scholarly journals Socioeconomic inequalities in co-morbidity of overweight, obesity and mental ill-health from adolescence to mid-adulthood in two national birth cohort studies

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Amal R. Khanolkar ◽  
Praveetha Patalay
Keyword(s):  
Educational Level ◽  
Multinomial Logistic Regression ◽  
Socioeconomic Inequalities ◽  
Socioeconomic Disadvantage ◽  
University Education ◽  
Socioeconomic Indicators ◽  
Total N ◽  
Co Morbidity ◽  
British Cohort Study ◽  
Managerial Class

AbstractAimTo examine socioeconomic inequalities in risk of comorbidity between overweight (including obesity) and mental ill-health in two national cohorts. We investigated independent effects of childhood and adulthood socioeconomic disadvantage on comorbidity from childhood to mid-adulthood, and differences by sex and cohort.MethodsData were from 1958 National Child Development Study (NCDS58) and 1970 British Cohort Study (BCS70) [total N=30,868, 51% males] assessed at ages 10, 16, 23, 34 and 42 years. Socioeconomic indicators included childhood and adulthood social class and educational level. Risk for i. having healthy BMI and mental ill-health, ii. overweight and good mental health, and iii. overweight and mental ill-health was analysed using multinomial logistic regression.ResultsSocioeconomic disadvantage was consistently associated with greater risk for overweight-mental ill-health comorbidity at all ages (RRR 1.43, 2.04, 2.38, 1.64 and 1.71 at ages 10, 16, 23, 34 and 42 respectively for unskilled/skilled vs. professional/managerial class). The observed inequalities in co-morbidity were greater than that observed for either condition alone (overweight; RRR 1.39 and 1.25, mental ill-health; 1.36 and 1.22 at ages 16 and 42 respectively, for unskilled/skilled vs. professional/managerial class). In adulthood, childhood and adulthood socioeconomic disadvantage were independently associated with comorbid overweight-mental ill-health, with a clear inverse gradient between educational level and risk for comorbidity; no education, RRR 6.11 (95% CI 4.31-8.65) at age 34 and 4.42 (3.28-5.96) at age 42 compared to university education. There were no differences observed in the extent of inequalities by sex and differences between cohorts were limited.ConclusionsSocioeconomic disadvantage in childhood and adulthood are consistently and independently associated with greater risk for mental ill-health and overweight separately, and even greater inequalities in the risk for comorbidity between both conditions through the lifecourse. These findings are significant given the increasing global prevalence of obesity and mental ill-health, and their implications for lifelong health and mortality.

scholarly journals Comparing the Socioeconomic Development of G7 and BRICS Countries and Resilience to COVID-19: An Entropy–MARCOS Framework

2021 ◽  
pp. 227853372110154
Author(s):  
Sanjib Biswas ◽  
Shuvendu Majumder ◽  
Suman Kumar Dawn
Keyword(s):  
Educational Level ◽  
Employment Status ◽  
Death Rate ◽  
Socioeconomic Development ◽  
Health Condition ◽  
Socioeconomic Indicators ◽  
Brics Countries ◽  
And Gender ◽  
Developed Nations ◽  
Health Research And Development

In this article, we aim to compare the socioeconomic development (SED) of the countries listed in G7 (representing developed nations) and BRICS (Brazil, Russia, India, China and South Africa—developing countries). Further, we intend to delve into the nexus between the SED of a country and its resilience to the current pandemic, COVID-19. The initial apprehension is that a country with better SED can show better resilience. To test this assumption, we consider seven socioeconomic indicators representing income, employment status, educational level, health condition, government expenditures in essential areas, like health, research and development, and gender equality and apply a compromise solution–based multi-criteria decision analysis (MCDA) framework. Next, we consider three parameters, namely infected cases (IC), recovery rate (RR), and death rate (DR), as explanatory proxy variables to indicate the resilience of the countries to COVID-19 spread. Finally, we examine the association between the SED and resilience of the countries. The results show that the SED of a country does not lead to better resilience to COVID-19.

scholarly journals Perceptions and Adaptations to Climate Change in Southern Mali

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tiémoko Soumaoro
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Logistic Regression ◽  
Educational Level ◽  
Multinomial Logistic Regression ◽  
Probit Model ◽  
Adaptation To Climate Change ◽  
Impact Of Climate Change ◽  
Main Determinants ◽  
The Impact

This study aims to determine the impact of climate change on market garden production in the extreme south of Mali through the perception and adaptation of market gardeners to climatic phenomena. The study used two models, namely the probit selection and Heckman results models and multinomial logistic regression, based on data collected from producers. A total of 194 producers were surveyed. The results of Heckman's probit model indicate that experience in agriculture and the educational level of the producers are the two main determinants of producers' perception and simultaneous adaptation to climate change. Among these variables agricultural experience is both positively and negatively correlated with perception.

scholarly journals Exploring of Dietary Patterns, and Possible Association with Educational Level, among Jordanian Pregnant Women

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 31-39
Author(s):  
Reema Tayyem ◽  
Shatha Hammad ◽  
Sabika S. Allehdan ◽  
Dana Abdelrahim ◽  
Lydia Djellouli ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Pregnant Women ◽  
Dietary Patterns ◽  
Educational Level ◽  
Multinomial Logistic Regression ◽  
Principal Component ◽  
Fruit And Vegetables ◽  
Third Trimester ◽  
Dietary Practices ◽  
Activity Data ◽  
Highly Educated

Evaluating dietary patterns could provide an overall view of food and nutrient which consumed regularly. Better understanding of dietary patterns in pregnant women may be considered an acceptable mean to identify unhealthy dietary practices and the associations with undesirable pregnancy outcomes, which necessitates urgent intervention. This study aimed to determine the dietary pattern followed by Jordanian women during pregnancy in the second and third trimesters and to detect possible association between the dietary patterns and educational level. A total of 286 healthy, pregnant Jordanian women, aged ≥ 18 years with singleton pregnancies, completed the study. Sociodemographic, dietary, and physical activity data were collected using validated questionnaires. Dietary patterns were identified using a Principal Component Analysis. A multinomial logistic regression was used to estimate the effect of education level on dietary intake. Three dietary patterns were identified during the entire duration of pregnancy; ‘High-Fat, High-Sugar’, ‘Fruit and Vegetables', and ‘High Protein’ which explained about 32% of the variability of the study sample. Dietary patterns adopted by pregnant women during the second and third trimesters, separately, were able to explain about 40% of the variability during each trimester. Educational level showed associations with dietary patterns, in which ‘Fruit and Vegetables' and ‘Healthy’ patterns were remarkably manifested as the preferred pattern of consumption for the highly educated women during their third trimester. Different dietary patterns have been identified among Jordanian pregnant women throughout their pregnancy trimesters. Higher educational level could influence food choices. Fruit and Vegetables' and ‘Healthy’ patterns were the followed patterns among the highly educated women during their third trimester.

scholarly journals A Statistical Study of Crime in Ghana

2020 ◽  
pp. 6-16
Author(s):  
Bosson-Amedenu Senyefia ◽  
Eyiah-Bediako Francis ◽  
Kusi Prince
Keyword(s):  
Logistic Regression ◽  
Educational Level ◽  
Multinomial Logistic Regression ◽  
Religious Affiliation ◽  
Secondary Data ◽  
Age Group ◽  
Multinomial Logistic Regression Analysis ◽  
Equality Of Means ◽  
Homogeneity Of Variance ◽  
The Mean

Understanding the dynamics, patterns, and probabilities associated with the correlates of crime is a promising way to managing crime. In this study, a multinomial logistic regression was used to predict the propensity of individuals for committing particular crimes. The secondary data of 6702 prisoners was collated from Ghana Prisons Service for the purpose of the study. ANOVA and Brown-Forsythe robust tests of equality of means were employed, where the assumptions for homogeneity of variance were sustained and violated respectively. Pearson’s correlation matrix was also used in the analysis. Our findings showed that religious affiliation and educational level of convicts significantly affected the odds that they would commit a particular crime. Multinomial logistic regression analysis indicated that illiteracy significantly affected the odds that one would commit the crimes of manslaughter, rape, theft, causing harm, and issuing death threats. On the other hand, religious affiliation of an offender significantly affected the odds to commit the crime of murder. Educational level (r= -0.25; p< 0.05) and religious affiliation (r= -0.26; p<0.05) correlated negatively with crime. There were no significant differences in the mean score of crime across educational and religious levels. However, there were significant differences in the mean score of crime across age and gender. The mean difference from the post-hoc analysis showed a pattern of an initial rise in crime among the younger age group (8-25 years), a subsequent decline in the age group of 26-35, and a final surge in individuals beyond 35 years that did not surpass the initial peak. Females (M: 6.89, SD: 1.253) were found to have lower crime incidence than males (M: 7.43, SD: 3.008) for all crimes considered in this study. We recommend that Ghana’s Prison Service consider incorporating further demographic information of inmates in order to support research; which could help identify avenues for the amelioration of crime locally.

scholarly journals Birth weight and later socioeconomic disadvantage: evidence from the 1958 British cohort study

BMJ ◽  
1994 ◽  
Vol 309 (6967) ◽  
pp. 1475-1478 ◽  
Author(s):  
M Bartley ◽  
C Power ◽  
D Blane ◽  
G D. Smith ◽  
M Shipley
Keyword(s):  
Cohort Study ◽  
Birth Weight ◽  
Socioeconomic Disadvantage ◽  
British Cohort Study

Academic achievement and satisfaction in adolescents with CHD

2015 ◽  
Vol 26 (2) ◽  
pp. 257-262 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christina J. Schaefer ◽  
Ricarda Hoop ◽  
Stefanie Schürch-Reith ◽  
Dominik Stambach ◽  
Oliver Kretschmar ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Academic Achievement ◽  
General Population ◽  
Educational Level ◽  
Heart Surgery ◽  
Academic Career ◽  
Normal Population ◽  
Economic Status ◽  
Open Heart Surgery ◽  
Participation Rate ◽  
University Education

AbstractObjectivesTo evaluate academic achievement and satisfaction in adolescents with CHD.Study designQuestionnaires were sent to all adolescents, aged between 17 and 20 years with CHD, currently treated at our hospital (n=326) in order to assess the patients’ education and satisfaction with their academic career. Results were compared with the official community statistics.ResultsA total of 207 patients completed the questionnaires (participation rate 63.5%), 113 boys and 94 girls; 50% had completed mandatory school at the highest, 37.3% at the middle, and 12.7% at the lowest educational level. The distribution in the general population was comparable: 57.6, 32.5, and 9.9%, respectively (p=0.8). Adolescents with severe CHD were less likely to attain a higher educational level than those with moderate or mild CHD (p=0.03 for school grades 7–9). None of the other examined medical or socio-demographic factors, such as socio-economic status, foreign language, severity of CHD, cyanosis, and open heart surgery, were found to be associated with lower educational attainment. After the mandatory 9 years of schooling, 21.4% (n=44) of the patients with CHD compared with 16.7% in the general population attended higher school levels heading towards university education (p=0.7). From the 165 patients who provided information on career satisfaction, 79% regarded their job or school situation as being their desired one without a difference for those with severe CHD.ConclusionSchool education in Swiss adolescents with CHD is very similar to the normal population. In addition, the majority of adolescents are satisfied with their educational career. This fact may be due to the good educational support provided during schooling.

scholarly journals Trajectories of sickness absence, disability pension and unemployment in young immigrants with common mental disorders

2019 ◽  
Vol 29 (6) ◽  
pp. 1055-1062 ◽  
Author(s):  
D Di Thiene ◽  
E Mittendorfer-Rutz ◽  
S Rahman ◽  
M Wang ◽  
K Alexanderson ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Sickness Absence ◽  
Educational Level ◽  
Disability Pension ◽  
Psychiatric Comorbidity ◽  
Common Mental Disorders ◽  
Multinomial Logistic Regression ◽  
Common Mental Disorder ◽  
Duration Of Residence ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Young Immigrants

Abstract Background The aims were to elucidate if trajectories of labour market marginalization (LMM), measured as sickness absence (SA)/disability pension (DP) or unemployment, differed between young immigrants and natives before and after an incident diagnosis of a common mental disorder (CMD), and to investigate if educational level, psychiatric comorbidity and duration of residence in Sweden (in immigrants) had different associations with subsequent LMM in natives compared with immigrants. Methods A total of 28 971 young adults (19–30 years), with an incident CMD (inpatient or specialized outpatient healthcare due to CMDs or dispensed prescribed antidepressants during 2007) were included. Group-based trajectory models were utilized to identify trajectories of annual months of LMM 3 years before and 6 years after the diagnosis. The associations of risk factors with different trajectories were investigated by multinomial logistic regression, χ2-test and Nagelkerke R2 to measure the associations’ strength. Immigrants were categorized into Western and non-Western immigrants. Results Young natives and immigrants showed similar trajectories of SA/DP. A higher proportion of non-Western immigrants (20.5%) followed trajectories of high levels of unemployment (&gt;2 annual months) compared with Western immigrants (15%) and natives (16.5%). Educational level and duration of residence in Sweden (in immigrants) discriminated trajectories of both SA/DP and unemployment, whereas psychiatric comorbidity only discriminated trajectories of SA/DP. Conclusions Differences in trajectories of unemployment between young natives and immigrants with an incident CMD were found. Educational level and psychiatric comorbidity provided information on differences between natives and immigrants and duration of residence gave information for subgroups of immigrants.

scholarly journals O4B.2 Patterns and predictors of return to work after major trauma: a prospective, population based registry study

2019 ◽  
Vol 76 (Suppl 1) ◽  
pp. A34.2-A34
Author(s):  
Alex Collie ◽  
Pamela Simpson ◽  
Peter Cameron ◽  
Shanthi Ameratunga ◽  
Jennie Ponsford ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Return To Work ◽  
Motor Vehicle ◽  
Motor Vehicle Accident ◽  
Multinomial Logistic Regression ◽  
Traumatic Injury ◽  
Population Based ◽  
Full Time ◽  
Post Injury ◽  
Targeted Interventions ◽  
Co Morbidity

BackgroundEmployment is an important marker of functional recovery from injury. There are few population-based studies of long-term employment outcomes, and limited data on the patterns of return to work post injury.ObjectivesThis study sought to characterise patterns of engagement in work over the four-year period following major traumatic injury, and to identify factors associated with those patterns.MethodWe conducted a population-based, prospective cohort study using the Victorian State Trauma Registry. A total of 1086 working age individuals, in paid employment or full-time education before injury, were followed-up through telephone interview at 6, 12, 24, 36, and 48 months post-injury. Responses to return to work (RTW) questions were used to define four discrete patterns: early and sustained; delayed; failed; no RTW. Predictors of RTW patterns were assessed using multivariate multinomial logistic regression.ResultsSlightly more than half of respondents (51.6%) recorded early sustained RTW. A further 15.5% had delayed and 13.3% failed RTW. One in five (19.7%) did not RTW. Compared with early sustained RTW, predictors of delayed and no RTW included being in a manual occupation and injury in a motor vehicle accident. Older age and receiving compensation predicted both failed and no RTW patterns. Pre-injury disability was an additional predictor of failed RTW. Presence of co-morbidity was an additional predictor of no RTW.ConclusionsA range of personal, occupational, injury, health and compensation system factors influence RTW patterns after serious injury. Early identification of people at risk for delayed, failed or no RTW is needed so that targeted interventions can be delivered.

scholarly journals Diabetes: Socioeconomic Inequalities in the Portuguese Population in 2014

2017 ◽  
Vol 30 (7-8) ◽  
pp. 561 ◽  
Author(s):  
Joana Santos ◽  
Irina Kislaya ◽  
Liliana Antunes ◽  
Ana João Santos ◽  
Ana Paula Rodrigues ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Educational Level ◽  
Concentration Index ◽  
Public Health Problem ◽  
Universal Coverage ◽  
Socioeconomic Inequalities ◽  
Major Public Health Problem ◽  
Relative Index ◽  
The People ◽  
Access To Health ◽  
Index Of Inequality

Introduction: Diabetes is a major public health problem and it is related to socioeconomic factors. The aim of this study is to describe socioeconomic inequalities in the distribution of diabetes in the population with 25 years or more, resident in Portugal in 2014.Material and Methods: Data from the Health National Survey 2014 was analysed, n = 16 786. We estimated the prevalence of diabetes in the population and stratified by socioeconomic variables namely educational level and income. The extent of socioeconomic inequalities was assessed using concentration index and the relative index of inequality.Results: Diabetes was found to be concentrated among the people with lower educational levels (concentration index = -0.26) and lower income quintiles (concentration index = -0.14). Relative index of inequality also showed a lower degree of inequality among the most educated (0,20; CI 95% = [0,12; 0,32]) and with higher income (0,59; CI 95% = [0,48; 0,74]).Discussion: Distribution of diabetes is associated with education and income. Previous studies have shown that although income might reflect lifestyle patterns, education reflects better social factors that are important for establishing healthier behaviours. Also, the National Health Service, of universal coverage and free of charge, might have contributed to reduce inequalities in the access to health by those with the lowest income.Conclusion: Supporting ‘Health in All Policies’ might reduce inequalities, namely by improving population educational level and actions that promote health literacy.

scholarly journals Education and income-based inequality in tooth loss among Brazilian adults: does the place you live make a difference?

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Raquel Ferreira ◽  
Maria Inês Barreiros Senna ◽  
Lorrany Gabriele Rodrigues ◽  
Fernanda Lamounier Campos ◽  
Andrea Maria Eleuterio de Barros Lima Martins ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Tooth Loss ◽  
Education Level ◽  
Socioeconomic Inequalities ◽  
Socioeconomic Indicators ◽  
Missing Teeth ◽  
Individual Level ◽  
Contextual Variation ◽  
Lower Education ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Municipal Level

Abstract Background: Socioeconomic inequalities in tooth loss might be minimized or potentialized by the characteristics of the context where people live. We examined whether there is contextual variation in socioeconomic inequalities in tooth loss across Brazilian municipalities. Methods: Data from the 2010 National Oral Health Survey of 9,633 adults living in 157 Brazilian municipalities were used. The individual socioeconomic indicators were education and household income. At the municipal level, we used the Municipal Human Development Index (HDI) as our contextual indicator of socioeconomic status (low:<0.699 versus high: >0.70). The Relative (RII) and Slope (SII) Indexes of Inequality, Relative (RCI), and Absolute (ACI) Concentration Indexes were calculated to compare the magnitude of education and income-based inequalities among municipalities with low versus high HDI. Multilevel Poisson regression models with random intercepts and slopes were developed. Results: At the individual level, adults with lower education & income reported more tooth loss. The mean number of missing teeth was 9.52 (95%CI: 7.93-11.13) and 6.95 (95%CI: 6.43-7.49) in municipalities with low and high HDI, respectively. Municipalities with high HDI showed higher relative and absolute education-based inequality. For income-based inequalities, higher SII and RCI was observed in municipalities with lower HDI. A significant cross-level interaction indicated that high-education adults reported fewer missing teeth when they lived in municipalities with high HDI compared to adults with the same education level living in low HDI municipalities. For individuals with the lowest education level, there was no difference in the number of teeth between those from municipalities with high and low HDI.Conclusions: There was a social gradient in tooth loss by education and income. Living in disadvantaged municipalities cannot overcome the risk associated with low schooling. The protective effect of higher education can be reduced when people live in disadvantaged areas.

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