scholarly journals Arousability, Personality, and Decision-Making Ability in Dissociative Disorder

2021 ◽  
pp. 025371762098155
Author(s):  
Doyel Ghosh ◽  
Pritha Mukhopadhyay ◽  
Ishani Chatterjee ◽  
Prasanta Kumar Roy
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Iowa Gambling Task ◽  
Psychiatric Patients ◽  
Economic Status ◽  
Reaction Time Task ◽  
Conversion Disorder ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Personality Disposition

Background: There is a gap in understanding the pathogenesis of dissociative conversion disorder (DCD), despite the disorder having a strong historical root. The role of personality and neurocognitive factors are now highlighted; however, inconsistencies are reported. This study explores the personality disposition, arousability, and decision-making ability of patients with DCD, in reference to a healthy control group (HCG). Methods: In this cross-sectional study, the sample comprised ten adult psychiatric patients with DCD. Ten participants of the HCG were matched according to age, gender, education, economic status, domicile, religious background, and handedness. The study assessed personality disposition with Temperament and Character Inventory, arousability with reaction time task, and decision-making ability with the Iowa Gambling Task (IGT PEBL version). Results: The DCD group differed significantly on personality disposition related to both temperament and character. There was also evidence of easy arousability and frustration along with deficit in executive function related to decision-making ability. Conclusion: This study highlights the presence of both temperamental and characterological factors associated with DCD. Moreover, this study identifies the role of cognitive arousability and decision-making or feedback utilization ability in the psychopathology of DCD.

scholarly journals Psychiatric patients at general hospital emergency departments

2020 ◽  
Vol 31 (1) ◽  
pp. 7-14
Author(s):  
Shafquat Waheed ◽  
Md Golam Rabbani ◽  
Abdullah Al Mamun ◽  
Jhunu Shamsun Nahar ◽  
Khaleda Begum ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Emergency Departments ◽  
Psychiatric Illness ◽  
Single Case ◽  
Psychiatric Patients ◽  
Conversion Disorder ◽  
Income Group ◽  
College Hospital ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Total Study Population ◽  
Medical College

A cross-sectional descriptive type of study on 357 patients was carried out in the emergency departments of Dhaka Medical College Hospital (DMCH) and Shahid Sohrawardy Medical College (SSMCH), Dhaka in 2011 to find out the incidence and socio-demographic characteristics of psychiatric morbidities among the patients attended there. The patients were interviewed using GHQ-28 and SCID-I, All GHQ-28 screen positive and 25% of screen negative respondents (total 158) were assessed by SCID-I. Among them 42 (11.76% of all 357 cases) respondents were found with some form of psychiatric illness. Diagnosis of psychiatric illness was significantly higher in those scored 4 or more in GHQ-28. More psychiatric cases were found among 18-25 years age group (50%), male gender (54.76%), urban population (69.05%), Muslims (85.71%), being single (54.76%), patients with secondary level of education (45.24%), housewives (26.19%), members of nuclear families (78.57%), and members of lower-income group. Among these 42 psychiatric cases, 22 were assessed by a psychiatrist who was blind about GHQ-28 score and SCID-I diagnosis. Out of these psychiatrically ill 42 cases, Major Depressive Disorder was in 9 (2.52% of the total study population of 357), Conversion Disorder was in 8 (2.24%) and Anxiety Disorder was in 7 (1.96%) respondents. There were two cases of Bipolar I Disorder and a single case of extrapyramidal side effects (EPSEs) with schizophrenia. Psychiatric illnesses are important issues at the emergency departments which require special attention. Bang J Psychiatry June 2017; 31(1): 7-14

Role of diffusion tensor imaging in the evaluation of ulnar nerve involvement in leprosy

2021 ◽  
pp. 20210290
Author(s):  
Ankita Aggarwal ◽  
Chandan Jyoti Das ◽  
Neena Khanna ◽  
Raju Sharma ◽  
Deep Narayan Srivastava ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Diffusion Tensor Imaging ◽  
Peripheral Neuropathy ◽  
Ulnar Nerve ◽  
Diffusion Tensor ◽  
Cross Sectional Area ◽  
Ulnar Neuropathy ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Sectional Area ◽  
Cross Sectional

Objective: Early detection of peripheral neuropathy is extremely important as leprosy is one of the treatable causes of peripheral neuropathy. The study was undertaken to assess the role of diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) in ulnar neuropathy in leprosy patients. Methods: This was a case–control study including 38 patients (72 nerves) and 5 controls (10 nerves) done between January 2017 and June 2019. Skin biopsy proven cases of leprosy, having symptoms of ulnar neuropathy (proven on nerve conduction study) were included. MRI was performed on a 3 T MR system. Mean cross-sectional area, fractional anisotropy (FA) and apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC) values of ulnar nerve at cubital tunnel were calculated. Additional ancillary findings and appearance of base sequences were evaluated. Results: Ulnar nerve showed thickening with altered T2W signal in all the affected nerves, having an average cross-sectional area of 0.26 cm2. Low FA with mean of 0.397 ± 0.19 and high ADC with mean of 1.28 ± 0.427 x 10 −3 mm2/s of ulnar nerve in retrocondylar groove was obtained. In the control group, mean cross-sectional area was 0.71cm2 with mean FA and ADC of 0.53 ± 0.088 and 1.03 ± 0.24 x 10 −3 mm2/s respectively. Statistically no significant difference was seen in diseased and control group. Cut-off to detect neuropathy for FA and ADC is 0.4835 and 1.1020 × 10 −3 mm2/s respectively. Conclusion: DTI though is challenging in peripheral nerves, however, is proving to be a powerful complementary tool for assessment of peripheral neuropathy. Our study validates its utility in infective neuropathies. Advances in knowledge: 1. DTI is a potential complementary tool for detection of peripheral neuropathies and can be incorporated in standard MR neurography protocol. 2. In leprosy-related ulnar neuropathy, altered signal intensity with thickening or abscess of the nerve is appreciated along with locoregional nodes and secondary denervation changes along with reduction of FA and rise in ADC value. 3. Best cut-offs obtained in our study for FA and ADC are 0.4835 and 1.1020 × 10 −3 mm2/s respectively.

scholarly journals The role of perceived barriers in explaining socio-economic status differences in adherence to the fruit, vegetable and fish guidelines in older adults: a mediation study

2014 ◽  
Vol 18 (5) ◽  
pp. 797-808 ◽  
Author(s):  
S Coosje Dijkstra ◽  
Judith E Neter ◽  
Maartje M van Stralen ◽  
Dirk L Knol ◽  
Ingeborg A Brouwer ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Older Adults ◽  
Economic Status ◽  
Community Dwelling ◽  
Dietary Guidelines ◽  
Perceived Barriers ◽  
High Price ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Mediating Role ◽  
Socio Economic Status

AbstractObjectiveWe aimed to identify barriers for meeting the fruit, vegetable and fish guidelines in older Dutch adults and to investigate socio-economic status (SES) differences in these barriers. Furthermore, we examined the mediating role of these barriers in the association between SES and adherence to these guidelines.DesignCross-sectional.SettingLongitudinal Aging Study Amsterdam (LASA), the Netherlands.SubjectsWe used data from 1057 community-dwelling adults, aged 55–85 years. SES was measured by level of education and household income. An FFQ was used to assess dietary intake and barriers were measured with a self-reported lifestyle questionnaire.ResultsOverall, 48·9 % of the respondents perceived a barrier to adhere to the fruit guideline, 40·0 % for the vegetable and 51·1 % for the fish guideline. The most frequently perceived barriers to meet the guidelines were the high price of fruit and fish and a poor appetite for vegetables. Lower-SES groups met the guidelines less often and perceived more barriers. The association between income and adherence to the fruit guideline was mediated by ‘perceiving any barrier to meet the fruit guideline’ and the barrier ‘dislike fruit’. The association between income and adherence to the fish guideline was mediated by ‘perceiving any barrier to meet the fish guideline’ and the barrier ‘fish is expensive’.ConclusionsPerceived barriers for meeting the dietary guidelines are common in older adults, especially in lower-SES groups. These barriers and in particular disliking and cost concerns explained the lower adherence to the guidelines for fruit and fish in lower-income groups in older adults.

Better tests of consciousness are needed, but skepticism about unconscious processes is unwarranted

2014 ◽  
Vol 37 (1) ◽  
pp. 36-37 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ryan Ogilvie ◽  
Peter Carruthers
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Iowa Gambling Task ◽  
Causal Role ◽  
Gambling Task ◽  
Unconscious Thought ◽  
Unconscious Processes

AbstractWhat people report is, at times, the best evidence we have for what they experience. Newell & Shanks (N&S) do a service for debates regarding the role of unconscious influences on decision making by offering some sound methodological recommendations. We doubt, however, that those recommendations go far enough. For even if people have knowledge of the factors that influence their decisions, it does not follow that such knowledge is conscious, and plays a causal role, at the time the decision is made. Moreover, N&S fail to demonstrate that unconscious thought plays no role at all in decision making. Indeed, such a claim is quite implausible. In making these points we comment on their discussion of the literature on expertise acquisition and the Iowa Gambling Task.

scholarly journals Role of Resilience in Burden and Perceived Public Stigma among Primary Caregivers of Psychiatric Patients

2021 ◽  
Vol 2 (2) ◽  
pp. 147-155
Author(s):  
Farah Saleem ◽  
Kehkashan Arouj ◽  
Sabir Zaman ◽  
Azmat Shaheen
Keyword(s):  
Psychological Health ◽  
Psychiatric Patients ◽  
Primary Caregivers ◽  
Positive Association ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Public Stigma ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Public And Private ◽  
Resilience Scale

The current study intended to find out the role of resilience on perceived public stigma and burden among primary caregivers of the psychiatric patients. The current study highlighted the psychological health of caregivers. A cross sectional study was conducted in region of Islamabad and Rawalpindi, Pakistan. A total of 250 caregivers participated in the study, whom 125 were male and 125 were female caregivers, age range was 25-60 years (M=31.61, SD=5.93). The data was collected from public and private hospitals.  Three scales were used for data collection. The resilience was measured through Urdu translated resilience scale, public stigma was assessed by using Urdu version of perceived public stigma, and Burden was measured through interview.  The result showed that resilience was negatively associated with burden and perceived public stigma (p< 0.01). Further, the multiple regression showed that resilience acted as moderator between public stigma and burden (? = -1.02, p< .001). The result supported a positive association between public stigma, burden and resilience among caregivers of psychiatric patients.

scholarly journals Evaluation of spontaneous retinal venous pulsation in primary open-angle and primary angle-closure glaucoma patients

2020 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
pp. 27-41
Author(s):  
Sylves Patrick ◽  
Chan Hui Tze ◽  
Rasdi Abdul Rashid ◽  
Liza Sharmini Ahmad Tajudin
Keyword(s):  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Angle Closure ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Sectional Study ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Primary Angle Closure ◽  
Primary Angle Closure Glaucoma ◽  
Venous Pulsation ◽  
Primary Glaucoma

Introduction: Spontaneous retinal venous pulsation (SRVP) is a rhythmic variation in the calibre of one or more retinal veins. The incidence of SRVP was reduced in glaucoma patients. It was also reduced in people with raised intracranial pressure compared to a healthy population. Purpose: The main objective was to report the frequency and rate of SRVP in primary open-angle glaucoma (POAG) and primary angle-closure glaucoma (PACG) patients and to associate these with the severity of glaucoma in Malay patients. Design of study: A comparative cross-sectional study. Materials and methods: A comparative cross-sectional study involving primary glaucoma patients attending the eye clinic at Hospital Universiti Sains Malaysia (HUSM), Kelantan, Malaysia, was performed between December 2015 and June 2017. The main outcomes measured were the presence and rate of SRVP using a confocalscanning laser ophthalmoscope (Spectralis High-Resolution Optical Coherence Tomography Angiography, Heidelberg Engineering GmbH, Heidelberg, Germany). In the presence of SRVP, the rate of SRVP in one minute was counted manually based on the real-time fundus movie recorded using the confocal scanning laser ophthalmoscope. Results: Thirty-eight POAG, 14 PACG, and 51 control group subjects were included. There was a significantly lower incidence of SRVP in primary glaucoma patients than in the control group (p = 0.003). The presence of SRVP was significantly lower in POAG than PACG (p = 0.04). There was no significant difference in the rate ofSRVP between primary glaucoma patients and the control group (p = 0.873) or between the POAG group and PACG group (p = 0.511). There was no association of incidence (p = 0.574) and rate (p = 0.167) of SRVP according to the severity of glaucoma. Systolic blood pressure (95% CI: 0.95–1.00, p = 0.038) and retinal nervefibre layer thickness (95% CI: 1.01–1.09, p = 0.008) showed a significant association with the presence of SRVP. Conclusions: SRVP is a potential predictive factor for detection of primary glaucoma. The role of SRVP in the severity of glaucoma is still unclear. The role of SRVP in PACG patients warrants further studies in the future.

scholarly journals Evaluar la creatividad y las funciones ejecutivas: propuesta para la escuela del futuro

2021 ◽  
Vol 24 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Inmaculada Sánchez-Macías ◽  
Jairo Rodríguez-Media ◽  
José Luis Aparicio-Herguedas
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Working Memory ◽  
Executive Functions ◽  
Creative Thinking ◽  
Formative Evaluation ◽  
Iowa Gambling Task ◽  
Gambling Task ◽  
School Students ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Toma De Decisiones

Se presenta un estudio que pretende proponer estrategias de intervención didáctica y de evaluación para desarrollar y mejorar el funcionamiento ejecutivo y la creatividad en el alumnado de secundaria. Dicho estudio parte del análisis de las variables creatividad y funciones ejecutivas (memoria de trabajo (actualización), planificación, inhibición (verbal y motora), flexibilidad y toma de decisiones) medidas a través del Test de pensamiento creativo de Torrance(creatividad), la Escala de inteligencia de Weschler (WISC-IV, memoria de trabajo), Torre de Hanoi (planificación), Stroop (inhibición verbal), Go/no Go (inhibición motora), Test de Categorías de Wisconsin (flexibilidad) y el Iowa Gambling Task (toma de decisiones). Se han buscado las posibles relaciones entre las variables a partir de un diseño descriptivo, correlacional y transversal, en el que los resultados muestran que flexibilidad y creatividad se relacionan (r=) e inhibición verbal y creatividad también se relacionan (r=). A la luz de estos resultados se proponen estrategias metodológicas basadas en la investigación y la resolución de problemas y de evaluación formativa que insten, activando las funciones ejecutivas, a la autoevalución crítica, participada, la evaluación compartida con iguales. A study is presented that aims to propose didactic intervention and evaluation strategies to develop and improve executive functioning and creativity in secondary school students. Said study starts from the analysis of the variables creativity and executive functions (working memory (updating), planning, inhibition (verbal and motor), flexibility and decision-making) measured through the Torrance Creative Thinking Test (creativity), Weschler Intelligence Scale (WISC-IV, working memory), Tower of Hanoi (planning), Stroop (verbal inhibition), Go / no Go (motor inhibition), Wisconsin Category Test (flexibility) and the Iowa Gambling Task (decision making). The possible relationships between the variables have been sought from a descriptive, correlational and cross-sectional design, in which the results show that flexibility and creativity are related (r =) and verbal inhibition and creativity are also related (r =). In light of these results, methodological strategies based on research and problem solving and formative evaluation are proposed that encourage, activating executive functions, critical, participatory self-evaluation, shared evaluation with peers.

scholarly journals Examining the Predictive Role of Mindfulness in Forgiveness and Happiness among Psychiatric Patients

2017 ◽  
Vol 2 (2) ◽  
pp. 163-176
Author(s):  
Momina Abid
Keyword(s):  
Psychiatric Disorders ◽  
Psychiatric Patients ◽  
Research Result ◽  
Strongly Correlated ◽  
Subjective Happiness ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Subjective Happiness Scale ◽  
Government Hospitals ◽  
Predictive Role

Mindfulness allows human to experience feelings such as forgiveness and happiness leading to an overall increase in wellbeing. Present study was carried out to explore the predictive role of mindfulness in forgiveness and happiness among psychiatric patients. It was also aimed to find out the level of mindfulness, forgiveness and happiness in patients with psychiatric disorders. Cross Sectional Research Design was selected. Study conducted in different government hospitals of Multan and completed in 6 months from January 2015 to June 2015.Through random sampling 150 diagnosed patients were taken from differ hospitals of Multan. Mindfulness Attention Awareness Scale (Brown & Ryan, 2003), Heartland Forgiveness Scale (Thompson et al., 2005) and Subjective Happiness Scale (Lyubomirsky & Lepper, 1999) was used in present research. Result indicated that mindfulness was positively and strongly correlated with forgiveness and happiness. Findings depict that level of mindfulness and forgiveness was different in patients with psychiatric disorders but no differences were found on the level of happiness .Current study concludes that mindfulness has significant positive relationship with forgiveness and happiness. Mindfulness has significant impact on forgiveness and happiness. Findings also conclude that significant differences in the level of mindfulness and forgiveness among patient with different psychiatric disorders. But no significant differences were found in the level of happiness among patient with different psychiatric disorders. Current research supports us to understand the significance of mindfulness, by embracing level of mindfulness, individual can also embrace tendency of forgiveness, happiness, peace, hope, gratitude and joy these are path that lead to mental health.

scholarly journals The Orbitofrontal Cortex Represents Advantageous Choice in the Iowa Gambling Task

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rujing Zha ◽  
Peng Li ◽  
Ying Li ◽  
Nan Li ◽  
Meijun Gao ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Orbitofrontal Cortex ◽  
Iowa Gambling Task ◽  
Real Life ◽  
Binary Choice ◽  
Learning Tools ◽  
Gambling Task ◽  
Complex Decision Making ◽  
Complex Decision

Abstract A good-based model proposes that the orbitofrontal cortex (OFC) represents binary choice outcome, i.e., the chosen good. Previous studies have found that the OFC represents the binary choice outcome in decision-making tasks involving commodity type, cost, risk, and delay. Real-life decisions are often complex and involve uncertainty, rewards, and penalties; however, whether the OFC represents binary choice outcomes in a such decision-making situation, e.g., Iowa gambling task (IGT), remains unclear. Here, we propose that the OFC represents binary choice outcome, i.e., advantageous choice versus disadvantageous choice, in the IGT. We propose two hypotheses: first, the activity pattern in the human OFC represents an advantageous choice; and second, choice induces an OFC-related functional network. Using functional magnetic resonance imaging and advanced machine learning tools, we found that the OFC represented an advantageous choice in the IGT. The OFC representation of advantageous choice was related to decision-making performance. Choice modulated the functional connectivity between the OFC and the superior medial gyrus. In conclusion, the OFC represents an advantageous choice during the IGT. In the framework of a good-based model, the results extend the role of the OFC to complex decision-making when making a binary choice.

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