scholarly journals Preventing COVID-19 Fatalities: State versus Federal Policies

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jean-Paul Renne ◽  
Guillaume Roussellet ◽  
Gustavo Schwenkler
Keyword(s):  
Federal Government ◽  
State Level ◽  
Epidemiological Model ◽  
Federal Mandates ◽  
Federal Policies ◽  
At Home

Are COVID-19 fatalities large when a federal government does not enforce containment policies and instead allow states to implement their own policies? We answer this question by developing a stochastic extension of a SIRD epidemiological model for a country composed of multiple states. Our model allows for interstate mobility. We consider three policies: mask mandates, stay-at-home orders, and interstate travel bans. We fit our model to daily U.S. state-level COVID-19 death counts and exploit our estimates to produce various policy counterfactuals. While the restrictions imposed by some states inhibited a significant number of virus deaths, we find that more than two-thirds of U.S. COVID-19 deaths could have been prevented by late November 2020 had the federal government enforced federal mandates as early as some of the earliest states did. Our results quantify the benefits of early actions by a federal government for the containment of a pandemic.

scholarly journals The discretionary use of oil revenues in Brazil: Federal dynamics

2020 ◽  
Vol 18 (spe) ◽  
pp. 667-679
Author(s):  
BENI TROJBICZ ◽  
CATARINA IANNI SEGATTO
Keyword(s):  
Federal Government ◽  
Discretionary Power ◽  
Federal Policies ◽  
Continuity And Change ◽  
Education And Health ◽  
Oil Resources ◽  
Oil Revenues ◽  
Economic Stabilization ◽  
Brazilian Case ◽  
The Way

Abstract This article analyzes the Brazilian case of federal centralization of oil revenues, to show how jurisdictions’ preferences may direct federal dynamics through central federative mechanisms. The study uses historical and institutional approaches that explain continuity and change in territorial regimes. Specifically, we analyse the loss of discretionary power in the use of oil resources through the understanding whether and how these changes affected the approval of National Law 12858 in 2013, which determined that federal government, states, and municipalities should spend their share of oil revenues on education and health. We show the way subnational preferences affect federal policies, highlighting the importance of causality and context, both politically and institutionally, and indicating a return to a governability pattern that seemed to be buried with the economic stabilization plan of 1994.

scholarly journals Entanglement of Top-Down and Bottom-Up: Sociotechnical Innovation Pathways of Geothermal Energy in Switzerland

2019 ◽  
Vol 29 (1) ◽  
pp. 99-122 ◽  
Author(s):  
Olivier Ejderyan ◽  
Franziska Ruef ◽  
Michael Stauffacher
Keyword(s):  
Federal Government ◽  
Heat Production ◽  
Geothermal Energy ◽  
Electricity Generation ◽  
Electricity Production ◽  
Top Down ◽  
Bottom Up ◽  
Federal Policies ◽  
Deep Geothermal Energy ◽  
Policy Incentives

By looking at deep geothermal energy in Switzerland, this article illustrates how innovation pathways in federal countries take entangled forms between top-down and bottom-up. The Swiss federal government presents deep geothermal energy as an important technology to decarbonize electricity production. Setbacks in early projects have slowed these efforts. Despite strong policy incentives from the federal government, no electricity is being produced from geothermal projects in Switzerland in 2019. Based on four case studies, we analyze how some cantons and cities have taken different pathways: Rather than implementing federal objectives, they favor heat production instead of electricity generation. The relative success of these initiatives led federal authorities to modify their approach to promoting geothermal energy. This study shows that federal mechanisms and instruments alone are not enough to make energy infrastructures acceptable locally. To learn from bottom-up experiences and adapt federal policies to local reality, better coordination between the federal and subnational levels is needed.

A federal compulsory vaccination plan

2012 ◽  
Vol 10 (3) ◽  
pp. 197
Author(s):  
Michael Ulrich, BS, JD
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Federal Government ◽  
Affordable Care Act ◽  
Whooping Cough ◽  
State Level ◽  
Compulsory Vaccination ◽  
Patient Protection ◽  
Legal Implications ◽  
National Emergency ◽  
National Approach

During oral arguments for the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act, Justice Breyer on several occasions questioned whether the federal government could compel individuals to be vaccinated in the event of a national emergency where a highly contagious disease was sweeping through the country. This article does not seek to predict or analyze the legal implications of such an action; rather it argues that a national approach to such an emergency should be implemented. Recent concerns over the potential for H5N1, or “bird flu,” to become airborne illustrate the type of epidemic that Justice Breyer may have been envisioning. By broaching this subject now, instead of in the midst of an outbreak, adequate time is left to research appropriate solutions, allow for debate, and provide public education.While vaccination laws are typically promulgated on the state level under state police power, these compulsory laws are accompanied by exemptions that can undermine their effectiveness. For example, religious and philosophical exemptions have led to outbreaks of pertussis, or whooping cough, in multiple states. Considering the various state exemptions along with laws granting governors and health officials broad power to alter vaccination laws during emergencies, it is nearly impossible to predict how individual states will respond. Legally and ethically speaking, the rights of individuals are not absolute and cannot be utilized to subject others to harm.A federal compulsory vaccination law allows for balancing individual rights and public health, with the interests of the nation as a whole in mind.

scholarly journals Designing and implementing state-level fertility preservation health insurance benefit mandates

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ricardo E Flores ◽  
Sara W Yoeun ◽  
Omar Mesian ◽  
Bonnie N Kaiser ◽  
Sara B McMenamin ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Health Insurance ◽  
Fertility Preservation ◽  
Significant Variation ◽  
Implementation Process ◽  
State Level ◽  
Federal Policies ◽  
Design And Implementation ◽  
Insurance Benefit ◽  
The Law ◽  
Benefit Mandates

Objective To describe the design and implementation of state-level fertility preservation (FP) health insurance benefit mandates and regulation and to provide stakeholders with guidance on best practices, gaps, and implementation needs. Design Legal mapping and implementation framework-guided analysis Setting U.S. states with state-level fertility preservation health insurance benefit mandates Patients Individuals at risk of iatrogenic infertility Intervention State laws mandating health insurance benefit coverage for fertility preservation services. Main Outcome Measures Design features of FP mandated benefit legislation; implementation process Results Between June, 2017 and March, 2021, 11 states passed FP benefit mandate laws. On average, states took 223 days to implement their mandates from the start of the law enactment dates to their corresponding effective dates, and a majority issued regulatory guidance after the law was in effect. Significant variation was observed in which FP services were specified for inclusion or exclusion in the laws and/or regulator guidance. Federal policies impacted state level implementation, with the ACA and HIPAA guiding design of fertility preservation benefits. In addition, a majority of states referenced medical society clinical practice guidelines in the design of FP mandated benefits. Conclusions Our policy scan documented significant variation in the design and implementation of health insurance benefit mandates for FP services. Future considerations for policy development include specificity and flexibility of benefit design, reference to external clinical practice guidelines to drive benefit coverage, inclusion of Medicaid populations in required coverage, and consideration of interaction with relevant state and federal policies. In addition, key considerations for implementation include the sufficient length of time for the implementation period, regulator guidance issued prior to the law going into effect, and explicit allocation of resources for the implementation process.

scholarly journals The COVID States Project #20: Public opinion around federal and state reactions to COVID-19

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
David Lazer ◽  
Alexi Quintana ◽  
Jon Green ◽  
Katherine Ognyanova ◽  
Hanyu Chwe ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Public Opinion ◽  
Federal Government ◽  
State Government ◽  
State Level ◽  
The State ◽  
State Governments ◽  
Prefer State ◽  
Consistent Picture

In every month, April through October of 2020, we surveyed individuals in every state about how federal and state governments are reacting to the pandemic. We found a remarkably consistent picture of public opinion: respondents prefer state governments over the federal government when it comes to COVID-19. Out of 8 waves in 50 states & DC − a total of 408 surveys at the state level − in 402 state-level surveys more people in the state felt the state government was reacting “about right” to the COVID-19 outbreak as compared to the federal government; and only 6 times did people in a state choose the federal government over their state government.

Mexico health reform success turns on implementation

2019 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Federal Government ◽  
Health Reform ◽  
Health Sector ◽  
State Level ◽  
Medical Attention ◽  
Health Plans ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Implementation Challenges ◽  
The Public

Subject Health plans. Significance President Andres Manuel Lopez Obrador (AMLO) on December 14 announced changes to the public health sector to expand coverage, improve quality of care and guarantee access to free medicines. His plans will see the federal government assume responsibilities previously the remit of state-level authorities. Impacts The overhaul will take place as key institutions in the sector are decentralised, compounding implementation challenges. Without greater investment in prevention in addition to medical attention, improvements in the population’s health will be limited. Centralisation of decision-making and resource allocation will improve monitoring and accountability but not necessarily stop corruption.

Look Back: The feds, the states, and Kappan

2019 ◽  
Vol 101 (2) ◽  
pp. 5-7
Author(s):  
Teresa Preston
Keyword(s):  
No Child Left Behind ◽  
Federal Government ◽  
Department Of Education ◽  
Federal Mandates ◽  
Elementary And Secondary Education ◽  
Left Behind ◽  
Federal Department ◽  
Education Act ◽  
State And Local ◽  
Every Student Succeeds Act

Across the decades, the balance of power between the federal government, states, and local districts has shifted numerous times, and Kappan authors have weighed in on each of those shifts. Kappan Managing Editor Teresa Preston traces those shifts, beginning with the 1965 Elementary and Secondary Education Act (ESEA), which gave the federal government a larger role in public education. Further expansion occurred under the Carter administration, with the launch of the new federal Department of Education. As the new department continued operations under Reagan, its priorities expanded, but actual decision-making authority reverted to states. States, in turn, began involving themselves more with instructional and curricular matters, a trend that eventually made its way back to the federal level, with the passage of the No Child Left Behind Act (NCLB). Under NCLB, federal mandates had the effect of requiring state and local levels to take on additional responsibilities, without necessarily having the capacity to do so. This capacity issue remains a concern under the Every Student Succeeds Act (ESSA).

“An Inconvenient Truth”

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kathleen Brown-Pérez
Keyword(s):  
Federal Government ◽  
Indigenous Peoples ◽  
American Indians ◽  
Federal Policies ◽  
An Inconvenient Truth

The concept of destroying Indigenous peoples in America has often meant physical eradication. However, as time passed and genocide became less politically correct, economical, or convenient, federal policies were put in place to “destroy” by means other than physical destruction. This essay asserts that these policies had one goal: assimilation. Assimilation was to be the means by which the federal government would control American Indians by eliminating distinct cultures and heritages.

Architecture Assessment at the Federal Enterprise Level

2010 ◽  
pp. 203-216
Author(s):  
Supriya Ghosh
Keyword(s):  
Federal Government ◽  
Enterprise Architecture ◽  
Federal Mandates ◽  
Large Organization ◽  
Military Organizations ◽  
Transition Strategy ◽  
Commercial Enterprise ◽  
Enterprise Level ◽  
The Government ◽  
Commercial Organizations

This chapter focuses on assessing the maturity of enterprise architecture within our federal government, which is peripherally tied to the net-centric readiness of military and commercial organizations. We provide an overview of federal enterprise architecture guidance and federal reference models to comply with OMB mandates. We define an enterprise architecture transition strategy that allows organizations to move from their current state to a target state. We then go ahead and assess federal agencies based on Clinger-Cohen Act and OMB mandates. We end with discussing enterprise architecture maturity and how to achieve it within a large organization. The purpose of this final section is to focus on the assessment of technology architecture throughout the government and commercial enterprise. This chapter provides a description on the use of enterprise architecture to assess our federal government agencies. Based on federal mandates, enterprise architecture processes have proliferated within the government, and this allows the ability to adhere to new upcoming technologies such as the net-centric concepts proliferation by the defense department and military organizations.

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