scholarly journals SARS-CoV-2 Lambda Variant Remains Susceptible to Neutralization by mRNA Vaccine-elicited Antibodies and Convalescent Serum

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Takuya Tada ◽  
Hao Zhou ◽  
Belinda M Dcosta ◽  
Marie I Samanovic ◽  
Mark J Mulligan ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Monoclonal Antibody ◽  
Antibody Therapy ◽  
Spike Protein ◽  
World Health ◽  
South American ◽  
Novel Mutations ◽  
Therapeutic Monoclonal Antibody ◽  
Variant Lineage ◽  
Health Organization ◽  
Antibody Cocktail

The SARS-CoV-2 lambda variant (lineage C.37) was designated by the World Health Organization as a variant of interest and is currently increasing in prevalence in South American and other countries. The lambda spike protein contains novel mutations within the receptor binding domain (L452Q and F490S) that may contribute to its increased transmissibility and could result in susceptibility to re-infection or a reduction in protection provided by current vaccines. In this study, the infectivity and susceptibility of viruses with the lambda variant spike protein to neutralization by convalescent sera and vaccine-elicited antibodies was tested. Virus with the lambda spike had higher infectivity and was neutralized by convalescent sera and vaccine-elicited antibodies with a relatively minor 2.3-3.3-fold decrease in titer on average. The virus was neutralized by the Regeneron therapeutic monoclonal antibody cocktail with no loss of titer. The results suggest that vaccines in current use will remain protective against the lambda variant and that monoclonal antibody therapy will remain effective.

scholarly journals Effect of SARS-CoV-2 Mutations on the Efficacy of Antibody Therapy and Response to Vaccines

Vaccines ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (8) ◽  
pp. 914
Author(s):  
Ahmed Yaqinuddin ◽  
Areez Shafqat ◽  
Junaid Kashir ◽  
Khaled Alkattan
Keyword(s):  
Monoclonal Antibody ◽  
Protective Immunity ◽  
Antibody Therapy ◽  
Antiviral Drugs ◽  
World Health ◽  
Significant Morbidity ◽  
Vaccination Programs ◽  
The World ◽  
Feasible Option ◽  
Health Organization

SARS-CoV-2 causes severe acute respiratory syndrome, which has led to significant morbidity and mortality around the world. Since its emergence, extensive prophylactic and therapeutic countermeasures have been employed to successfully prevent the spread of COVID-19. Extensive work has been undertaken on using monoclonal antibody therapies, mass vaccination programs, and antiviral drugs to prevent and treat COVID-19. However, since antiviral drugs could take years to become widely available, immunotherapy and vaccines currently appear to be the most feasible option. In December 2020, the first vaccine against SARS-CoV-2 was approved by the World Health Organization (WHO) and, subsequently, many other vaccines were approved for use by different international regulators in different countries. Most monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) and vaccines target the SARS-CoV-2 surface spike (S) protein. Recently, mutant (or variant) SARS-CoV-2 strains with increased infectivity and virulence that evade protective host antibodies present either due to infection, antibody therapy, or vaccine administration have emerged. In this manuscript, we discuss the different monoclonal antibody and vaccine therapies available against COVID-19 and how the efficacy of these therapies is affected by the emergence of variants of SARS-CoV-2. We also discuss strategies that might help society cope with variants that could neutralize the effects of immunotherapy and escape the protective immunity conferred by vaccines.

scholarly journals An Overview on Lambda, Epsilon, Kappa, Iota and Zeta Variants of Covid-19 and its Probability to Merge with Delta & Delta Plus, why it is a Concern

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (5) ◽  
pp. 6895-6914
Keyword(s):  
World Health Organization ◽  
Neutralizing Antibodies ◽  
Spike Protein ◽  
World Health ◽  
South American ◽  
Infected Person ◽  
High Prevalence ◽  
The World ◽  
Health Organization

COVID-19 is caused by the virus SARS-CoV-2 that belongs to the Corona groups. The subgroups of the coronavirus families are α, β, γ, and δ coronavirus. On June 15, 2021, the string λ of SARS-CoV-2 was evaluated as a variant of interest via the World Health Organization. This string has a high prevalence in some parts of South American countries, but it occurred only occasionally in Brazil. This study confirms that mutations in the λ -spike protein can be destroyed the neutralizing antibodies and increase infectivity. Coronaviruses such as SARS-CoV-2 have an evolutionary superpower called “recombination” which permits the mixing of their genomes into novel combinations. Unlike regular mutation, which precedes slowly one change at a time, recombination can produce whole changes in a coronavirus genome. Although right now, δ-variant is a concern, a mixing of λ with other variants such as δ-variant is much more of a concern compared to alone variants. There is another item: the recombination can arise within the sample after it was taken from the infected person, not while it was inside their body.

A Phase 3, Randomized, Open-label, Noninferiority Trial Evaluating Anti-Rabies Monoclonal Antibody Cocktail (TwinrabTM) Against Human Rabies Immunoglobulin (HRIG)

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kevinkumar Kansagra ◽  
Deven Parmar ◽  
Sanjeev Kumar Mendiratta ◽  
Jatin Patel ◽  
Shuchi Joshi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Monoclonal Antibody ◽  
Neutralizing Antibodies ◽  
Geometric Mean ◽  
World Health ◽  
Human Rabies ◽  
Open Label ◽  
Phase 3 ◽  
Noninferiority Trial ◽  
Rabid Animal ◽  
Antibody Cocktail

Abstract Background Limited supply, cost and potential for severe adverse effects observed with the blood derived rabies immunoglobulin products has led to search for alternative therapies. This issue has been addressed by developing an anti-rabies monoclonal antibody cocktail. Methods This is a phase 3, randomized, open-label, noninferiority trial conducted in patients with World Health Organization (WHO) category III exposure with suspected rabid animal. Eligible patients were assigned to either the test arm, TwinrabTM (docaravimab and miromavimab) or the reference arm, human rabies immunoglobulin (HRIG; Imogam® Rabies-HT), in a ratio of 1:1. The primary endpoint was the comparison of responder rates between the 2 arms assessed as percentage of those with rabies virus neutralizing antibodies titers ≥0.5 IU/mL on day 14. Results A total of 308 patients were equally randomized into the 2 arms. In the per-protocol (PP) population, there were 90.21% responders in the TwinrabTM arm and 94.37% in the HRIG arm. The geometric mean of rapid fluorescent foci inhibition test titers in the PP on day 14 were 4.38 and 4.85 IU/mL, for the TwinrabTM and HRIG arms, respectively. There were no deaths or serious adverse events reported. Conclusions This study confirmed that TwinrabTM is noninferior to HRIG in terms of providing an unbroken window of protection up to day 84. This trial in healthy adults with WHO category III exposure from suspected rabid animal also establishes the safety of TwinrabTM in patients with 1 WHO approved vaccine regimen (Essen). Clinical Trials Registration CTRI/2017/07/009038.

scholarly journals Drinking water standards in South American countries: convergences and divergences

2012 ◽  
Vol 10 (2) ◽  
pp. 295-310 ◽  
Author(s):  
Vívian Gemiliano Pinto ◽  
Léo Heller ◽  
Rafael Kopschitz Xavier Bastos
Keyword(s):  
Drinking Water ◽  
Scientific Basis ◽  
World Health ◽  
South American ◽  
Who Guidelines ◽  
Water Safety ◽  
Drinking Water Standards ◽  
The Usa ◽  
Health Organization ◽  
Almost All

In this paper we present a comparative assessment of drinking-water standards from almost all South American countries, using the USA and the Canadian standards and the World Health Organization (WHO) Guidelines as references. Similarities and discrepancies between standards/guidelines were identified through descriptive analyses and, in the case of chemical standards, clustering techniques. In general, one or another of the four consecutive editions of the WHO Guidelines were shown to be quite influential in setting drinking-water standards in the region, but not so much the USA and the Canadian standards. Considerable discrepancies between South American drinking-water standards were found, mainly with respect to chemical substances. Questions are raised about their scientific basis and/or the practicalities for their enforcement. In conclusion, the paper highlights that many drinking-water regulations in South America need updating, taking on the approach of health-based targets in setting these standards, as well as that of a broader risk-based preventive management in the entire supply system to assure water safety.

scholarly journals B.1.526 SARS-CoV-2 Variants Identified in New York City are Neutralized by Vaccine-Elicited and Therapeutic Monoclonal Antibodies

mBio ◽  
2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hao Zhou ◽  
Belinda M. Dcosta ◽  
Marie I. Samanovic ◽  
Mark J. Mulligan ◽  
Nathaniel R. Landau ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
New York ◽  
Monoclonal Antibody ◽  
New York City ◽  
Monoclonal Antibodies ◽  
York City ◽  
Antibody Therapy ◽  
Spike Protein ◽  
Monoclonal Antibody Therapy ◽  
Therapeutic Monoclonal Antibodies

A novel SARS-CoV-2 variant termed B.1.526 was recently identified in New York City and has been found to be spreading at an alarming rate. The variant has mutations in its spike protein that might allow it to escape neutralization by vaccine-elicited antibodies and might cause monoclonal antibody therapy for COVID-19 to be less successful.

scholarly journals CONVALESCENT SERA: TREATMENT FOR NOVEL AND ENIGMATIC COVID-19

2020 ◽  
pp. 231-235
Author(s):  
Dr.Suman Saurabh Gupta ◽  
Dr.Arun Kumar Gupta ◽  
Dr.Priyanka Chandak ◽  
Dr.Juhi Kumari
Keyword(s):  
Monoclonal Antibody ◽  
World Health Organization ◽  
Metabolic Process ◽  
World Health ◽  
Early Symptoms ◽  
The World ◽  
Area Unit ◽  
Health Organization

As of early 2020, humanity is attempt a pandemic in severe acute metabolic process syndrome coronavirus a pair of (SARS-CoV-2).SARS-CoV-2 causes coronavirus sickness, abbreviated as COVID-19. With COVID-19, the degree of unwellness varies, ranging from well to sudden and fatal. the world Health Organization estimates that serious unwellness could occur in as several as thirteen.8% of cases and six.1% area unit essential. This Viewpoint argues that human convalescent humour is Associate in Nursing possibility for bar and treatment of COVID-19 sickness. convalescent sera may well be accustomed treat people with early symptoms and stop sickness in those exposed. Hence, as we tend to area unit inside the inside of a worldwide pandemic, we tend to advocate that establishments think about the emergency use of convalescent sera and start preparations as presently as doable. Time is of the essence. KEYWORDS- Plasmapheresis, Morbilli, Grippe, Coronavirus, Monoclonal Antibody

scholarly journals Asumsi masyarakat mengenai keselamatan pasien pada masa covid 19 di rumah sakit

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Raudatun Hasanah
Keyword(s):  
Electron Microscopy ◽  
Membrane Protein ◽  
World Health Organization ◽  
Envelope Protein ◽  
Protein S ◽  
Spike Protein ◽  
World Health ◽  
Cryo Electron Microscopy ◽  
Health Organization

Rumah sakit sebagai sarana pelayanan kesehatan pada dasarnya adalah untuk menyelamatkan pasien, keselamatan pasien merupakan prioritas bagi pelaksanaan lima isu penting tentang keselamatan di rumah sakit, karena masalah keselamatan pasien berkaitan erat dengan kualitas dan citra rumah sakit itu sendiri. Perkembangan ilmu pengetahuan dan tekhnologi yang sedemikian pesat menyebabkan pelayanan kesehatan di rumah sakit menjadi sangat kompleks sehingga jika tidak dilakukan dengan benar dan hati-hati akan berpotensi untuk terjadinya Insiden Keselamatan Pasien (IKP) yang terdiri dari Kejadian Tidak Diharapkan (KTD), Kejadian Nyaris Cedera (KNC), Kejadian Tidak Cedera (KTC) dan Kondisi Potensial Cedera (KPC) (Depkes,2006).Setiap rumah sakit sudah diwajibkan untuk melakukan gerakan keselamatan pasien, apalagi PERSI sudah menerbitkan buku tentang pelaksanan keselamatan pasien di rumah sakit dan dalam waktu mendatang keselamatan pasien termasuk dalam penilaian akreditasi rumah sakit. Pada prinsipnya pelaksaan keselamatan pasien sesuai dengan standar departemen kesehatan, namun didalam pelaksanaan keselamatan pasien hampir sama pada setiap rumah sakit.Diawal tahun ini keselamatan pasien harus semakin ditingkatkan disebabkan munculnya virus covid 19 yang awalnya terjadi di Wuhan, provinsi Hubei, China dan dikaitkan dengan pasar binatang. Dalam rentang waktu satu bulan terjadi peningkatan kasus yang signifikan dan meluas ke beberapa provinsi di China, bahkan ke Jepang, Thailand dan Korea Selatan.satu Penyebaran penyakit yang begitu cepat serta meluas ke beberapa negara menyebabkan World Health Organization (WHO) akhirnya mengumumkan COVID-19 sebagai pandemi pada 12 Maret 2020. Virus corona berbentuk bulat dengan diameter sekitar 125 nm seperti yang digambarkan dalam penelitian menggunakan cryo-electron microscopy. Partikel virus corona mengandung empat protein struktural utama, yaitu protein S (spike protein) yang berbentuk seperti paku, protein M (membrane protein), protein E (envelope protein), dan protein N (nucleocapside protein). Protein S (~150 kda), protein M (~25– 30 kda), protein E (~8–12 kda) sedangkan protein N terdapat di dalam nukleokapsid.Virus corona merupakan zoonosis, sehingga terdapat kemungkinkan virus berasal dari hewan dan ditularkan ke manusia. Pada COVID-19 belum diketahui dengan pasti proses penularan dari Perkembangan data selanjutnya menunjukkan penularan antar manusia (human to human), yaitu diprediksi melalui droplet dan kontak dengan virus yang dikeluarkan dalam droplet. Penularan ini terjadi umumnya melalui droplet dan kontak dengan virus kemudian virus dapat masuk ke dalam mukosa yang terbuka. Suatu analisis mencoba mengukur laju penularan berdasarkan masa inkubasi, gejala dan durasi antara gejala dengan pasien yang diisolasi. Analisis tersebut mendapatkan hasil penularan dari 1 pasien ke sekitar 3 orang di sekitarnya, tetapi kemungkinan penularan di masa inkubasi menyebabkan masa kontak pasien ke orang sekitar lebih lama sehingga risiko jumlah kontak tertular dari 1 pasien mungkin dapat lebih besar.

scholarly journals SARS-CoV-2: Immune Response Elicited by Infection and Development of Vaccines and Treatments

2020 ◽  
Vol 11 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gisela Canedo-Marroquín ◽  
Farides Saavedra ◽  
Catalina A. Andrade ◽  
Roslye V. Berrios ◽  
Linmar Rodríguez-Guilarte ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Immune Response ◽  
Clinical Trials ◽  
Clinical Manifestations ◽  
Antibody Therapy ◽  
Phase Iii ◽  
World Health ◽  
Proinflammatory Mediators ◽  
Major Player ◽  
Health Organization ◽  
In The Beginning

The World Health Organization (WHO) announced in March a pandemic caused by Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). This new infectious disease was named Coronavirus Disease 19 (COVID-19), and at October 2020, more than 39,000,000 cases of SARS-CoV-2 have been detected worldwide leading to near 1,100,000 deaths. Clinically, COVID-19 is characterized by clinical manifestations, such as fever, dry cough, headache, and in more severe cases, respiratory distress. Moreover, neurological-, cardiac-, and renal-related symptoms have also been described. Clinical evidence suggests that migration of immune cells to the affected organs can produce an exacerbated release of proinflammatory mediators that contribute to disease and render the immune response as a major player during the development of the COVID-19 disease. Due to the current sanitary situation, the development of vaccines is imperative. Up to the date, 42 prototypes are being tested in humans in different clinical stages, with 10 vaccine candidates undergoing evaluation in phase III clinical trials. In the same way, the search for an effective treatment to approach the most severe cases is also in constant advancement. Several potential therapies have been tested since COVID-19 was described, including antivirals, antiparasitic and immune modulators. Recently, clinical trials with hydroxychloroquine—a promising drug in the beginning—were suspended. In addition, the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approved convalescent serum administration as a treatment for SARS-CoV-2 patients. Moreover, monoclonal antibody therapy is also under development to neutralize the virus and prevent infection. In this article, we describe the clinical manifestations and the immunological information available about COVID-19 disease. Furthermore, we discuss current therapies under study and the development of vaccines to prevent this disease.

scholarly journals The global population of SARS-CoV-2 is composed of six major subtypes

2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Ivair José Morais ◽  
Richard Costa Polveiro ◽  
Gabriel Medeiros Souza ◽  
Daniel Inserra Bortolin ◽  
Flávio Tetsuo Sassaki ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Structure ◽  
First Century ◽  
Spike Protein ◽  
World Health ◽  
Clustering Methods ◽  
Confounding Effect ◽  
Robust Clustering ◽  
The World ◽  
Health Organization ◽  
Global Population

Abstract The World Health Organization characterized COVID-19 as a pandemic in March 2020, the second pandemic of the twenty-first century. Expanding virus populations, such as that of SARS-CoV-2, accumulate a number of narrowly shared polymorphisms, imposing a confounding effect on traditional clustering methods. In this context, approaches that reduce the complexity of the sequence space occupied by the SARS-CoV-2 population are necessary for robust clustering. Here, we propose subdividing the global SARS-CoV-2 population into six well-defined subtypes and 10 poorly represented genotypes named tentative subtypes by focusing on the widely shared polymorphisms in nonstructural (nsp3, nsp4, nsp6, nsp12, nsp13 and nsp14) cistrons and structural (spike and nucleocapsid) and accessory (ORF8) genes. The six subtypes and the additional genotypes showed amino acid replacements that might have phenotypic implications. Notably, three mutations (one of them in the Spike protein) were responsible for the geographical segregation of subtypes. We hypothesize that the virus subtypes detected in this study are records of the early stages of SARS-CoV-2 diversification that were randomly sampled to compose the virus populations around the world. The genetic structure determined for the SARS-CoV-2 population provides substantial guidelines for maximizing the effectiveness of trials for testing candidate vaccines or drugs.

scholarly journals The US CDC RT-PCR probes for the Wuhan 2019-nCoV are non-specific for SARS - there is a better non-specific 500bp option (21852-22427) within the spike-protein

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sandeep Chakraborty
Keyword(s):  
Virulent Strain ◽  
Spike Protein ◽  
World Health ◽  
Genomic Fragment ◽  
Rt Pcr ◽  
Inconclusive Result ◽  
The Us ◽  
The World ◽  
Significant Homology ◽  
Health Organization

The World Health Organization has declared the Wuhan coronavirus [1–3] outbreak a public health emer- gency on 30th Jan, 2020. An accurate detection of the Wuhan virus is imperative to avoid false positives, since 2019-nCoV [2,3] shares significant homology [4] with other species.On the 24th of Jan, the CDC has published a list of 3 probes (Fig 1) for detecting the 2019-nCoV. Detection of all three probes would give a positive result, while detection of one or two gives an ’inconclusive result’ (and obviously negative when none are found).All 3 probes will have significant homology in other strains (Table 1 and Fig 2 ) - specifically SARS (Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome). A much more specific option is to look within a 500bp genomic fragment in the N-terminal of the spike protein (Accid:NC 045512.2 [2],21852-22427, SI.cdc:nCoVFULLSLICE.fa), which seems to the most perturbed in this virulent strain [5].It is also important to have a common repository for all countries to be following a similar protocol. Many papers do no provide what PCR was used to detect coronaviruses [6].

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