scholarly journals The impact of water deficit and heat stress combination on the molecular response, physiology and seed production of soybean

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Itay Cohen ◽  
Sara I. Zandalinas ◽  
Felix B. Fritschi ◽  
Soham Sengupta ◽  
Yosef Fichman ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Heat Stress ◽  
Water Deficit ◽  
Seed Production ◽  
Pollen Germination ◽  
Plant Introduction ◽  
Molecular Response ◽  
Yield Production ◽  
Soybean Genotypes ◽  
Drought And Heat Stress ◽  
The Impact

AbstractA combination of drought and heat stress, occurring at the vegetative or reproductive growth phase of many different crops, can have a devastating impact on yield. In soybean (Glycine max), a considerable effort has been made to develop genotypes with enhanced yield production under conditions of drought or heat stress. However, how these genotypes perform in terms of growth, physiological responses and most importantly seed production, under conditions of drought and heat combination is mostly unknown. Here, we studied the impact of water deficit and heat stress combination on the physiology, seed production and yield per plant of two soybean genotypes, Magellan and Plant Introduction (PI) 548313, that differ in their reproductive responses to heat stress. Our findings reveal that although PI 548313 produced more seeds than Magellan under conditions of heat stress, under conditions of water deficit and heat stress combination its seed production decreased. Because number of flowers and pollen germination of PI 548313 remained high under heat or water deficit and heat combination, the reduced seed production exhibited by PI 548313 under the stress combination could be a result of processes that occur at the stigma, ovaries and/or other parts of the flower following pollen germination.HighlightTolerance to heat stress was found not to confer tolerance to a combination of water deficit and heat stress in soybean, highlighting the need for breeding strategies targeting the stress combination.

scholarly journals The impact of water deficit and heat stress combination on the molecular response, physiology, and seed production of soybean

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Itay Cohen ◽  
Sara I Zandalinas ◽  
Felix B. Fritschi ◽  
Soham Sengupta ◽  
Yosef Fichman ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Heat Stress ◽  
Water Deficit ◽  
Seed Production ◽  
Molecular Response ◽  
The Impact

scholarly journals Concurrent Drought and Temperature Stress in Rice—A Possible Result of the Predicted Climate Change: Effects on Yield Attributes, Eating Characteristics, and Health Promoting Compounds

2019 ◽  
Vol 16 (6) ◽  
pp. 1043 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alphonsine Mukamuhirwa ◽  
Helena Persson Hovmalm ◽  
Hans Bolinsson ◽  
Rodomiro Ortiz ◽  
Obedi Nyamangyoku ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Heat Stress ◽  
Temperature Stress ◽  
Quality Characteristics ◽  
Total Protein Content ◽  
Rice Cultivars ◽  
Yield Attributes ◽  
Stress Memory ◽  
Drought And Heat Stress ◽  
The Impact

Despite the likely increasing co-occurrence of drought and heat stress, not least in equatorial regions, due to climate change, little is known about the combinational effect of these stresses on rice productivity and quality. This study evaluated the impact of simultaneous drought and temperature stress on growth, grain yield, and quality characteristics of seven rice cultivars from Rwanda, grown in climate chambers. Two temperature ranges—23/26 °C night/day and 27/30 °C night/day—together with single or repeated drought treatments, were applied during various plant developmental stages. Plant development and yield were highly influenced by drought, while genotype impacted the quality characteristics. The combination of a high temperature with drought at the seedling and tillering stages resulted in zero panicles for all evaluated cultivars. The cultivar ‘Intsindagirabigega’ was most tolerant to drought, while ‘Zong geng’ was the most sensitive. A “stress memory” was recorded for ‘Mpembuke’ and ‘Ndamirabahinzi’, and these cultivars also had a high content of bioactive compounds, while ’Jyambere’ showed a high total protein content. Thus, climate change may severely impact rice production. The exploitation of genetic diversity to breed novel rice cultivars that combine drought and heat stress tolerance with high nutritional values is a must to maintain food security.

Quantifying the Impact of Heat Stress on Pollen Germination, Seed Set, and Grain Filling in Spring Wheat

Crop Science ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 59 (2) ◽  
pp. 684-696 ◽  
Author(s):  
Raju Bheemanahalli ◽  
V. S. John Sunoj ◽  
Gautam Saripalli ◽  
P. V. Vara Prasad ◽  
H. S. Balyan ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Heat Stress ◽  
Spring Wheat ◽  
Pollen Germination ◽  
Seed Set ◽  
Grain Filling ◽  
The Impact

scholarly journals The Impact of Heat Stress and Water Deficit on the Photosynthetic and Stomatal Physiology of Olive (Olea europaea L.)—A Case Study of the 2017 Heat Wave

Plants ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 7 (4) ◽  
pp. 76 ◽  
Author(s):  
Matthew Haworth ◽  
Giovanni Marino ◽  
Cecilia Brunetti ◽  
Dilek Killi ◽  
Anna De Carlo ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Heat Stress ◽  
Water Deficit ◽  
Heat Wave ◽  
Olea Europaea ◽  
Bisphosphate Carboxylase ◽  
Chlorophyll Fluorescence Parameters ◽  
Carbon Efficiency ◽  
The Mediterranean ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Olea Europaéa

Heat waves are predicted to increase in frequency and duration in many regions as global temperatures rise. These transient increases in temperature above normal average values will have pronounced impacts upon the photosynthetic and stomatal physiology of plants. During the summer of 2017, much of the Mediterranean experienced a severe heat wave. Here, we report photosynthetic leaf gas exchange and chlorophyll fluorescence parameters of olive (Olea europaea cv. Leccino) grown under water deficit and full irrigation over the course of the heat wave as midday temperatures rose over 40 °C in Central Italy. Heat stress induced a decline in the photosynthetic capacity of the olives consistent with reduced ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase (RubisCO) activity. Damage to photosystem II was more apparent in plants subject to water deficit. In contrast to previous studies, higher temperatures induced reductions in stomatal conductance. Heat stress adversely affected the carbon efficiency of olive. The selection of olive varieties with enhanced tolerance to heat stress and/or strategies to mitigate the impact of higher temperatures will become increasingly important in developing sustainable agriculture in the Mediterranean as global temperatures rise.

The impact of drought and heat stress at flowering on maize kernel filling: Insights from the field and laboratory

2022 ◽  
Vol 312 ◽  
pp. 108733
Author(s):  
Xiwei Liu ◽  
Yonghong Yu ◽  
Shoubing Huang ◽  
Chenchen Xu ◽  
Xingya Wang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Heat Stress ◽  
Maize Kernel ◽  
Drought And Heat Stress ◽  
The Impact

INFLUENCE OF GREENHOUSE SHADING AND DIFFERENT NUTRIENT MANAGEMENT PRACTICES ON ALLEVIATING HEAT STRESS, IMPROVING PLANT NUTRIENTS STATUS, FLOWERING GROWTH AND YIELD OF TOMATO

2020 ◽  
Vol 51 (4) ◽  
pp. 1001-1014
Author(s):  
Sulaiman & Sadiq
Keyword(s):  
Heat Stress ◽  
Management Practices ◽  
Nutrient Management ◽  
Block Design ◽  
Nutrient Status ◽  
Growth And Yield ◽  
Reproductive Growth ◽  
Positive Effects ◽  
Nutrition Programs ◽  
The Impact

The experiment was conducted in a greenhouse during 2017 and 2018 growing seasons to evaluate the impact of the shading and various nutrition programs on mitigating heat stress, reducing the use of chemical minerals, improving the reproductive growth and yield of tomato plant. Split-plot within Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD) with three replications was conducted in this study. Shading factor was allocated in the main plots and the nutrition programs distributed randomly in the subplots. Results indicate that shading resulted in the decrease of daytime temperature by 5.7˚C as an average for both seasons; thus a significant increasing was found in leaf contents of macro nutrients (Nitrogen, Phosphorous, and Potassium), and micro nutrients (Iron, Zinc and Boron), except the Iron content in 2018 growing season. Furthermore, shading improved significantly the reproductive growth and tomato yield. Among the plant nutrition programs, the integrated nutrient management (INM) including the application of organic substances, bio inoculum of AMF and 50% of the recommended dose of chemical fertilizers; lead to the enhancement of nutrients content, reproductive characteristics and plant yield. Generally, combination of both shading and INM showed positive effects on plants nutrient status and persisting balance on tomato flowering growth and fruits yield.

scholarly journals Review: Impacts of shade on cattle well-being in the beef supply chain

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lily N Edwards-Callaway ◽  
M Caitlin Cramer ◽  
Caitlin N Cadaret ◽  
Elizabeth J Bigler ◽  
Terry E Engle ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Supply Chain ◽  
Heat Stress ◽  
Beef Cattle ◽  
Production Systems ◽  
Construction Materials ◽  
Well Being ◽  
Third Party ◽  
Ambient Temperatures ◽  
Stress Susceptibility ◽  
The Impact

ABSTRACT Shade is a mechanism to reduce heat load providing cattle with an environment supportive of their welfare needs. Although heat stress has been extensively reviewed, researched, and addressed in dairy production systems, it has not been investigated in the same manner in the beef cattle supply chain. Like all animals, beef cattle are susceptible to heat stress if they are unable to dissipate heat during times of elevated ambient temperatures. There are many factors that impact heat stress susceptibility in beef cattle throughout the different supply chain sectors, many of which relate to the production system, i.e. availability of shade, microclimate of environment, and nutrition management. The results from studies evaluating the effects of shade on production and welfare are difficult to compare due to variation in structural design, construction materials used, height, shape, and area of shade provided. Additionally, depending on operation location, shade may or may not be beneficial during all times of the year, which can influence the decision to make shade a permanent part of management systems. Shade has been shown to lessen the physiologic response of cattle to heat stress. Shaded cattle exhibit lower respiration rates, body temperatures, and panting scores compared to un-shaded cattle in weather that increases the risk of heat stress. Results from studies investigating the provision of shade indicate that cattle seek shade in hot weather. The impact of shade on behavioral patterns is inconsistent in the current body of research, some studies indicating shade provision impacts behavior and other studies reporting no difference between shaded and un-shaded groups. Analysis of performance and carcass characteristics across feedlot studies demonstrated that shaded cattle had increased ADG, improved feed efficiency, HCW, and dressing percentage when compared to cattle without shade. Despite the documented benefits of shade, current industry statistics, although severely limited in scope, indicate low shade implementation rates in feedlots and data in other supply chain sectors do not exist. Industry guidelines and third party on-farm certification programs articulate the critical need for protection from extreme weather but are not consistent in providing specific recommendations and requirements. Future efforts should include: updated economic analyses of cost versus benefit of shade implementation, exploration of producer perspectives and needs relative to shade, consideration of shade impacts in the cow-calf and slaughter plant segments of the supply chain, and integration of indicators of affective (mental) state and preference in research studies to enhance the holistic assessment of cattle welfare.

Seed production and seedling emergence of Giant Parramatta grass on the north coast of New South Wales

1996 ◽  
Vol 36 (3) ◽  
pp. 299 ◽  
Author(s):  
TS Andrews ◽  
RDB Whalley ◽  
CE Jones
Keyword(s):  
Seed Production ◽  
Seed Bank ◽  
New South ◽  
New South Wales ◽  
Seed Banks ◽  
North Coast ◽  
The North ◽  
South Wales ◽  
Seed Fall ◽  
The Impact

Inputs and losses from Giant Parramatta grass [GPG, Sporobolus indicus (L.) R. Br. var. major (Buse) Baaijens] soil seed banks were quantified on the North Coast of New South Wales. Monthly potential seed production and actual seed fall was estimated at Valla during 1991-92. Total potential production was >668 000 seeds/m2 for the season, while seed fall was >146000 seeds/m2. Seed fall >10000 seeds/m2.month was recorded from January until May, with further seed falls recorded in June and July. The impact of seed production on seed banks was assessed by estimating seed banks in the seed production quadrats before and after seed fall. Seed banks in 4 of the 6 sites decreased in year 2, although seed numbers at 1 damp site increased markedly. Defoliation from mid-December until February, April or June prevented seed production, reducing seed banks by 34% over 7 months. Seed banks in undefoliated plots increased by 3300 seeds/m2, although seed fall was estimated at >114 000 seeds/m2. Emergence of GPG seedlings from artificially established and naturally occurring, persistent seed banks was recorded for 3 years from bare and vegetated treatment plots. Sown seeds showed high levels of innate dormancy and only 4% of seeds emerged when sown immediately after collection. Longer storage of seeds after collection resulted in more seedlings emerging. Estimates of persistent seed banks ranged from 1650 to about 21260 seeds/m2. Most seedlings emerged in spring or autumn and this was correlated with rainfall but not with ambient temperatures. Rates of seed bank decline in both bare and vegetated treatment plots was estimated by fitting exponential decay curves to seed bank estimates. Assuming no further seed inputs, it was estimated that it would take about 3 and 5 years, respectively, for seed banks to decline to 150 seeds/m2 in bare and vegetated treatments.

scholarly journals The Impact of Alkaloid-Producing Epichloë Endophyte on Forage Ryegrass Breeding: A New Zealand Perspective

Toxins ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (2) ◽  
pp. 158
Author(s):  
Colin Eady
Keyword(s):  
Seed Production ◽  
Health Issues ◽  
Abiotic Stressors ◽  
Livestock Health ◽  
The Right ◽  
The Impact ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
And Storage ◽  
Selection Of ◽  
Epichloë Endophyte

For 30 years, forage ryegrass breeding has known that the germplasm may contain a maternally inherited symbiotic Epichloë endophyte. These endophytes produce a suite of secondary alkaloid compounds, dependent upon strain. Many produce ergot and other alkaloids, which are associated with both insect deterrence and livestock health issues. The levels of alkaloids and other endophyte characteristics are influenced by strain, host germplasm, and environmental conditions. Some strains in the right host germplasm can confer an advantage over biotic and abiotic stressors, thus acting as a maternally inherited desirable ‘trait’. Through seed production, these mutualistic endophytes do not transmit into 100% of the crop seed and are less vigorous than the grass seed itself. This causes stability and longevity issues for seed production and storage should the ‘trait’ be desired in the germplasm. This makes understanding the precise nature of the relationship vitally important to the plant breeder. These Epichloë endophytes cannot be ‘bred’ in the conventional sense, as they are asexual. Instead, the breeder may modulate endophyte characteristics through selection of host germplasm, a sort of breeding by proxy. This article explores, from a forage seed company perspective, the issues that endophyte characteristics and breeding them by proxy have on ryegrass breeding, and outlines the methods used to assess the ‘trait’, and the application of these through the breeding, production, and deployment processes. Finally, this article investigates opportunities for enhancing the utilisation of alkaloid-producing endophytes within pastures, with a focus on balancing alkaloid levels to further enhance pest deterrence and improving livestock outcomes.

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