scholarly journals What is the state space of the world for real animals?

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Vijay Mohan K Namboodiri
Keyword(s):  
State Space ◽  
Animal Behavior ◽  
Process Model ◽  
The State ◽  
Markov Renewal Process ◽  
Treatment Results ◽  
Abstract Representation ◽  
Model Free ◽  
The World ◽  
Representation Of Time

A key concept in reinforcement learning (RL) is that of a state space. A state space is an abstract representation of the world using which statistical relations in the world can be described. The simplest form of RL, model free RL, is widely applied to explain animal behavior in numerous neuroscientific studies. More complex RL versions assume that animals build and store an explicit model of the world in memory. To apply these approaches to explain animal behavior, typical neuroscientific RL models make assumptions about the underlying state space formed by animals, especially regarding the representation of time. Here, we explicitly list these assumptions and show that they have several problematic implications. We propose a solution for these problems by using a continuous time Markov renewal process model of the state space. We hope that our explicit treatment results in a serious consideration of these issues when applying RL models to real animals.

scholarly journals Intension, extension, and the model of belief and knowledge in economics

2012 ◽  
Vol 5 (2) ◽  
pp. 1 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ivan Moscati
Keyword(s):  
Economic Theory ◽  
State Space ◽  
State Space Model ◽  
Framing Effects ◽  
The State ◽  
Space Model ◽  
Mainstream Economics ◽  
The World ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Two Alternatives

This paper investigates a limitation of the model of belief and knowledge prevailing in mainstream economics, namely the state-space model. Because of its set-theoretic nature, this model has difficulties in capturing the difference between expressions that designate the same object but have different meanings, i.e., expressions with the same extension but different intensions. This limitation generates puzzling results concerning what individuals believe or know about the world as well as what individuals believe or know about what other individuals believe or know about the world. The paper connects these puzzling results to two issues that are relevant for economic theory beyond the state-space model, namely, framing effects and the distinction between the model-maker and agents that appear in the model. Finally, the paper discusses three possible solutions to the limitations of the state-space model, and concludes that the two alternatives that appear practicable also have significant drawbacks.

Power and Obligation in the Elementa Iuris Naturalis: The State Space

2021 ◽  
pp. 261-309
Author(s):  
Stephen Connelly
Keyword(s):  
State Space ◽  
The State ◽  
The World ◽  
Deontic Theory

In the Elementa Iuris Naturalis Leibniz changes tack and attempts a deontic theory of right and obligation. Drawing together our results from earlier chapters, this theory is examined in light of Leibniz’s views on power, and this chapter argues that in the place of power Leibniz posits the notion of a ‘state space’ which determines the obligations of the world of rational animals.

Solutions

2011 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anany Levitin ◽  
Maria Levitin
Keyword(s):  
State Space ◽  
The State ◽  
Design Strategies ◽  
General Design ◽  
Modern Times ◽  
The Third ◽  
Rare Exception ◽  
The World ◽  
Computer Scientists ◽  
Mathematical Problems

Most puzzles do not lend themselves to such simple solutions. This one is a rare exception in that the man has just one meaningful choice on all but the third trip The puzzle can also be solved by using the state-space graph (see [Lev06, Section 6.6]), similar to the solution of the Two Jealous Husbands puzzle in the tutorial on general design strategies. The states of the puzzle can also be represented by vertices of a cube. These alternative representations make it obvious that the seven trips is the fewest possible here. This classic puzzle was included in Alcuin’s collection—the earliest known collection of mathematical problems in Latin—which we already had a chance to mention in the first tutorial. On the appearance of this puzzle in other parts of the world, see [Ash90]. In modern times, it has become a standard feature in puzzle collections. Surprisingly, the puzzle still attracts the attention of mathematicians and computer scientists (see [Cso08]).

SHP-VI Method of Solving DEC-POMDP Problem

2014 ◽  
Vol 926-930 ◽  
pp. 3245-3249
Author(s):  
Xiao Ping Wan ◽  
Shu Yu Li
Keyword(s):  
State Space ◽  
Process Model ◽  
Optimal Path ◽  
Hamiltonian Path ◽  
Solution Space ◽  
The State ◽  
Belief State ◽  
Value Iteration ◽  
Initial State ◽  
Target State

DEC-POMDP(Distributed Partially Observable Markov Decision Process) model is a multi-agent model of collaborative decision-making is important, but due to an alarming number of DEC-POMDP problem state space and great strategy solution space, so DEC-POMDP solution of the problem becomes very difficult. The agent from the initial state to the target state during the interaction with the environment, the system's maximum benefit is often only with some small amount of a higher reward states. This article by searching from the initial belief state to the target state to get a shortest Hamiltonian path, according to the corresponding sequence of actions on the path forward search to get faith belief state space trajectory, and then along the trajectory reverse convictions value function iteration, thus forming the state with the largest gains beliefs trajectory corresponding optimal strategy. In this paper, shortest Hamiltonian path-based value iteration to search the optimal path of faith so as to solve the state Hamiltonian larger DEC-POMDP problem.

TOURIST BUSINESS DEVELOPMENT IN UKRAINE

2019 ◽  
pp. 39-46
Author(s):  
Stefania Mosiuk ◽  
Igor Mosiuk ◽  
Vladimir Mosiuk
Keyword(s):  
National Economy ◽  
Methodological Approach ◽  
Business Development ◽  
Tourism Industry ◽  
The State ◽  
Complete Analysis ◽  
Resource Potential ◽  
The World ◽  
Potential Resource ◽  
Favorable Conditions

The purpose of the article is to analyze and substantiate the development of tourism business in Ukraine as a priority component of the national economy. The methodology of this study is to use analytical, spatial, geographical, cultural and other methods. This methodological approach provided an opportunity to carry out a complete analysis of the state of the tourism industry of the state and to draw some conclusions.The scientific novelty lies in the coverage of the real and potential resource potential for the development of the recreational and tourism sphere in Ukraine, detailing the measures for the country ‘s entry into the world tourist market. Conclusions. Analyzing the state and prospects of tourism business development in Ukraine, it should be noted that this industry is one of the priority areas for improving the economy of the country. Historical, cultural – ethnographic, gastronomic, sanatorium and resort potentials of the country will lead the country into world leaders of the tourism industry when creating favorable conditions for investment and proper marketing.

The World Opened to Everyone. The Main Library of Krasnoyarsk Region has Celebrated 75-year Anniversary

2010 ◽  
pp. 99-100
Author(s):  
Julia N. Shubnikova
Keyword(s):  
Russian Federation ◽  
The State ◽  
Krasnoyarsk Region ◽  
The World ◽  
The Russian Federation ◽  
Krasnodar Region

On the State Universal Scientific Library of the Krasnodar region, which is one of the largest regional libraries in the Russian Federation.

Digital Economy: New Opportunities and Threats for the Development of the World Economy

2018 ◽  
Vol 11 (2) ◽  
pp. 18-26 ◽  
Author(s):  
I. A. Strelkova
Keyword(s):  
World Economy ◽  
Practical Experience ◽  
Business Environment ◽  
Digital Economy ◽  
The State ◽  
Market Exchange ◽  
Country Level ◽  
The World ◽  
Business Structures ◽  
Definition Of

The paper examines various approaches to the definition of the term «digital economy» in the scientific and business environment along with factors and forms of its development in different countries taking into account the specifics of the current stage of the Russian economy, which is a matter of particular importance in seeking new sources of the world economy growth. The subject of the research is opportunities and threats inherent in the process of digitalization of economies and their impact on the operation of international and national markets as well as the development of the world economy as a whole. The purpose of the paper was to analyze the practical experience in the formation and development of the digital economy in foreign countries and Russia and identify the changes it brings to the activities of state institutions and business structures, established rules of market exchange, the process of promotion and use of innovations. All the above made it possible to determine the country-level specifics of the digital economy evolution reveal the contradictory nature of its manifestations and justify the necessity for active participation of the state in stimulation and support of potentially promising digital innovations in various sectors of the economy. It is concluded that the level of the digital economy development depends on the real-sector performance, the maturity of markets, the state of the national economy. It is highlighted that the criteria for a comprehensive assessment of the results of the economy digitalization must be developed.

KEY ASPECTS OF TRANSFORMATION OF THE STATE AUTHORITIES IN THE WORLD AND TO THE MODERN SOVERUM UKRAINE: A JOINT AND PERSONALITY

2018 ◽  
Vol 1 (11) ◽  
pp. 164-174
Author(s):  
Оlena Fedorіvna Caracasidi
Keyword(s):  
Separation Of Powers ◽  
Human Life ◽  
State Power ◽  
The State ◽  
Public Power ◽  
The People ◽  
Large Numbers ◽  
The World ◽  
Distribution Of Power ◽  
Key Aspects

The article deals with the fundamental, inherent in most of the countries of the world transformation of state power, its formation, functioning and division between the main branches as a result of the decentralization of such power, its subsidiarity. Attention is drawn to the specifics of state power, its func- tional features in the conditions of sovereignty of the states, their interconnec- tion. It is emphasized that the nature of the state power is connected with the nature of the political system of the state, with the form of government and many other aspects of a fundamental nature.It is analyzed that in the middle of national states the questions of legitima- cy, sovereignty of transparency of state power, its formation are acutely raised. Concerning the practical functioning of state power, a deeper study now needs a problem of separation of powers and the distribution of power. The use of this principle, which ensures the real subsidiarity of the authorities, the formation of more effective, responsible democratic relations between state power and civil society, is the first priority of the transformation of state power in the conditions of modern transformations of countries and societies. It is substantiated that the research of these problems will open up much wider opportunities for the provi- sion of state power not as a center authority, but also as a leading political structure but as a power of the people and the community. In the context of global democratization processes, such processes are crucial for a more humanistic and civilized arrangement of human life. It is noted that local self-government, as a specific form of public power, is also characterized by an expressive feature of a special subject of power (territorial community) as a set of large numbers of people; joint communal property; tax system, etc.

Review of the state of the world market of drons and their application for agriculture

2019 ◽  
Vol 7 (3) ◽  
pp. 183-195 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anna Shevchenko ◽  
Andrey Migachev
Keyword(s):  
World Market ◽  
The State ◽  
The World
Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document