scholarly journals Genetic Analysis of Methyl Anthranilate, Mesifurane, Linalool and Other Flavor Compounds in Cultivated Strawberry (Fragaria ×ananassa)

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christopher R. Barbey ◽  
Maxwell H. Hogshead ◽  
Benjamin Harrison ◽  
Anne E. Schwartz ◽  
Sujeet Verma ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Methyl Esters ◽  
Breeding Population ◽  
Genomic Region ◽  
Methyl Anthranilate ◽  
Methyl Transferase ◽  
Linalool Oxide ◽  
Sensory Qualities ◽  
Transcript Variation ◽  
Strawberry Breeding ◽  
Terpenoid Pathway

ABSTRACTThe cultivated strawberry (Fragaria ×ananassa) is an economically important fruit crop that is intensively bred for improved sensory qualities. The diversity of fruit flavors and aromas in strawberry result mainly from the interactions of sugars, acids, and volatile organic compounds (VOCs) that are derived from diverse biochemical pathways influenced by the expression of many genes. This study integrates multi-omics analyses to identify QTL and candidate genes for multiple aroma compounds in a complex strawberry breeding population. Novel fruit volatile QTL were discovered for methyl anthranilate, methyl 2-hexenoate, methyl 2-methylbutyrate, mesifurane, and a shared QTL on Chr 3 was found for nine monoterpene and sesquiterpene compounds, including linalool, 3-carene, β-phellandrene, α-limonene, linalool oxide, nerolidol, α-caryophellene, α-farnesene, and β-farnesene. Fruit transcriptomes from a subset of sixty-four individuals were used to support candidate gene identification. For methyl esters including the grape-like methyl anthranilate, a novel ANTHANILIC ACID METHYL TRANSFERASE–like gene was identified. Two mesifurane QTL correspond with the known biosynthesis gene O-METHYL TRANSFERASE 1 and a novel FURANEOL GLUCOSYLTRANSFERASE. The shared terpene QTL contains multiple fruit-expressed terpenoid pathway-related genes including NEROLIDOL SYNTHASE 1 (FanNES1). The abundance of linalool and other monoterpenes is partially governed by a co-segregating expression-QTL (eQTL) for FanNES1 transcript variation, and there is additional evidence for quantitative effects from other terpenoid-pathway genes in this narrow genomic region. These QTL present new opportunities in breeding for improved flavor in commercial strawberry.

scholarly journals Genetic Analysis of Methyl Anthranilate, Mesifurane, Linalool, and Other Flavor Compounds in Cultivated Strawberry (Fragaria × ananassa)

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christopher R. Barbey ◽  
Maxwell H. Hogshead ◽  
Benjamin Harrison ◽  
Anne E. Schwartz ◽  
Sujeet Verma ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Methyl Esters ◽  
Breeding Population ◽  
Genomic Region ◽  
Methyl Anthranilate ◽  
Methyl Transferase ◽  
Linalool Oxide ◽  
Sensory Qualities ◽  
Transcript Variation ◽  
Strawberry Breeding ◽  
Terpenoid Pathway

The cultivated strawberry (Fragaria × ananassa) is an economically important fruit crop that is intensively bred for improved sensory qualities. The diversity of fruit flavors and aromas in strawberry results mainly from the interactions of sugars, acids, and volatile organic compounds (VOCs) that are derived from diverse biochemical pathways influenced by the expression of many genes. This study integrates multiomic analyses to identify QTL and candidate genes for multiple aroma compounds in a complex strawberry breeding population. Novel fruit volatile QTL was discovered for methyl anthranilate, methyl 2-hexenoate, methyl 2-methylbutyrate, mesifurane, and a shared QTL on Chr 3 was found for nine monoterpene and sesquiterpene compounds, including linalool, 3-carene, β-phellandrene, α-limonene, linalool oxide, nerolidol, α-caryophellene, α-farnesene, and β-farnesene. Fruit transcriptomes from a subset of 64 individuals were used to support candidate gene identification. For methyl esters including the grape-like methyl anthranilate, a novel ANTHANILIC ACID METHYL TRANSFERASE–like gene was identified. Two mesifurane QTL correspond with the known biosynthesis gene O-METHYL TRANSFERASE 1 and a novel FURANEOL GLUCOSYLTRANSFERASE. The shared terpene QTL contains multiple fruit-expressed terpenoid pathway-related genes including NEROLIDOL SYNTHASE 1 (FanNES1). The abundance of linalool and other monoterpenes is partially governed by a co-segregating expression-QTL (eQTL) for FanNES1 transcript variation, and there is additional evidence for quantitative effects from other terpenoid-pathway genes in this narrow genomic region. These QTLs present new opportunities in breeding for improved flavor in commercial strawberry.

scholarly journals Genotypic Variation for Resistance to Phytophthora cactorum in a California Strawberry Breeding Population

2006 ◽  
Vol 131 (5) ◽  
pp. 687-690 ◽  
Author(s):  
Douglas V. Shaw ◽  
John Hansen ◽  
Greg T. Browne
Keyword(s):  
Disease Severity ◽  
Severity Score ◽  
Production Systems ◽  
Genotypic Variation ◽  
Breeding Population ◽  
Separate Analysis ◽  
Phenotypic Variance ◽  
Disease Severity Score ◽  
Phytophthora Cactorum ◽  
Strawberry Breeding

One hundred-eighty six strawberry genotypes from the Univ. of California strawberry (Fragaria ×ananassa Duch.) breeding program were evaluated for resistance to Phytophthora cactorum Schroet. in trials conducted over 6 years; 60 of these genotypes were tested in 2 years or more. Mother plants of each genotype were grown in a propagation nursery beginning in June, and runner plants were set into soil infested with inoculum from a mix of four P. cactorum isolates in August or September of the same year. Runner plants of each genotype were harvested from the inoculated nursery, transferred to a fruiting field location, and evaluated for disease symptoms during the winter and spring following inoculation using a disease severity score. Significant variation for the disease severity score was detected due to years, genotypes, and their interaction. Differences among genotypes were responsible for 60.6% of the phenotypic variance, whereas years and year × genotype interactions contributed relatively little to this variance, 8.2% and 9.3%, respectively. A separate analysis conducted using a balanced subset of six cultivars that were present in all trial years detected variance components due to years and year × genotype interaction slightly smaller than those estimated for the complete trial, 5.0% and 3.9%, respectively. These results highlight the utility of the screening system and suggest that stable resistance to P. cactorum is obtainable in California strawberry breeding populations and production systems.

GasChromatographic-Mass Spectrometric Analysis, Identification, and Detection of Adulteration of Perfumery Products from Bitter Orange Trees

1981 ◽  
Vol 64 (1) ◽  
pp. 131-138
Author(s):  
Manfred J Prager ◽  
Michael A Miskiewicz
Keyword(s):  
Mass Spectrometric ◽  
Mass Spectrometric Analysis ◽  
Geranyl Acetate ◽  
Spectrometric Analysis ◽  
Methyl Anthranilate ◽  
Bitter Orange ◽  
Phenethyl Alcohol ◽  
Linalool Oxide ◽  
Chromatographic Procedure ◽  
Orange Trees

Abstract A gas chromatographic procedure was developed for identifying and detecting adulteration of several perfumery products from the bitter orange tree. Components present to the extent of about 1% or more were determined quantitatively in reference and commercial samples of petitgrain oil, petitgrain absolute from water, neroli oil, orange flower absolute from water, and orange flower absolute. About 20 major components were common to these materials. These compounds were identified by mass spectrometric analysis following chromatographic separation and included β-pinene, limonene, γ-terpinene, linalool oxide, linalool, linalylacetate, α-terpineol, neryl acetate, geranyl acetate, nerol, geraniol, phenethyl alcohol, benzyl cyanide, nerolidol, methyl anthranilate, farnesol, and indole.

scholarly journals Regional Heritability Mapping of Quantitative Trait Loci Controlling Traits Related to Growth and Productivity in Popcorn (Zea mays L.)

Plants ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (9) ◽  
pp. 1845
Author(s):  
Gabrielle Sousa Mafra ◽  
Janeo Eustáquio de Almeida Filho ◽  
Antônio Teixeira do Amaral Junior ◽  
Carlos Maldonado ◽  
Samuel Henrique Kamphorst ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Quantitative Trait Loci ◽  
Candidate Genes ◽  
Quantitative Trait ◽  
Recurrent Selection ◽  
Breeding Population ◽  
Genomic Region ◽  
Growth And Yield ◽  
Trait Loci ◽  
Ear Height ◽  
Genomic Regions

The method of regional heritability mapping (RHM) has become an important tool in the identification of quantitative trait loci (QTLs) controlling traits of interest in plants. Here, RHM was first applied in a breeding population of popcorn, to identify the QTLs and candidate genes involved in grain yield, plant height, kernel popping expansion, and first ear height, as well as determining the heritability of each significant genomic region. The study population consisted of 98 S1 families derived from the 9th recurrent selection cycle (C-9) of the open-pollinated variety UENF-14, which were genetically evaluated in two environments (ENV1 and ENV2). Seventeen and five genomic regions were mapped by the RHM method in ENV1 and ENV2, respectively. Subsequent genome-wide analysis based on the reference genome B73 revealed associations with forty-six candidate genes within these genomic regions, some of them are considered to be biologically important due to the proteins that they encode. The results obtained by the RHM method have the potential to contribute to knowledge on the genetic architecture of the growth and yield traits of popcorn, which might be used for marker-assisted selection in breeding programs.

Calcium ion imaging in plant cells

1993 ◽  
Vol 51 ◽  
pp. 132-133
Author(s):  
Peter K. Hepler ◽  
Dale A. Callaham
Keyword(s):  
Plant Cell Wall ◽  
Cytoplasmic Membrane ◽  
Fluorescent Dyes ◽  
Free Acid ◽  
Methyl Esters ◽  
Free Calcium ◽  
Local Concentration ◽  
Ion Imaging ◽  
Membrane Compartments ◽  
Free Acid Form

Calcium ions (Ca) participate in many signal transduction processes, and for that reason it is important to determine where these ions are located within the living cell, and when and to what extent they change their local concentration. Of the different Ca-specific indicators, the fluorescent dyes, developed by Grynkiewicz et al. (1), have proved most efficacious, however, their use on plants has met with several problems (2). First, the dyes as acetoxy-methyl esters are often cleaved by extracellular esterases in the plant cell wall, and thus they do not enter the cell. Second, if the dye crosses the plasma membrane it may continue into non-cytoplasmic membrane compartments. Third, even if cleaved by esterases in the cytoplasm, or introduced as the free acid into the cytoplasmic compartment, the dyes often become quickly sequestered into vacuoles and organelles, or extruded from the cell. Finally, the free acid form of the dye readily complexes with proteins reducing its ability to detect free calcium. All these problems lead to an erroneous measurement of calcium (2).

Activity of Plasmin and Streptokinase-Activator on Substituted Arginine and Lysine Esters

1966 ◽  
Vol 16 (01/02) ◽  
pp. 018-031 ◽  
Author(s):  
S Sherry ◽  
Norma Alkjaersig ◽  
A. P Fletcher
Keyword(s):  
Molecular Structure ◽  
Methyl Ester ◽  
Comparative Studies ◽  
Esterase Activity ◽  
Methyl Esters ◽  
Hydrolytic Activity ◽  
The Other ◽  
Other Hand

SummaryComparative studies have been made of the esterase activity of plasmin and the streptokinase-activator of plasminogen on a variety of substituted arginine and lysine esters. Human plasmin preparations derived by different methods of activation (spontaneous in glycerol, trypsin, streptokinase (SK) and urokinase) are similar in their esterase activity; this suggests that the molecular structure required for such esterase activity is similar for all of these human plasmins. Bovine plasmin, on the other hand, differs from human plasmin in its activity on several of the substrates studied (e.g., the methyl esters of benzoyl arginine and tosyl, acetyl and carbobenzoxy lysine), a finding which supports the view that molecular differences exist between the two animal plasmins. The streptokinase-activator hydrolyzes both arginine and lysine esters but the ratios of hydrolytic activity are distinct from those of plasmin and of other activators of plasminogen. The use of benzoyl arginine methyl ester as a substrate for the measurement of the esterase activity of the streptokinase-activator is described.

Die Bedeutung der genetischen Bildgebung für psychiatrische Störungen

2009 ◽  
Vol 6 (04) ◽  
pp. 191-198
Author(s):  
C. Konrad ◽  
A. Krug ◽  
T. Kircher
Keyword(s):  
Neurotrophic Factor ◽  
Binding Protein ◽  
Brain Derived Neurotrophic Factor ◽  
Methyl Transferase ◽  
Psychiatrische Forschung ◽  
Psychiatrische Störungen

ZusammenfassungPsychiatrische Störungen sind zu einem großen Teil erblich beeinflusst. Ein verbessertes Verständnis der molekulargenetischen Grundlagen dieser Erblichkeit ist für Klassifikation, Erforschung der Pathogenese und Therapie bedeutsam. Die Gewinnung neuer Erkenntnisse hängt dabei entscheidend von der Auswahl des untersuchten Phänotyps ab. Die Varianz beobachtbarer Phänotypen wird durch eine Vielzahl unterschiedlicher Einflussfaktoren zu einem geringeren Anteil genetisch beeinflusst als die Varianz von Endophänotypen, die mit Hilfe der strukturellen und funktionellen Bildgebung beobachtet werden können. Wichtige Erkenntnisse aus der genetischen Depressions- und Schizophrenieforschung werden zu diesem Thema zusammengefasst. Der Einfluss von Kandidatengenen auf Erleben und Verhalten sowie auf strukturelle und funktionelle Bildgebungscharakteristika wird dargestellt, u.a. bezüglich des Serotonintransporter-Gens (5HTTLPR), Brain Derived Neurotrophic Factor (BDNF), Catechyl-O-Methyl-Transferase (COMT), Neuregulin1 (NRG1), Dysbindin (dystrobrevin binding protein 1, DTNBP1) und Zinkfinger Protein 804A (ZNF804A). Perspektiven für die psychiatrische Forschung werden diskutiert.

Laughing Matters: On Democritus

2017 ◽  
Vol 39 (1) ◽  
pp. 101-115
Author(s):  
Mark Stoholski
Keyword(s):  
Medical Experience ◽  
Sensory Qualities

In his On Medical Experience, Galen notes a central aporia in Democritus' thought: insofar as sensory qualities are held to be merely conventional and without reality, they offer no sure path for the derivation of the theory of atoms and void that ostensibly explains the emergence of these very qualities. This is not necessarily a flaw in Democritus' thought; rather it reflects the movement of dissemblance that the atomist depicts as integral to perception and thinking writ large. The theory of atoms and void cannot ground itself, but rather emerges as a kind of mockery, the semblance of theory passing for a theory of semblances. It is perhaps worthy only of the laughter that one ascribes to Democritus, and yet this laughter is itself a figure for the nonsensical convulsions of atoms transgressing the void.

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