involves highly aggressive territorial behavior. Part of the age-related variation in nesting phenology that has been documented elsewhere for coots may be a consequence of covariation in body size and shape.

Male and female song structure and singing behaviour in the duetting eastern whipbird, Psophodes olivaceus

2005 ◽  
Vol 53 (3) ◽  
pp. 157 ◽  
Author(s):  
Amy C. Rogers
Keyword(s):  
Bird Species ◽  
Social Partner ◽  
Frequency Range ◽  
Same Sex ◽  
Song Repertoire ◽  
Male And Female ◽  
Selective Pressures ◽  
Males And Females ◽  
Paired Female ◽  
Song Types

In many tropical bird species, partners combine their songs to form precise duets, of which the function is imperfectly understood. Duet structure and sex differences in vocal strategies may be important indicators of different selective pressures that have led to the evolution and maintenance of these complex acoustic displays. This study examines the singing behaviour of a population of the eastern whipbird, a bird that forms antiphonal duets initiated exclusively by the male. In all, 7% of duets recorded were between a paired female and a male other than her social partner. Males sang more often than females, their songs were longer and moved through a wider frequency range, and they had a larger song repertoire. Females sang two types of song: response songs, used primarily in a duet context, and structurally distinct solo songs, typically used during interactions with other females. Eastern whipbirds lacked unique song types among the repertoires of individual males and females. Males and females combined songs non-randomly to produce specific duets that were shared across the population. Results suggested that song and duet type matching might play an important role in intrasex interactions, such as defence of a territory, or a partner, from same-sex intruders.

scholarly journals Social Perception and Emotional Deprivation For Preparatory Stage Students

2018 ◽  
Vol 1 (126) ◽  
pp. 212-231
Author(s):  
Pilsam Aoad Asil
Keyword(s):  
Social Perception ◽  
Female Students ◽  
Male And Female ◽  
Data Process ◽  
Cognitive Failure ◽  
The Social ◽  
Emotional Deprivation ◽  
Preparatory Stage ◽  
Males And Females ◽  
The Relationship

The research objectives are conducted to the following : 1- To know the level of Social Perception for Preparatory stage students      2- To know the level of Emotional Deprivation for Preparatory stage students   3-To know the relationship between the Social Perception and Emotional Deprivation for Preparatory stage students.  The current research has determined sample of Preparatory forth stage students (scientific and literary) for both males and females in Baghdad (morning studies) for 2016-2017.  Theoretical frame This research viewed several adoptes in  The research procedures results Building Adopting Social Perception scale 1- (Atwan2015) and Adopting Cognitive Failure scale(Al-Saadi2016) after assures its truthes and stability on its articles 2-The two mentioned measures were applied at the same time on  sample educational counselors (160) students male and female students during 25-28/2/2017 .the researcher used the following . Data had been analyzed with help of statistic programs for social sciences in data process (SPSS) As a result, it had been reached to results listed below 1- The research results showed that the Preparatory stage students adopted Social Perception 2-results showed that the Preparatory stage students do not suffer from emotional deprivation 3-Results showed that there is nigtive connection relationship between for Preparatory stage male and female students Social Perception and Emotional Deprivation The researcher submitted some recommendations and suggestions.

Male and Female Competitive Strategies of Wild House Mice Pairs (Mus Musculus Domesticus) Confronted With Intruders of Different Sex and Age in Artificial Territories

Behaviour ◽  
1996 ◽  
Vol 133 (11-12) ◽  
pp. 863-882 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. Palanza ◽  
L. Re ◽  
D. Mainardi ◽  
P.F. Brain ◽  
S. Parmigiani
Keyword(s):  
Dominance Hierarchy ◽  
Reproductive Potential ◽  
Mus Musculus Domesticus ◽  
Same Sex ◽  
Competitive Strategies ◽  
Wild Mice ◽  
Male And Female ◽  
Pregnancy And Lactation ◽  
Wild House Mice ◽  
Males And Females

Male and female aggression at different reproductive stages was investigated in pairs of wild mice. Fourteen pairs of laboratory-outbred wild mice were established, each pair living in a multiple set of cages, connected by runaways. Intruder tests were carried out at different stages of the reproductive cycle, i.e. 48 h after introduction, during pregnancy and lactation. In these stages, a female, a male and two pups were consecutively introduced in each territory (24 h separating each intrusion). Male residents were highly aggressive towards (and always intolerant of) male but not female intruders. Conversely, resident females preferentially attacked same sex intruders after colony establishment and during pregnancy, but they attacked either sex of intruder when nursing young. Seven out of 14 female intruders were tolerated 48 h after introduction of residents but tolerance of females decreased during pregnancy and lactation. Male and female residents were essentially responsible for the intolerance of same-sex intruders. Both males and females exhibited infanticide, but sex differences in the timing of attack on alien pups were observed. In the 7 colonies where the intruder female was tolerated (since that two females were present) only one female reproduced successfully. This suggests that, as in males, females of this stock compete for the opportunity to reproduce; they can be exclusively territorial or form a dominance hierarchy which probably determines reproductive success. While male competitive aggression appears to be mostly directed to other males, females seem largely responsible of the regulation of the reproductive potential of a deme unit throughout intrasexual aggression (intolerance towards other females), and possibly also inhibition of subordinate reproduction and killing of unrelated pups.

scholarly journals Social Profile of Gulag Prisoners - Authors of Memoirs

2021 ◽  
pp. 49-68
Author(s):  
Ekaterina Mikhailovna Goretskaia
Keyword(s):  
Electronic Resource ◽  
Biographical Data ◽  
Male And Female ◽  
Biographical Information ◽  
Female Prisoners ◽  
Soviet State ◽  
The Social ◽  
Males And Females ◽  
Characteristic Features

Political repressions affected representatives of all social strata and groups. This period left a bulk of documents, including memoirs, where the most intimate and difficult thoughts and recollections of their authors are reflected. One of valuable sets of memoirs of political repressions history is collected by the Sakharov Center website. The electronic resource "Memories of the Gulag and their authors" is valuable not only because it exhibits memoirs of more than one and a half thousand people who suffered from repressions but also because of the biographical information about the authors of these memoirs compiled on the basis of information from the memoirs. Biographical data on the victims of the Gulag system became the main source of this study. They allow us to describe and analyze the social portrait of Gulag victims who left memories. Biographical data became a source for creating the database "Gulag prisoners-authors of memoirs". The social portrait of the repressed and its characteristic features were described, as well as a comparison of the social portrait of male and female prisoners was made. Males and females were analyzed separately to pursue the goal set. The analysis suggests that there is a certain similarity of biographical characteristics among the authors of the memoirs which is probably due to the fact that the educated, intelligent segments of the population were one of the objects of a purposeful repressive policy followed in the Soviet state. .

scholarly journals Test of the Deception Hypothesis in Atlantic Mollies Poecilia mexicana—Does the Audience Copy a Pretended Mate Choice of Others?

Biology ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 7 (3) ◽  
pp. 40 ◽  
Author(s):  
Klaudia Witte ◽  
Katharina Baumgärtner ◽  
Corinna Röhrig ◽  
Sabine Nöbel
Keyword(s):  
Mate Choice ◽  
Behavioral Change ◽  
Public Information ◽  
Information Use ◽  
Same Sex ◽  
Audience Effect ◽  
Male And Female ◽  
Poecilia Mexicana ◽  
Focal Fish ◽  
Males And Females

Animals often use public information for mate-choice decisions by observing conspecifics as they choose their mates and then copying this witnessed decision. When the copier, however, is detected by the choosing individual, the latter often alters its behavior and spends more time with the previously non-preferred mate. This behavioral change is called the audience effect. The deception hypothesis states that the choosing individual changes its behavior to distract the audience from the preferred mate. The deception hypothesis, however, only applies if the audience indeed copies the pretended mate choice of the observed individual. So far, this necessary prerequisite has never been tested. We investigated in Atlantic molly males and females whether, first, focal fish show an audience effect, i.e., alter their mate choices in the presence of an audience fish, and second, whether audience fish copy the mate choice of the focal fish they had just witnessed. We found evidence that male and female Atlantic mollies copy the pretended mate choice of same-sex focal fish. Therefore, a necessary requirement of the deception hypothesis is fulfilled. Our results show that public information use in the context of mate choice can be costly.

Man and Woman: Social Schemata of Males and Females

1963 ◽  
Vol 13 (3) ◽  
pp. 655-661 ◽  
Author(s):  
James L. Kuethe ◽  
George Stricker
Keyword(s):  
College Students ◽  
Female College Students ◽  
Same Sex ◽  
Male And Female ◽  
Female College ◽  
Female Figures ◽  
Males And Females

Male and female college students placed human figures cut from felt on a felt field. Ss were free to arrange the figures in any manner. Both male and female Ss used the same generic social schemata; human figures were kept together, male figures were placed with female figures, and figures were rarely paired with same-sex figures. Differences between the male and female Ss included the tendency of the female Ss to form male-female pairings separated away from other figures. The use of aggressive schemata was studied as were preferences for non-social orderings.

Weight Concerns and Disordered Eating Attitudes among Male and Female College Cheerleaders

1998 ◽  
Vol 7 (2) ◽  
pp. 79-94 ◽  
Author(s):  
Justine J. Reel ◽  
Diane L. Gill
Keyword(s):  
Disordered Eating ◽  
Eating Attitudes ◽  
Drive For Thinness ◽  
Social Physique Anxiety ◽  
Weight Concerns ◽  
Eating Disorder Inventory ◽  
Male And Female ◽  
The Social ◽  
Males And Females ◽  
Disordered Eating Attitudes

College cheerleaders (73 females and 51 males) participated in the current study on eating disorders and weight-related concerns within cheerleading. The participants completed the Eating Disorder Inventory (EDI), the Social Physique Anxiety Scale (SPAS), and CHEER, a measure of weight-related stressors within cheerleading. Significant gender differences were identified through a one-way MANOVA with these measures. As expected, female cheerleaders reported more weight-related concerns and had higher scores on SPAS, EDI Drive for Thinness and Body Dissatisfaction than did male cheerleaders. Both males and females reported weight-related concerns, although the actual stressors were different. Based upon these data, we suggest that males, as well as females, face unique pressures in cheerleading related to body weight.

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