scholarly journals A folder mechanism ensures size uniformity among C. elegans individuals by coupling growth and development

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Benjamin D. Towbin ◽  
Helge Grosshans
Keyword(s):  
Growth Rate ◽  
Body Size ◽  
Growth And Development ◽  
Volume Growth ◽  
Intrinsic Property ◽  
Fold Change ◽  
Body Volume ◽  
Oscillatory Circuit ◽  
C Elegans ◽  
Size Uniformity

AbstractAnimals increase by orders of magnitude in their volume during development. Hence, even small differences in the growth rates between individuals could generate large differences in their adult body size. Yet, such volume divergence among individuals is usually not observed in nature.We combined theory and experiment to understand the mechanisms of body size uniformity. Using live imaging, we measured the volume growth of hundreds of individuals of C. elegans over the entire span of their postembryonic development. We find that C. elegans grows exponentially in volume with a coefficient of variation of the growth rate of ∼7%, but that individuals diverge much less in volume than expected from this heterogeneity. The mechanism counteracting size divergence does not involve size thresholds for developmental milestones. Instead, an inverse coupling of the growth rate and the duration of development produces a constant volume fold change per larval stage.The duration of larval stages of C. elegans is determined by the period of a developmental oscillator. Using mathematical modelling, we show that an anti-correlation between the growth rate and the oscillatory period emerges as an intrinsic property of a genetic oscillator. We propose that the robustness of body volume fold change is a hard-wired characteristic of the oscillatory circuit and does not require elaborate mechanisms of size control by cellular signalling. Indeed, the coupling of growth and development was unaltered by mutation of canonical pathways of growth control. This novel concept of size homeostasis may broadly apply to other multicellular systems controlled by genetic oscillators.

scholarly journals Growth and development of shoot apex in barley II. Distribution of growth rates during vegetative phase

2014 ◽  
Vol 49 (1-2) ◽  
pp. 33-48 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zygmunt Hejnowicz ◽  
Wiesław Włoch
Keyword(s):  
Growth Rate ◽  
Shoot Apex ◽  
Growth And Development ◽  
Distal Part ◽  
Relative Rate ◽  
Volume Growth ◽  
Leaf Primordia ◽  
Relative Growth ◽  
Apical Dome ◽  
The Mean

The changes in the volume of the apical dome and of the frusta indicate that the mean relative rate of volume growth of the whole apical dome is much higher than in the first frustum which, in turn, grows much faster than the next one. It was found in studies of the distribution of mitoses and of cell arrangement that the volume relative growth rate of the distal part of the apical dome is at least 5-10 times slower than that at the level of new leaf primordia initiation.

Seasonal Influence on the Strategies of Growth and Development of Canvasback and Lesser Scaup Ducklings

The Auk ◽  
1984 ◽  
Vol 101 (1) ◽  
pp. 121-133 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jill P. Lightbody ◽  
C. Davison Ankney
Keyword(s):  
Growth Rate ◽  
Body Size ◽  
Growth And Development ◽  
Muscle Growth ◽  
Digestive Organs ◽  
Lesser Scaup ◽  
South Central ◽  
Younger Age ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Rates Of Growth

Abstract Eggs of a seasonally early-nesting species of diving duck (Aythyini), the Canvasback (Aythya valisineria), and a late-nesting diving species, the Lesser Scaup (Aythya affinis), were collected from south-central Manitoba. Ducklings were raised in captivity so that the pattern of growth and development of both species could be examined. Rates of growth of external components were determined in order to test the hypothesis that late-nesting species (scaup) should develop the ability to fly at a younger age and gain weight more slowly than early-hatched species (Canvasback). If Lesser Scaup acquire flight earlier, we predicted that their digestive organs would grow and develop relatively more quickly than those of Canvasbacks, enabling them to process a large amount of food at a younger age. As growth rate is related to adult body size, rates of growth of the smaller Lesser Scaup were scaled to Canvasback size at the asymptote of the juvenile growth curve. Lesser Scaup fledged when they were 6 days younger than Canvasbacks, yet there was no apparent tradeoff in total body growth, as both species fledged at approximately 92% of juvenile asymptotic weight. Flight and leg muscle growth, however, did not differ statistically between species, nor did the change in water content, an indicator of tissue maturity. This is consistent with the idea that tissue maturity, and not the ability to fly, limits growth rate. As we predicted, growth of digestive organs was significantly more rapid in Lesser Scaup than in Canvasbacks. Culmen and tarsus of Lesser Scaup also grew faster than those of Canvasbacks, and we suggest this enables scaup to become efficient foragers more rapidly. The variation in growth rates between species was partially due to the difference in body size. After accounting for this, however, we found that several organs grew faster in Lesser Scaup than in Canvasbacks. Thus, the pattern of development may be influenced by the timing of nesting.

scholarly journals Physical constraints on growth dynamics guide C. elegans developmental trajectories and animal shape

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Joy Nyaanga ◽  
Christina Goss ◽  
Gaotian Zhang ◽  
Hannah N Ahmed ◽  
Elliot J Andersen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Growth Rate ◽  
Body Size ◽  
Developmental Trajectories ◽  
Single Cells ◽  
Growth Control ◽  
Growth Dynamics ◽  
Adult Size ◽  
Physical Constraints ◽  
Size And Shape ◽  
C Elegans

Growth control is essential to establish organism size, so organisms must have mechanisms to both sense and adjust growth. Studies of single cells have revealed that size homeostasis can be achieved using distinct control methods: Sizer, Timer, and Adder. In multicellular organisms, mechanisms that regulate body size must not only control single cell growth but also integrate it across organs and tissues during development to generate adult size and shape. To investigate body size and growth control in metazoans, we can leverage the roundworm Caenorhabditis elegans as a scalable and tractable model. We collected precise growth measurements of thousands of individuals throughout larval development, measured feeding behavior to pinpoint larval transitions, and quantified highly accurate changes in animal size and shape during development. We find differences in the growth of animal length and width during larval transitions. Using a combination of quantitative measurements and mathematical modeling, we present two physical mechanisms by which C. elegans can control growth. First, constraints on cuticle stretch generate mechanical signals through which animals sense body size and initiate larval-stage transitions. Second, mechanical control of food intake drives growth rate within larval stages, but between stages, regulatory mechanisms influence growth. These results suggest how physical constraints control developmental timing and growth rate in C. elegans.

scholarly journals Assessment of the Growth and Reproductive Performance of Cloned Pietrain Boars

Animals ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (11) ◽  
pp. 2053
Author(s):  
Junsong Shi ◽  
Baohua Tan ◽  
Lvhua Luo ◽  
Zicong Li ◽  
Linjun Hong ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Growth Rate ◽  
Body Size ◽  
Growth Performance ◽  
Reproductive Performance ◽  
Semen Quality ◽  
Small Body ◽  
Economic Benefits ◽  
Large Animal ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
F1 Progeny

How to maximize the use of the genetic merits of the high-ranking boars (also called superior ones) is a considerable question in the pig breeding industry, considering the money and time spent on selection. Somatic cell nuclear transfer (SCNT) is one of the potential ways to answer the question, which can be applied to produce clones with genetic resources of superior boar for the production of commercial pigs. For practical application, it is essential to investigate whether the clones and their progeny keep behaving better than the “normal boars”, considering that in vitro culture and transfer manipulation would cause a series of harmful effects to the development of clones. In this study, 59,061 cloned embryos were transferred into 250 recipient sows to produce the clones of superior Pietrain boars. The growth performance of 12 clones and 36 non-clones and the semen quality of 19 clones and 28 non-clones were compared. The reproductive performance of 21 clones and 25 non-clones were also tested. Furthermore, we made a comparison in the growth performance between 466 progeny of the clones and 822 progeny of the non-clones. Our results showed that no significant difference in semen quality and reproductive performance was observed between the clones and the non-clones, although the clones grew slower and exhibited smaller body size than the non-clones. The F1 progeny of the clones showed a greater growth rate than the non-clones. Our results demonstrated through the large animal population showed that SCNT manipulation resulted in a low growth rate and small body size, but the clones could normally produce F1 progeny with excellent growth traits to bring more economic benefits. Therefore, SCNT could be effective in enlarging the merit genetics of the superior boars and increasing the economic benefits in pig reproduction and breeding.

scholarly journals Release of Postsenescent Dormancy in Leafy Spurge (Euphorbia esula) by Chilling

Weed Science ◽  
1988 ◽  
Vol 36 (6) ◽  
pp. 784-786 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stephen J. Harvey ◽  
Robert M. Nowierski
Keyword(s):  
Growth Rate ◽  
North America ◽  
Growth And Development ◽  
Leafy Spurge ◽  
Climatic Conditions ◽  
Euphorbia Esula ◽  
Flower Buds ◽  
Significant Growth ◽  
Number Of Stems

The growth and development of leafy spurge (Euphorbia esulaL. #3EPHES) collected during postsenescent dormancy and grown in the greenhouse was increasingly stimulated by chilling treatments longer than 14 days duration at 0 to 6 C. Production of stems with flower buds, primary flowers, and secondary flowers was greater in plants chilled for 42 days or more. The effects of chilling on total number of stems, number of strictly vegetative stems, or number of stems with vegetative branching were not significant. The height of the tallest stem per pot was influenced by chilling longer than 42 days. Growth rate also increased as a function of chilling duration. Based on our findings, we believe that there is little possibility that any significant growth can occur in the postsenescent period because of the prevailing climatic conditions found in areas of leafy spurge distribution in North America.

The effect of nursery substrate and fertilization on the growth and ectomycorrhizal status of containerized and outplanted seedlings of Picea abies

2009 ◽  
Vol 39 (1) ◽  
pp. 64-75 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lu-Min Vaario ◽  
Arja Tervonen ◽  
Kati Haukioja ◽  
Markku Haukioja ◽  
Taina Pennanen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Growth Rate ◽  
Picea Abies ◽  
Norway Spruce ◽  
Growth And Development ◽  
Organic Fertilizer ◽  
Wood Fibre ◽  
Organic Fertilizers ◽  
Relative Growth ◽  
Ecm Fungi ◽  
Influence Of Substrate

Over a 5 year period, we examined the influence of substrate and fertilization on nursery growth and outplanting performance of Norway spruce (Picea abies (L.) Karst.). We focused on the relative growth and development of roots and shoots and the colonization intensity and diversity of ectomycorrhizal (ECM) fungi. In the nursery, a conventional substrate (low-humified Sphagnum peat) supplemented with woody material (wood fibre and pine bark) and either mineral or organic fertilizers yielded shorter seedlings than those grown on the unmodified substrate. However, after outplanting, the growth rate of seedlings cultivated on modified substrates was higher than that of seedlings grown on the unmodified substrate. Seedlings cultivated in modified substrates had significantly higher root/shoot ratios and ECM diversity; the latter remained significant after ≥3 years of outplanting. Seedlings grown on a substrate containing 50% woody material and supplemented with organic fertilizer had the highest growth rate among all seedlings during the 3 year period of outplanting. Colonization intensity of ECM fungi was high in all seedlings except for those grown in heavily fertilized substrate. This study suggests that nursery techniques that produce seedlings with higher root/shoot ratios and ECM diversities could improve plantation success and growth rate for at least the first 3 years of outplanting.

Body Size and Growth Rate Influence Emigration Timing ofOncorhynchus mykiss

2013 ◽  
Vol 142 (5) ◽  
pp. 1406-1414 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ian A. Tattam ◽  
James R. Ruzycki ◽  
Hiram W. Li ◽  
Guillermo R. Giannico
Keyword(s):  
Growth Rate ◽  
Body Size

A Scientometric Mapping of Contributions to Journal of Computer Science and Technology during 2012-2016

2018 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
pp. 52-56
Author(s):  
Vimlesh Patel
Keyword(s):  
Growth Rate ◽  
Computer Science ◽  
Geographical Distribution ◽  
Growth And Development ◽  
Web Of Science ◽  
Science And Technology ◽  
Authorship Pattern ◽  
Chinese Academy Of Sciences ◽  
Prolific Authors ◽  
Academy Of Sciences

The paper presents a Scientometrics mapping of papers published inJournal of Computer Science and Technology, during 2012 to 2016 as reflected in Web of Science database. It attempts to analyze the growth and development of publications output of Journal of Computer Science and Technologyas reflected. Data for a total of 485 have been downloaded and analysed according to objectives. The study reveals thatThe year wise growth rate revel that highest no. papers published in 2015, No. of Papers: 106 (21.86%) Authorship pattern data reveals that most of the authors like to publish papers in collaborations and most preferred authorship pattern was four author i.e. no. publications for four authors were 125 (25.77 %). The Degree of Collaboration (DC) revel that DC is found highest in 0.95 Co-Authored Publication. The highly prolific authors and their publications revel that Zhang L, published highest numbers of papers (11 nos.), the geographical distribution contributions (International) is revel that Peoples R China is in the top with no. of publications is 371 (76.50%), it is found from institution-wise distribution of papers that highest contributed institutions was Chinese Academy of Sciences with 93 Publications (19.18%) is placed at 1st rank and the average of citations per year (2012-2016) were 205.

Effects of temperature on growth rate and body size in the Mediterranean Sea anemone Actinia equina

2004 ◽  
Vol 313 (1) ◽  
pp. 63-73 ◽  
Author(s):  
O. Chomsky ◽  
Y. Kamenir ◽  
M. Hyams ◽  
Z. Dubinsky ◽  
N.E. Chadwick-Furman
Keyword(s):  
Growth Rate ◽  
Body Size ◽  
Mediterranean Sea ◽  
Sea Anemone ◽  
Effects Of Temperature ◽  
The Mediterranean
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