scholarly journals Chimpanzees use numerous flexible vocal sequences with more than two vocal units: A step towards language?

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Cédric Girard-Buttoz ◽  
Emiliano Zaccarella ◽  
Tatiana Bortolato ◽  
Angela D. Friederici ◽  
Roman M. Wittig ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Adult Female ◽  
Hierarchical Structures ◽  
Major Question ◽  
Unit Level ◽  
Flexible System ◽  
The Core ◽  
New Meanings ◽  
Evolutionary Science ◽  
Evolutionary Step

AbstractA major question in evolutionary science is how did language evolve? Syntax, as the core of language, combines meaning-bearing units (words) into hierarchical structures, thereby creating new meanings. Some other mammals and birds combine meaning-bearing vocalisations, but no documented examples exist of non-human animals combining more than two meaning-bearing vocalisations. Was the two-unit threshold only surpassed in the hominid lineage? Here, we examine the positional patterning of vocal sequences of chimpanzees. We analysed 4826 vocal utterances of 46 wild adult female and male chimpanzees. We found a flexible system with 390 multi-unit vocal sequences, some showing positional or transitional regularities. Two-unit pairs embedded in three-unit sequences predictably occurred either in head or tail positions, and co-occurred with specific other elements. The capacity to organise vocal output beyond the two-unit level may thus exist in species other than humans and could be viewed as an important evolutionary step towards language.

Dead-Ends and New Directions

2021 ◽  
Vol 15 (4) ◽  
pp. 327-347
Author(s):  
Jean Francesco A.L. Gomes
Keyword(s):  
Natural History ◽  
Scientific Theory ◽  
Good Science ◽  
Orthodox Christian ◽  
The Core ◽  
The Earth ◽  
New Directions ◽  
History Of ◽  
Evolutionary Science ◽  
Doctrine Of Creation

Abstract The aim of this article is to investigate how Abraham Kuyper and some late neo-Calvinists have addressed the doctrine of creation in light of the challenges posed by evolutionary scientific theory. I argue that most neo-Calvinists today, particularly scholars from the Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam (VU), continue Kuyper’s legacy by holding the core principles of a creationist worldview. Yet, they have taken a new direction by explaining the natural history of the earth in evolutionary terms. In my analysis, Kuyper’s heirs at the VU today offer judicious parameters to guide Christians in conversation with evolutionary science, precisely because of their high appreciation of good science and awareness of the nonnegotiable elements that make up the orthodox Christian narrative.

scholarly journals Religion as a social adhesive: study of the patterns of religious diversity of rural communities in the village of Sembungan-Boyolali

2018 ◽  
Vol 74 ◽  
pp. 10008
Author(s):  
Sarbini Sarbini ◽  
Putut Suharso ◽  
Dicky Sumarsono
Keyword(s):  
Rural Communities ◽  
Sociology Of Religion ◽  
Religious Communities ◽  
Empirical Reality ◽  
Value System ◽  
Community Environment ◽  
The Core ◽  
Interpretive Analysis ◽  
New Meanings ◽  
The Village

For rural communities, religion is understood as the core of the value system to control the actions of the community in order to remain sustainable in accordance with the values of the religious teachings. Religious behavior is a sacred symbol that is based on religious teachings. This study uses a sociology of religion approach that attempts to describe the empirical reality of religious communities related to doctrine, beliefs, social behavior and functional teachings that give birth to religious phenomena. Research methods by collecting data through observation, interviews, and smoothing documentation that is narrated in descriptive-qualitative form with descriptive-interpretive analysis. The results of the study of rural communities have a tendency to make new meanings in sustainable life towards a system of values and religious norms that are confident and internalized in a homogeneous community environment, and express values of appreciation in the form of efforts to maintain togetherness through functional religious messages. When the new meaning of individuals in society results in an interest conflict that is influenced by the individual's social status, then the power of transcendent values is needed. The discovery of this new transcendent meaning is then called the awareness of social collectivity in society.

scholarly journals In-Situ Synchrotron SAXS and WAXS Investigation on the Deformation of Single and Coaxial Electrospun P(VDF-TrFE)-Based Nanofibers

2021 ◽  
Vol 22 (23) ◽  
pp. 12669
Author(s):  
Yi-Jen Huang ◽  
Yi-Fan Chen ◽  
Po-Han Hsiao ◽  
Tu-Ngoc Lam ◽  
Wen-Ching Ko ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Hierarchical Structures ◽  
Electrospun Nanofibers ◽  
Mechanical Anisotropy ◽  
Core Shell ◽  
Length Scale ◽  
X Ray Diffraction ◽  
X Ray ◽  
The Core ◽  
Nanofiber Alignment

Coaxial core/shell electrospun nanofibers consisting of ferroelectric P(VDF-TrFE) and relaxor ferroelectric P(VDF-TrFE-CTFE) are tailor-made with hierarchical structures to modulate their mechanical properties with respect to their constituents. Compared with two single and the other coaxial membranes prepared in the research, the core/shell-TrFE/CTFE membrane shows a more prominent mechanical anisotropy between revolving direction (RD) and cross direction (CD) associated with improved resistance to tensile stress for the crystallite phase stability and good strength-ductility balance. This is due to the better degree of core/shell-TrFE-CTFE nanofiber alignment and the crystalline/amorphous ratio. The coupling between terpolymer P(VDF-TrFE-CTFE) and copolymer P(VDF-TrFE) is responsible for phase stabilization, comparing the core/shell-TrFE/CTFE with the pristine terpolymer. Moreover, an impressive collective deformation mechanism of a two-length scale in the core/shell composite structure is found. We apply in-situ synchrotron X-ray to resolve the two-length scale simultaneously by using the small-angle X-ray scattering to characterize the nanofibers and the wide-angle X-ray diffraction to identify the phase transformations. Our findings may serve as guidelines for the fabrication of the electrospun nanofibers used as membranes-based electroactive polymers.

A Brief (Hi)Story of Just-So Stories in Evolutionary Science

2020 ◽  
pp. 004839312094422
Author(s):  
Michal Hubálek
Keyword(s):  
Historical Narrative ◽  
Historical Inquiry ◽  
The Core ◽  
Original Meaning ◽  
Stephen Jay Gould ◽  
Evolutionary Science ◽  
Methodological Problems ◽  
Positive Strategy ◽  
Negative Strategy ◽  
Evolutionary Explanations

In this essay, I examine the usage of the term “just-so story.” I attempt to show that just-so storytelling can be seen as an epistemic concept that, in various ways, tackles the epistemological and methodological problems relating to evolutionary explanations qua historical/narrative explanations. I identify two main, yet mutually exclusive, strategies of employing the concept of a just-so story: a negative strategy and a positive strategy. Subsequently, I argue that these strategies do not satisfactorily capture the core of the “original” meaning advanced by Stephen Jay Gould and Richard Lewontin at the end of the 1970s. I revisit the foundation(s) of their anti-adaptationist critique in order to reframe it as a critique of distinctive methodological manners and epistemic maxims related to historical inquiry. Last but not least, I suggest that contemporary evolutionary thinkers have two conceptually different options: they can either adhere to the “original” meaning of the term “just-so story” or accept that “just-so story” is a term equivalent to “implausible narrative explanation.”

Evolutionary Categories and Musical Style from Adler to America

2014 ◽  
Vol 67 (3) ◽  
pp. 735-768 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rachel Mundy
Keyword(s):  
Present Moment ◽  
Human Beings ◽  
Musical Style ◽  
The Core ◽  
History Of ◽  
Evolutionary Science ◽  
Human Difference ◽  
Historical Tradition

As we consider music's role in defining races, cultures, and species, musicologists may benefit from examining more closely the history of conceptions of musical style. That history offers an opportunity to reassess the question of how and how much one of the core tools of music scholarship—the recognition and categorization of musical style—reflects a historical tradition of categorizing culture as a form of essential, biologized difference. This exercise seems particularly relevant in the present moment, when scholarly style categories converge with a renewed interest in evolutionary science. Tracing notions of style from the days of Guido Adler to the present, I argue that classifications of musical style have offered a way for music scholars to explore changing concepts of human difference. By asking what it means to identify a musical style, it is possible to engage more sensitively with music's power to classify human cultures, define human beings, and demarcate the perimeter of the humanities.

scholarly journals Diminutives derived from terms for children: Comparative evidence from Southeastern Mande

Linguistics ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 57 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-28 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tatiana Nikitina
Keyword(s):  
Historical Change ◽  
The Core ◽  
Diachronic Change ◽  
Patterns Of Use ◽  
New Meanings ◽  
Synchronic Comparison ◽  
The Relationship

Abstract The study addresses the relationship between diachronic change and synchronic polysemy based on the use of diminutives in four closely related Southeastern Mande languages. It explores the synchronic patterns of use of cognate diminutive markers deriving from the word ‘child’, and accounts for differences between the languages in terms of a Radial Category network, which is designed to capture in one representation both mechanisms of diachronic change and mechanisms of regular meaning extension. The study argues that the same approach can be used to account for the ways diminutive markers acquire new meanings and for the ways an old diminutive category disintegrates, when new markers start replacing the old one in some of the core diminutive functions. The invasion and expansion of new markers may result in discontinuous semantic structures that can only be understood when the diachrony is taken into account (in this particular case study, the evidence for historical change comes from a synchronic comparison with closely related languages).

Motherhood in the Islamic Tradition Rethinking the Procreative Function of Women in Islam

2016 ◽  
Vol 13 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Maha Badissy
Keyword(s):  
Reproductive Function ◽  
Literary Analysis ◽  
Major Question ◽  
Religious Perspective ◽  
Islamic Perspective ◽  
The Core ◽  
Women In Islam ◽  
Islamic Tradition ◽  
Species Survival ◽  
The Feminine

AbstractThis paper focuses on the reproductive function of women from an Islamic religious perspective. It aims to depict motherhood as it is imaged in some verses of the Qur’an with the objective of understanding how the Islamic Tradition positions the feminine with regards to maternity. Motherhood is not all a bundle of joy and the Qur’an clearly acknowledges that pregnancy, as well as childbirth, are painful events that mothers live with much difficulty; meanwhile, some verses portray maternity as an act of deep spirituality, mingled with an intellectual awareness of the role to be undertaken and much feelings. Through a thorough study of some verses of the Qur’an, I will undertake a deep literary analysis with the objective of outlining maternity from an Islamic perspective. The objective is to answer one major question at the core of the feminist debate: is motherhood an acknowledged only a biological destiny that is incumbent on women as a duty meant for the species’ survival and therefore rather a burden hindering women’s full engagement as productive agents in society or contribution by women and thus a feminine particularity to defend.

scholarly journals Billiards Gambling in Tengin Baru Village, Kecamatan Sepaku, Penajam Paser Utara District

2020 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 18-24
Author(s):  
Muhammad Ricky Saputra ◽  
Lisbet Situmorang
Keyword(s):  
Social Context ◽  
Primary School ◽  
Social Space ◽  
Playing Card ◽  
The Core ◽  
Gambling Law ◽  
The Social ◽  
New Meanings ◽  
Education Levels ◽  
Economic Culture

ABSTRACT: This article interprets the game of Billiards Gambling in Tengin Baru Village, Sepaku District, Penajam Paser Utara Regency which is done openly. The social context of the billiard gambling text can be said to be like being in a social space that is starting to open up by the influence of global economic culture, bound by the Anti-Gambling Law, average primary school education levels, the majority of followers of Islam and local tribal values ​​that also prohibit gambling. The Billiards Gambling Game is a combination of three elements, namely: (billiard sports, playing card gambling, buying and selling games). The sport of billiards gambling is used as a mode of outer settlement, art games are used as the core of the game, and both are packaged as entertainment businesses that are subject to buying and selling games. In the players' understanding, Billiards Gambling is transformed into various meanings according to subjectivity such as: hobbies, games, challenging games, professions, entertainment, fun, official games. In the text, the readers of the Biliary Gambling game get an articulation of new meanings that are not always in line with what the original author meant. ABSTRAK: Artikel ini menafsir permainan Judi Biliar di Desa Tengin Baru Kecamatan Sepaku Kabupaten Penajam Paser Utara yang di lakukan secara terang-terangan. Konteks sosial dari teks judi biliar ini bisa dikatakan seperti berada di ruang sosial yang mulai terbuka oleh pengaruh budaya ekonomi global, terikat oleh UU Anti Perjudian, tingkat pendidikan rata- rata sekolah dasar, mayoritas penganut islam dan nilai-nilai lokal suku yang juga melarang perjudian. Permainan Judi Biliar adalah perpaduan tiga elemen yaitu: (olahraga biliar, judi kartu remi, permainan jual beli). Olahraga judi biliar digunakan sebagai modus penapakan luar, permainan kartu remi digunakan sebagai inti permainan, dan keduanya dikemas sebagai bisnis hiburan yang tunduk pada permainan jual beli. Dalam pemahaman para pemain, Judi Biliar ini menjelma menjadi beragam makna menurut subyektifitas seperti: hobbi, game, permainan penuh tantangan, profesi, hiburan, iseng-isengan, permainan yang resmi. Di teks para pembaca permainan Judi Biliar mendapatkan artikulasi pemaknaan baru yang tidak selalu sejalan dengan apa maksud awal pengarangnya.

scholarly journals Filling the gap: a new ant-butterfly symbiosis in the forest canopy

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gabriela Pérez-Lachaud ◽  
Franklin H. Rocha ◽  
Carmen Pozo ◽  
Lucas A. Kaminski ◽  
Noemy Seraphim ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Forest Canopy ◽  
Tissue Sample ◽  
Integrative Approach ◽  
Social Parasite ◽  
Symbiotic Relationships ◽  
The Core ◽  
Ponerine Ant ◽  
Evolutionary Step ◽  
Site Dependence ◽  
Colony Integration

Abstract Myrmecophilous butterflies can establish complex symbiotic relationships with ants. An elusive symbiotic caterpillar wandering among the brood of the aggressive ponerine ant, Neoponera villosa, was found inside the core of a nest built in the myrmecophytic bromeliad Aechmea bracteata. This is the first caterpillar found in symbiosis with a species of the subfamily Ponerinae. Tissue sample was barcoded, and an integrative approach was used to identify it as Pseudonymphidia agave, a poorly known Pachythonina member in the riodinid myrmecophilous tribe Nymphidiini. The caterpillar has a general tank-like body morphology, without projections or tubercles, and is covered dorsally by specialized flat setae that form an armor of small plates. Ant-organs potentially related to the caterpillar-ant signaling, such as perforated cupola organs and tentacle nectary organs, are present. These functional traits, together with the stable social integration, suggest that P. agave is a specialized social parasite of N. villosa. However, several knowledge gaps remain, notably the oviposition site, dependence on bromeliad association, steps to colony integration, and the larval diet through ontogeny. Carnivory has been reported in all known members of the Pachythonina subtribe (caterpillars prey on honeydew-producing hemipterans), and a shift to myrmecophagy inside the ant nests is a possible evolutionary step.

Ayesha’s World

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Asiya Siddiqi
Keyword(s):  
Social Relationships ◽  
Detailed Account ◽  
Commercial Culture ◽  
Her Family ◽  
The Core ◽  
New Meanings ◽  
Wide Circle ◽  
The City

In this chapter, we present a relatively detailed account of the life and milieu of one woman, Ayesha, gleaned from court documents related to the petition of her son Ismael, an insolvent butcher. Ayesha’s strength of character, her independence, and her ability to manage her affairs come across in her testimony. Our study of Ayesha and her family also sheds light on commercial culture and social relationships in the neighbourhood near Mohammad Ali Road where she lived. This part of the city had a population that was heterogeneous with regard to religion, ethnicity, and occupation. The testimony of witnesses and the evidence indicates that Ayesha and her family had a wide circle of acquaintances from different communities. In this close-knit, urban milieu the core categories of identity, caste, and religion took on new meanings.

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