scholarly journals Social partner cooperativeness influences brain oxytocin transcription in Trinidadian guppies (Poecilia reticulata)

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sylvia Dimitriadou ◽  
Eduarda M. Santos ◽  
Darren P. Croft ◽  
Ronny van Aerle ◽  
Indar W. Ramnarine ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Poecilia Reticulata ◽  
Transcriptional Response ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Social Partner ◽  
Social Environments ◽  
Predation Threat ◽  
Predator Inspection ◽  
Social Partners ◽  
Aquatic Predators

AbstractFor non-kin cooperation to be maintained, individuals need to respond adaptively to the cooperative behaviour of their social partners. Currently, however, little is known about the biological responses of individuals to experiencing cooperation. Here, we quantify the neuroregulatory response of Trinidadian guppies (Poecilia reticulata) experiencing cooperation or defection by examining the transcriptional response of the oxytocin gene (oxt; also known as isotocin), which has been implicated in cooperative decision-making. We exposed wild-caught females to social environments where partners either cooperated or defected during predator inspection, or to a control (non-predator inspection) context, and quantified the relative transcription of the oxt gene. We tested an experimental group, originating from a site where individuals are under high predation threat and have previous experience of large aquatic predators (HP), and a control group, where individuals are under low predation threat and naïve to large aquatic predators (LP). In HP, but not LP, fish brain mid-section oxt relative transcription varied depending on social partner behaviour. HP fish experiencing cooperation during predator inspection had lower oxt transcription than those experiencing defection. This effect was not present in the control population or in the control context, where the behaviour of social partners did not affect oxt transcription. Our findings provide insight into the neuromodulation underpinning behavioural responses to social experiences, and ultimately to the proximate mechanisms underlying social decision-making.

Inspraak van het lid in het VBO

Res Publica ◽  
1995 ◽  
Vol 37 (1) ◽  
pp. 31-34
Author(s):  
Wilfried Bernaert
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
The Political ◽  
Social Partner ◽  
Decision Making Process ◽  
Guiding Principle ◽  
Social Partners ◽  
Democratic System ◽  
High Degree ◽  
Political Decisions

The Federation of Belgian companies (VBO/FEB) is a confederation which groups 36 branch associations covering 30. 000 individual firms. About 85 % are small and medium-sizedfirms occupying less than 50 employees. The VBO/FEB is the most important exponent of the high degree of affiliation on the employers' side.  The process of decision making reflects the structure of the federation. The mandate is defined in the board of the VBO/FEB, composed by a representative ofeach branch association. This representative holds his mandate on the basis of the deliberations held in the elected board of his association. The guiding principle is consensus, which is not synonymous of unanimity. When a consistent and representative majority emerges from the debate, the members holding another opinion join that majority in a spirit ofemployers' solidarity. The decision making process aims in this way to combine efficiency and democracy. This is particularly important for the VBO/FEB, as that organisation not only acts as a lobby but also as a social partner able to conclude agreements.  In the Belgian system, social partners are consulted by the authorities, because of their representativeness. It must however be clear that they may not interfere with the political decisions which in our democratic system rest with government and parliament.

scholarly journals Institutions or resources and capabilities? Explaining engagement in European sectoral social dialogue

2021 ◽  
pp. 0143831X2110160
Author(s):  
Thomas Prosser ◽  
Barbara Bechter ◽  
Manuela Galetto ◽  
Sabrina Weber ◽  
Bengt Larsson
Keyword(s):  
Institutional Theory ◽  
Social Partner ◽  
Transnational Governance ◽  
Social Dialogue ◽  
Partner Preferences ◽  
Institutional Influences ◽  
Social Partners ◽  
Resources And Capabilities ◽  
Insight Into

In this article the authors analyse social partner engagement in European sectoral social dialogue, testing two prominent theories to disentangle sector and country dynamics: institutional and resources and capabilities theories. While institutional theory accounted for certain social partner preferences, resources and capability theory proved stronger in predicting participation and provided insight into regulatory preferences. The authors conclude that resources and capability theory better explains their case, associating it with weaknesses of transnational governance. Specifically, limited incentives for participation mean that social partners with fewer resources forego participation, entailing pre-eminence of social partners with greater resources and hindering outcomes reflecting national institutional influences.

scholarly journals Shared decision making and patient-centeredness for patients with poorly controlled type 2 diabetes mellitus in primary care—results of the cluster-randomised controlled DEBATE trial

2021 ◽  
Vol 22 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Anja Wollny ◽  
Christin Löffler ◽  
Eva Drewelow ◽  
Attila Altiner ◽  
Christian Helbig ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Diabetes Mellitus ◽  
Type 2 Diabetes ◽  
Decision Making ◽  
Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus ◽  
Shared Decision Making ◽  
Intervention Group ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Shared Decision ◽  
Patient Centeredness

Abstract Background We investigate whether an educational intervention of GPs increases patient-centeredness and perceived shared decision making in the treatment of patients with poorly controlled type 2 diabetes mellitus? Methods We performed a cluster-randomized controlled trial in German primary care. Patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus defined as HbA1c levels ≥ 8.0% (64 mmol/mol) at the time of recruitment (n = 833) from general practitioners (n = 108) were included. Outcome measures included subjective shared decision making (SDM-Q-9; scale from 0 to 45 (high)) and patient-centeredness (PACIC-D; scale from 1 to 5 (high)) as secondary outcomes. Data collection was performed before intervention (baseline, T0), at 6 months (T1), at 12 months (T2), at 18 months (T3), and at 24 months (T4) after baseline. Results Subjective shared decision making decreased in both groups during the course of the study (intervention group: -3.17 between T0 and T4 (95% CI: -4.66, -1.69; p < 0.0001) control group: -2.80 (95% CI: -4.30, -1.30; p = 0.0003)). There were no significant differences between the two groups (-0.37; 95% CI: -2.20, 1.45; p = 0.6847). The intervention's impact on patient-centeredness was minor. Values increased in both groups, but the increase was not statistically significant, nor was the difference between the groups. Conclusions The intervention did not increase patient perceived subjective shared decision making and patient-centeredness in the intervention group as compared to the control group. Effects in both groups might be partially attributed to the Hawthorne-effect. Future trials should focus on patient-based intervention elements to investigate effects on shared decision making and patient-centeredness. Trial registration The trial was registered on March 10th, 2011 at ISRCTN registry under the reference ISRCTN70713571.

scholarly journals Opening the black box: Actors and interactions shaping European sectoral social dialogue

2021 ◽  
pp. 095968012110000
Author(s):  
Barbara Bechter ◽  
Sabrina Weber ◽  
Manuela Galetto ◽  
Bengt Larsson ◽  
Thomas Prosser
Keyword(s):  
European Union ◽  
Black Box ◽  
Social Partner ◽  
Organizational Resources ◽  
Eu Policy ◽  
Social Dialogue ◽  
Or Groups ◽  
Social Partners ◽  
Work Programme

This article highlights the importance of organizational resources and individual capabilities for interactions and relationships among social partners in European sectoral social dialogue committees (SSDCs). We use an actor-centred approach to investigate work programme setting in the hospital and metalworking SSDCs. Our research reveals differences in how European social partner organizations coordinate and integrate members in SSDCs. In hospital, European Union (EU)-social partners build bridges that span otherwise separate actors or groups. The findings suggest that the absence of bridging efforts can lead to the dominance of a few actors. In metalworking, small cohesive groups are more effective in forming close networks and determining work programmes. While work programmes in hospital represent issues which are on national agendas, in metalworking, they focus mainly on EU policy areas.

scholarly journals Arousability, Personality, and Decision-Making Ability in Dissociative Disorder

2021 ◽  
pp. 025371762098155
Author(s):  
Doyel Ghosh ◽  
Pritha Mukhopadhyay ◽  
Ishani Chatterjee ◽  
Prasanta Kumar Roy
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Iowa Gambling Task ◽  
Psychiatric Patients ◽  
Economic Status ◽  
Reaction Time Task ◽  
Conversion Disorder ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Personality Disposition

Background: There is a gap in understanding the pathogenesis of dissociative conversion disorder (DCD), despite the disorder having a strong historical root. The role of personality and neurocognitive factors are now highlighted; however, inconsistencies are reported. This study explores the personality disposition, arousability, and decision-making ability of patients with DCD, in reference to a healthy control group (HCG). Methods: In this cross-sectional study, the sample comprised ten adult psychiatric patients with DCD. Ten participants of the HCG were matched according to age, gender, education, economic status, domicile, religious background, and handedness. The study assessed personality disposition with Temperament and Character Inventory, arousability with reaction time task, and decision-making ability with the Iowa Gambling Task (IGT PEBL version). Results: The DCD group differed significantly on personality disposition related to both temperament and character. There was also evidence of easy arousability and frustration along with deficit in executive function related to decision-making ability. Conclusion: This study highlights the presence of both temperamental and characterological factors associated with DCD. Moreover, this study identifies the role of cognitive arousability and decision-making or feedback utilization ability in the psychopathology of DCD.

scholarly journals Trinidadian guppies use a social heuristic that can support cooperation among non-kin

2020 ◽  
Vol 287 (1934) ◽  
pp. 20200487 ◽  
Author(s):  
Safi K. Darden ◽  
Richard James ◽  
James M. Cave ◽  
Josefine Bohr Brask ◽  
Darren P. Croft
Keyword(s):  
Poecilia Reticulata ◽  
Social Space ◽  
Inclusive Fitness ◽  
Single Point ◽  
Theoretical Work ◽  
Evolution Of Cooperation ◽  
Social Partner ◽  
Proximate Mechanisms ◽  
Cognitive Limitations ◽  
Fitness Benefits

Cooperation among non-kin is well documented in humans and widespread in non-human animals, but explaining the occurrence of cooperation in the absence of inclusive fitness benefits has proven a significant challenge. Current theoretical explanations converge on a single point: cooperators can prevail when they cluster in social space. However, we know very little about the real-world mechanisms that drive such clustering, particularly in systems where cognitive limitations make it unlikely that mechanisms such as score keeping and reputation are at play. Here, we show that Trinidadian guppies ( Poecilia reticulata ) use a ‘walk away’ strategy, a simple social heuristic by which assortment by cooperativeness can come about among mobile agents. Guppies cooperate during predator inspection and we found that when experiencing defection in this context, individuals prefer to move to a new social environment, despite having no prior information about this new social group. Our results provide evidence in non-human animals that individuals use a simple social partner updating strategy in response to defection, supporting theoretical work applying heuristics to understanding the proximate mechanisms underpinning the evolution of cooperation among non-kin.

Developing and evaluating the Teen-Strong life skills programme in Southern Thailand

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Treenut Pummanee ◽  
Sopen Chunuan ◽  
Yacob G Tedla ◽  
Shutiwan Purinthrapibal ◽  
Nichara Chupon
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Teenage Pregnancy ◽  
Life Skills ◽  
Sexual Education ◽  
World Health ◽  
Control Group ◽  
P Values ◽  
Sexual Behaviours ◽  
Southern Thailand ◽  
Strong Programme

Summary Risk sexual behaviours are known as a threat to health and wellbeing of adolescents. Although there are standard sexual education curriculums in Thai schools, most schools use traditional teaching methods rather than participatory teaching activities. This study aimed to (i) develop ‘Teen-Strong’ programme by combining the concept of the World Health Organization’s life skills programme with Thai sexual education curriculum and (ii) investigate the association of Teen-Strong programme with knowledge and decision-making regarding risky sexual behaviours and teenage pregnancy in Thai adolescents. The Teen-Strong programme was developed by means of experts review and cognitive interviewing process and evaluated in 66 adolescents in Grades 7–9 from six schools in southern Thailand. Twenty-six students were assigned to the experimental group (attended Teen-Strong programme and standard sexual education) and 40 to the control group (attended only the standard sexual education). A pre–post-test quasi-experimental design was used and the Teen-Strong questionnaire (TSQ) was administered to measure knowledge and decision-making at three time points: before (T1), immediately after (T2) and 1 month after (T3) attending the programme. A 2 × 3 mixed-design ANOVA was used to analyse the data. TSQ scores in the experimental and control groups were higher at T2 and T3 as compared with T1. Mean increase in TSQ scores at T2 and T3 compared with T1 were significantly higher in the experiment than the control group [T2 vs. T1: t (64) = 4.07, p-values &lt; 0.0001; T3 vs. T1: t (64) = 3.32, p-values = 0.017]. This study showed that Teen-Strong programme could increase adolescent’s knowledge and decision-making skills regarding risk sexual behaviours.

Interventi psicologici a sostegno dell'imprenditoria femminile: evidenze empiriche di efficacia nel contesto italiano

RISORSA UOMO ◽  
2013 ◽  
pp. 455-470
Author(s):  
Annamaria Di Fabio ◽  
Letizia Palazzeschi ◽  
Francesca Camilli ◽  
Antonio Raschi
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Social Policy ◽  
Self Efficacy ◽  
Career Decision ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Competence Assessment ◽  
Career Decision Making ◽  
The Social ◽  
Experimental Group

The present work aims to evaluate the effectiveness of a competence assessment intervention for professional enterprising effected with entrepreneurs of the agriculture and textile craft sectors and carried out within the project Guidance Paths (Percorsi di orientamento), a three-year project supported by the Italian Ministry of Labour and the Social Policy. The study used an experimental group (55 participants) that received a competence assessment intervention and a control group (37 participants). The results showed a decrease in career decision-making difficulties and an increase in career decision- making self-efficacy in the experimental group suggesting the effectiveness of competence assessment for entrepreneurship of women.

Optimizing patient adherence to stroke rehabilitation: A mixed method telerehabilitation trial (Preprint)

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Isabelle Gaboury ◽  
Michel Tousignant ◽  
Hélène Corriveau ◽  
Matthew Menear ◽  
Guylaine Le Dorze ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Shared Decision Making ◽  
Stroke Rehabilitation ◽  
Patient Adherence ◽  
Interprofessional Collaboration ◽  
Interdisciplinary Collaboration ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Shared Decision ◽  
The Impact

BACKGROUND Strong evidence supports beginning stroke rehabilitation as soon as the patient’s medical status has stabilized and continuing following discharge from acute care. However, adherence to rehabilitation treatments over the rehabilitation phase has been shown to be suboptimal. OBJECTIVE Objective: The aim of this study is to assess the impact of a telerehabilitation platform on stroke patients’ adherence to a rehabilitation plan and on their level of reintegration to normal social activities, in comparison with usual care. The primary outcome is patient adherence to stroke rehabilitation (up to 12 weeks), which is hypothesized to influence reintegration to normal living. Secondary outcomes for patients include functional recovery and independence, depression, adverse events related to telerehabilitation, use of services (up to 6 months), perception of interprofessional shared decision making, and quality of services received. Interprofessional collaboration as well as quality of interprofessional shared decision making will be measured on clinicians. METHODS In this interrupted time series with a convergent qualitative component, rehabilitation teams will be trained to develop rehabilitation treatment plans that engage the patient and family, while taking advantage of a telerehabilitation platform to deliver the treatment. The intervention will entail 220 patients to receive stroke telerehabilitation with an interdisciplinary group of clinicians (telerehabilitation) versus face-to-face, standard of care (n = 110 patients). RESULTS Results: Our Research Ethics Board has approved the study in June 2020. Data collection for the control group is underway, with another year planned before we begin the intervention phase. CONCLUSIONS This study will contribute to minimize both knowledge and practice gaps, while producing robust, in-depth data on the factors related to the effectiveness of telerehabilitation in a stroke rehabilitation continuum. Findings will inform best practices guidelines regarding telecare services and the provision of telerehabilitation, including recommendations regarding effective interdisciplinary collaboration regarding stroke rehabilitation. CLINICALTRIAL ClinicalTrials.gov NCT04440215

scholarly journals Explicit and implicit markers of fairness preeminence in criminal judges

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Hernando Santamaría-García ◽  
Jorge Martínez Cotrina ◽  
Nicolas Florez Torres ◽  
Carlos Buitrago ◽  
Diego Mauricio Aponte-Canencio ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Ultimatum Game ◽  
Reaction Times ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Physiological Factors ◽  
Social Decision ◽  
Implicit Measurement ◽  
New Research ◽  
Social Decision Making ◽  
The Impact

AbstractAchieving justice could be considered a complex social decision-making scenario. Despite the relevance of social decisions for legal contexts, these processes have still not been explored for individuals who work as criminal judges dispensing justice. To bridge the gap, we used a complex social decision-making task (Ultimatum game) and tracked a heart rate variability measurement: the square root of the mean squared differences of successive NN intervals (RMSSD) at their baseline (as an implicit measurement that tracks emotion regulation behavior) for criminal judges (n = 24) and a control group (n = 27). Our results revealed that, compared to controls, judges were slower and rejected a bigger proportion of unfair offers. Moreover, the rate of rejections and the reaction times were predicted by higher RMSSD scores for the judges. This study provides evidence about the impact of legal background and expertise in complex social decision-making. Our results contribute to understanding how expertise can shape criminal judges’ social behaviors and pave the way for promising new research into the cognitive and physiological factors associated with social decision-making.

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