scholarly journals Stable QTL for malate levels in ripe fruit and their transferability across Vitis species

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Noam Reshef ◽  
Avinash Karn ◽  
David C. Manns ◽  
Anna Katharine Mansfield ◽  
Lance Cadle-Davidson ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Basis ◽  
Major Contributor ◽  
Ripe Fruit ◽  
Wine Quality ◽  
Physiological Mechanisms ◽  
Vitis Species ◽  
Grape Berries ◽  
Common Qtl ◽  
Cold Hardy ◽  
Stable Variation

AbstractMalate is a major contributor to the sourness of grape berries (Vitis spp.) and their products, such as wine. Excessive malate at maturity, commonly observed in wild Vitis grapes, is detrimental to grape and wine quality and complicates the introgression of valuable disease resistance and cold hardy genes through breeding. This study investigated an interspecific Vitis family that exhibited strong and stable variation in malate at ripeness for five years and tested the separate contribution of accumulation, degradation, and dilution to malate concentration in ripe fruit in the last year of study. Genotyping was performed using transferable rhAmpSeq haplotype markers, based on the Vitis collinear core genome. Three significant QTL for ripe fruit malate on chromosomes 1, 7, and 17, accounted for over two-fold and 6.9 g/L differences in ripe fruit malate, and explained 40.6% of the phenotypic variation. QTL on chromosomes 7 and 17 were stable in all and in three out of five years, respectively. Variation in pre-veraison malate was the major contributor to variation in ripe fruit malate (39%) and their associated QTL overlapped on chromosome 7, indicating a common genetic basis. However, use of transferable markers on a closely related Vitis family did not yield a common QTL across families. This suggests that diverse physiological mechanisms regulate the levels of this key metabolite in the Vitis genus, a conclusion supported by a review of over a dozen publications from the past decade, showing malate-associated genetic loci on all 19 chromosomes.

Monitoring of yeast population isolated during spontaneous fermentation of Moravian wine

2012 ◽  
Vol 66 (9) ◽  
Author(s):  
Hana Šuranská ◽  
Dana Vránová ◽  
Jiřina Omelková ◽  
Renáta Vadkertiová
Keyword(s):  
Fermentation Process ◽  
Rhodotorula Glutinis ◽  
Its Region ◽  
White Wine ◽  
Rapid Identification ◽  
Wine Quality ◽  
Spontaneous Fermentation ◽  
Grape Berries ◽  
Yeast Population ◽  
Sporidiobolus Salmonicolor

AbstractIn enology, yeasts play an important role in the characteristics of the final product. They are predominant in the biochemical interaction with components of must. Rapid identification of the yeast population is necessary for fermentation process monitoring and for obtaining a good quality wine. The main goal of this study was the isolation and characterisation of the yeast microbial community naturally present on grape berries, leaves and occurring during the spontaneous fermentation process of the white wine Veltlin green from the South Moravian region, Czech Republic. The results, based on PCR-RFLP of the 5.8S-ITS region of rDNA, PCR-fingerprinting using microsatellite oligonucleotide primers (GAG)5, (GTG)5, (GAC)5, and M13 primer, showed great diversity of the yeast population. Including grape berries and fermented must, the following yeast species were identified: Hanseniaspora uvarum, Aureobasidium pullulans, Metschnikowia pulcherrima, Torulaspora delbrueckii, a number of Pichia species such as P. fermentans, P. membranifaciens, P. kluyveri, also Sporidiobolus salmonicolor, Rhodosporidium toruloides, Rhodotorula mucilaginosa, Rhodotorula glutinis as well as Saccharomyces cerevisiae and Saccharomyces bayanus. Monitoring of the yeast strains during the wine fermentation process of traditional Moravian wine can contribute to the improvement of wine quality.

scholarly journals Grapevine as a Rich Source of Polyphenolic Compounds

Molecules ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 25 (23) ◽  
pp. 5604
Author(s):  
Iva Šikuten ◽  
Petra Štambuk ◽  
Željko Andabaka ◽  
Ivana Tomaz ◽  
Zvjezdana Marković ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Antioxidant Activity ◽  
Secondary Metabolites ◽  
Human Health ◽  
Phenolic Acids ◽  
Polyphenolic Compounds ◽  
Wine Quality ◽  
Primary And Secondary Metabolites ◽  
Grape Berries ◽  
Beneficial Effects ◽  
Grape Varieties

Grapes are rich in primary and secondary metabolites. Among the secondary metabolites, polyphenolic compounds are the most abundant in grape berries. Besides their important impacts on grape and wine quality, this class of compounds has beneficial effects on human health. Due to their antioxidant activity, polyphenols and phenolic acids can act as anti-inflammatory and anticancerogenic agents, and can modulate the immune system. In grape berries, polyphenols and phenolic acids can be located in the pericarp and seeds, but distribution differs considerably among these tissues. Although some classes of polyphenols and phenolic acids are under strict genetic control, the final content is highly influenced by environmental factors, such as climate, soil, vineyard, and management. This review aims to present the main classes of polyphenolic compounds and phenolic acids in different berry tissues and grape varieties and special emphasis on their beneficial effect on human health.

The VvBAP1 gene is identified as a potential inhibitor of cell death in grape berries

2019 ◽  
Vol 46 (5) ◽  
pp. 428
Author(s):  
Shifeng Cao ◽  
Zeyu Xiao ◽  
Vladimir Jiranek ◽  
Stephen D. Tyerman
Keyword(s):  
Cell Death ◽  
Drought Stress ◽  
Marker Gene ◽  
Vitis Vinifera L ◽  
Related Gene ◽  
Wine Quality ◽  
Yeast Saccharomyces Cerevisiae ◽  
Grape Berries ◽  
Expression Of Genes ◽  
Oxidative Responses

Cell death (CD) in Vitis vinifera L grape berries, exemplified in Shiraz, occurs late in ripening influencing yield, berry and wine quality. Here we isolated and functionally characterised a BON1-associated gene, VvBAP1 from Shiraz berries, encoding a small protein with a C2 domain. VvBAP1 transcript increased during fruit development from veraison to harvest, and was significantly inhibited by drought stress 92 days after flowering when CD normally begins. This was correlated with high CD in Shiraz berries. The agrobacterium-mediated transient expression of VvBAP1 in tobacco leaves led to a decrease in electrolyte leakage and downregulated a marker gene (Hsr203J) for cell death. Expressing VvBAP1 in yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae) also alleviated cell death induced by hydrogen peroxide (H2O2). Overexpression of VvBAP1 in Arabidopsis increased resistance to H2O2 and reduced CD due to higher expression of genes involved in anti-oxidative responses. Arabidopsis overexpressing VvBAP1 displayed higher tolerance to drought accompanied by upregulation of antioxidant-related gene expression. VvBAP1 complemented an Arabidopsis bap1 knockout by abolishing its CD phenotypes. These results indicate that VvBAP1 may play a role in alleviating CD in grape berries and its downregulation under drought stress may be responsible for the generally observed increase in CD within the berry.

scholarly journals QTL Mapping of a Brazilian Bioethanol Strain Unravels the Cell Wall Protein-Encoding Gene GAS1 as a Major Contributor to Low Ph Tolerance in S. Cerevisiae

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alessandro L V Coradini ◽  
Fellipe da Silveira Bezerra de Mello ◽  
Monique Furlan ◽  
Carla Maneira ◽  
Marcello Falsarella Carazzolle ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Qtl Mapping ◽  
Genetic Architecture ◽  
Genetic Basis ◽  
Acid Resistance ◽  
Low Ph ◽  
Susceptible Strain ◽  
Yeast Cells ◽  
Synonymous Mutation ◽  
Major Contributor ◽  
Ph Tolerance

Abstract BACKGROUNDSaccharomyces cerevisiae is largely applied in many biotechnological processes, from traditional food and beverage industries to modern biofuel and biochemicals factories. During the fermentation process, yeast cells are usually challenged in different harsh conditions, which often impact productivity. Regarding bioethanol production, cell exposure to acidic environments is related to productivity loss on both first and second generation ethanol. In this scenario, indigenous strains traditionally used in fermentation stand out as a source of complex genetic architecture, mainly due to their highly robust background - including low pH tolerance. RESULTSIn this work, we pioneer the use of QTL mapping to uncover the genetic basis that endow industrial strain Pedra-2 (PE-2) with outstanding acid resistance. First, we developed a fluorescence-based high-throughput approach to collect a large number of haploid cells using flow cytometry. Then, we were able to apply a bulk segregant analysis to solve the genetic basis of low pH resistance in PE-2, which uncovered a region in chromosome XIII as the major QTL associated with the evaluated phenotype. A reciprocal hemizygosity analysis revealed allele GAS1, encoding a β-1,3-glucanosyltransferase, as the major contributor to this phenotype. The GAS1 sequence alignment of 48 S. cerevisiae strains pointed out a non-synonymous mutation (T211A) prevalence in wild type isolates, which is absent in laboratory strains. We further showcase that GAS1 allele swap between PE-2 and a low pH-susceptible strain can improve cell viability on the latter of up to 12% after a sulfuric acid wash process.CONCLUSIONThis work revealed GAS1 as the major causative gene associated with low pH resistance in PE-2, harboring a non-synonymous mutation persistent in industrial strains. We also showcase how GAS1PE-2 can improve acid resistance of a susceptible strain, suggesting that these findings can be a powerful foundation for the development of more robust and acid-tolerant strains for the industrial production of economically-relevant goods. Our results collectively show the importance of tailored industrial isolated strains in the discovery of the genetic architecture of relevant traits and its implications over productivity.

scholarly journals Dominance is the major genetic basis of heterosis in rice as revealed by QTL analysis using molecular markers.

Genetics ◽  
1995 ◽  
Vol 140 (2) ◽  
pp. 745-754 ◽  
Author(s):  
J Xiao ◽  
J Li ◽  
L Yuan ◽  
S D Tanksley
Keyword(s):  
Molecular Markers ◽  
Qtl Analysis ◽  
Recombinant Inbred ◽  
Quantitative Traits ◽  
Genetic Basis ◽  
Recombinant Inbred Lines ◽  
Inbred Lines ◽  
Rflp Markers ◽  
Major Contributor ◽  
Significant Qtls

Abstract A set of 194 F7 lines derived from a subspecific rice cross showing strong F1 heterosis was backcrossed to the two parents. The materials (388 BC1F7 lines, 194 F8 lines, two parents, F1) were phenotyped for 12 quantitative traits. A total of 37 significant QTLs (LOD > or = 2.0) was detected through 141 RFLP markers in the BC1F7 populations. Twenty-seven (73%) quantitative trait loci (QTLs) were detected in only one of the BC1F7 populations. In 82% of these cases, the heterozygotes were superior to the respective homozygotes. The remaining 10 (27%) QTLs were detected in both BC1F7 populations, and the heterozygote had a phenotype falling between those of the two homozygotes and in no instances were the heterozygotes found to be superior to both homozygotes. These results suggest that dominance complementation is the major genetic basis of heterosis in rice. This conclusion was strengthened by the finding that there was no correlation between most traits and overall genome heterozygosity and that there were some recombinant inbred lines in the F8 population having phenotypic values superior to the F1 for all of the traits evaluated--a result not expected if overdominance was a major contributor to heterosis. Digenic epistasis was not evident.

scholarly journals Thermal and Non-Thermal Physical Methods for Improving Polyphenol Extraction in Red Winemaking

Beverages ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 5 (3) ◽  
pp. 47 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marcos Maza ◽  
Ignacio Álvarez ◽  
Javier Raso
Keyword(s):  
Energy Consumption ◽  
Electric Fields ◽  
Red Wine ◽  
Production Capacity ◽  
Wine Quality ◽  
Grape Skin ◽  
Grape Berries ◽  
Skin Cells ◽  
Considerable Impact ◽  
Polyphenol Extraction

Maceration-fermentation is a critical stage in the elaboration of high-quality red wine. During this stage, the solid parts of the grape berries remain in contact with the fermenting must in order to extract polyphenols mainly located in the grape skin cells. Extracted polyphenols have a considerable impact on sensory properties (color, flavor, astringency, and bitterness) and on the aging behavior of red wine. In order to obtain wines with a sufficient proportion of those compounds, long maceration times are required. The presence of the solid parts of the grapes during red wine fermentation involves several problems for the wineries such as production capacity reduction, higher energy consumption for controlling the fermentation temperature and labor and energy consumption for periodically pump the grape must over the skin mass. Physical techniques based on heating such as thermovinification and flash expansion are currently being applied in wineries to improve the extraction of polyphenols and to reduce maceration time. However, these techniques present a series of problems derived from the heating of the grapes that affect wine quality. A series of recent studies have demonstrated that non-thermal innovative technologies such as pulsed electric fields (PEF) and ultrasound may represent effective alternatives to heating for assisting polyphenol extraction. In terms of general product quality and energetic requirements, this review compares these thermal and non-thermal physical technologies that aim to reduce maceration time.

scholarly journals Chaperone biomarkers of lifespan and penetrance track the dosages of many other proteins

2019 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Nikolay Burnaevskiy ◽  
Bryan Sands ◽  
Soo Yun ◽  
Patricia M. Tedesco ◽  
Thomas E. Johnson ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Animal Model ◽  
Intrinsic Noise ◽  
Effective Dosage ◽  
Major Contributor ◽  
In Vivo Microscopy ◽  
Physiological Mechanisms ◽  
C Elegans ◽  
Protein Chaperone ◽  
Cell Variation

AbstractMany traits vary among isogenic individuals in homogeneous environments. In microbes, plants and animals, variation in the protein chaperone system affects many such traits. In the animal model C. elegans, the expression level of hsp-16.2 chaperone biomarkers correlates with or predicts the penetrance of mutations and lifespan after heat shock. But the physiological mechanisms causing cells to express different amounts of the biomarker were unknown. Here, we used an in vivo microscopy approach to dissect different contributions to cell-to-cell variation in hsp-16.2 expression in the intestines of young adult animals, which generate the most lifespan predicting signal. While we detected both cell autonomous intrinsic noise and signaling noise, we found both contributions were relatively unimportant. The major contributor to cell-to-cell variation in biomarker expression was general differences in protein dosage. The hsp-16.2 biomarker reveals states of high or low effective dosage for many genes.

scholarly journals Seaweeds in viticulture: a review focused on grape quality

2021 ◽  
Vol 36 (1) ◽  
pp. 9-21
Author(s):  
Gastón Gutiérrez-Gamboa ◽  
Yerko Moreno-Simunovic
Keyword(s):  
Biological Activity ◽  
Phenolic Compounds ◽  
Cell Walls ◽  
Foliar Application ◽  
Future Perspective ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Wine Quality ◽  
Grape Berries ◽  
Grape Quality ◽  
Inorganic Constituents

Cell walls of seaweeds contain a wide number of organic and inorganic constituents, of which polysaccharides have important biological activity. Some researchers suggest that polysaccharides from seaweeds can behave as biotic elicitors in viticulture, triggering the synthesis of phenolic compounds in leaves and grape berries. The mechanism of action of seaweeds after a foliar application to grapevines is not fully understood but it is discussed in this review. An overview of the recent research focused on the effects of seaweeds foliar applications on grapevine productivity, on grape and wine quality is included as well as a short-term future perspective for the research in this field.

scholarly journals Shoot Density Affects `Riesling' Grapevines II. Wine Composition and Sensory Response

1994 ◽  
Vol 119 (5) ◽  
pp. 881-892 ◽  
Author(s):  
A.G. Reynolds ◽  
C.G. Edwards ◽  
D.A. Wardle ◽  
D. Webster ◽  
M. Dever
Keyword(s):  
Vitis Vinifera ◽  
Shoot Density ◽  
Sensory Response ◽  
Ripe Fruit ◽  
Wine Quality ◽  
Green Fruit ◽  
Wine Composition ◽  
Linalool Oxide ◽  
Fruit Flavor ◽  
All Treatment

`Riesling' grapevines (Vitis vinifera L.) were subjected for 4 seasons (1987-90) to three shoot densities (16, 26, and 36 shoots/m of row) combined with three crop-thinning levels (1, 1.5, and 2 clusters per shoot) in a factorial design. Wines were made from all treatment combinations in 1989. Aroma compounds such as trans-3-hexen-1-ol, linalool, and linalool oxides 1 and 2 in many cases decreased in nonaged and aged wines by increasing shoot density and clusters per shoot, while cis-3-hexen-1-ol increased. Aging wines increased concentrations of cis-3-hexen-1-ol, citronellol, α-terpineol, and the linalool oxides, while linalool decreased. Tasters identified aged wines from the lowest shoot densities and clusters per shoot as having the most ripe-fruit flavor and the least green-fruit flavor and perceived acidity. Flavor descriptors were correlated with linalool, cis-3-hexen-1-ol, and linalool oxide 1. Shoot densities of 20 to 25 shoots/m of row are recommended for low to moderately vigorous `Riesling' vines to achieve economically acceptable yields and high wine quality simultaneously.

scholarly journals Identification and Analysis of Zinc Efficiency-Associated Loci in Maize

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jianqin Xu ◽  
Xuejie Wang ◽  
Huaqing Zhu ◽  
Futong Yu
Keyword(s):  
Inbred Line ◽  
Genetic Basis ◽  
Crop Yields ◽  
Zn Deficiency ◽  
Zinc Efficiency ◽  
Physiological Mechanisms ◽  
Zn Uptake ◽  
Trait Locus ◽  
Indole 3 Acetic Acid ◽  
Insight Into

Zinc (Zn) deficiency, a globally predominant micronutrient disorder in crops and humans, reduces crop yields and adversely impacts human health. Despite numerous studies on the physiological mechanisms underlying Zn deficiency tolerance, its genetic basis of molecular mechanism is still poorly understood. Thus, the Zn efficiency of 20 maize inbred lines was evaluated, and a quantitative trait locus (QTL) analysis was performed in the recombination inbred line population derived from the most Zn-efficient (Ye478) and Zn-inefficient inbred line (Wu312) to identify the candidate genes associated with Zn deficiency tolerance. On this basis, we analyzed the expression of ZmZIP1-ZmZIP8. Thirteen QTLs for the traits associated with Zn deficiency tolerance were detected, explaining 7.6–63.5% of the phenotypic variation. The genes responsible for Zn uptake and transport across membranes (ZmZIP3, ZmHMA3, ZmHMA4) were identified, which probably form a sophisticated network to regulate the uptake, translocation, and redistribution of Zn. Additionally, we identified the genes involved in the indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) biosynthesis (ZmIGPS) and auxin-dependent gene regulation (ZmIAA). Notably, a high upregulation of ZmZIP3 was found in the Zn-deficient root of Ye478, but not in that of Wu312. Additionally, ZmZIP4, ZmZIP5, and ZmZIP7 were up-regulated in the Zn-deficient roots of Ye478 and Wu312. Our findings provide a new insight into the genetic basis of Zn deficiency tolerance.

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