scholarly journals The timescale and magnitude of aperiodic activity decreases with cortical depth in humans, macaques and mice

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mila Halgren ◽  
Raphi Kang ◽  
Bradley Voytek ◽  
Istvan Ulbert ◽  
Daniel Fabo ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Power Law ◽  
Cognitive Processes ◽  
Spectral Power ◽  
Cortical Layers ◽  
Memory State ◽  
Cortical Dynamics ◽  
Mouse Cortex ◽  
Deep Layers ◽  
Transmembrane Currents ◽  
Insight Into

Cortical dynamics obey a 1/f power law, exhibiting an exponential decay of spectral power with increasing frequency. The slope and offset of this 1/f decay reflect the timescale and magnitude of aperiodic neural activity, respectively. These properties are tightly linked to cellular and circuit mechanisms (e.g. excitation:inhibition balance, firing rates) as well as cognitive processes (perception, memory, state). However, the physiology underlying the 1/f power law in cortical dynamics is not well understood. Here, we compared laminar recordings from human, macaque and mouse cortex to evaluate how 1/f aperiodic dynamics vary across cortical layers and species. We report that 1/f slope is steepest in superficial layers and flattest in deep layers in each species. Additionally, the magnitude of this 1/f decay is greatest in superficial cortex and decreases with depth. Both of these findings can be accounted for by a simple model in which transmembrane currents have longer time constants and greater densities in superficial cortical layers. Together, our results provide novel mechanistic insight into aperiodic dynamics in cortex and suggest that the timescale and magnitude of aperiodic cortical currents decrease with cortical depth.

scholarly journals To sext or not to sext. The role of social-cognitive processes in the decision to engage in sexting

2021 ◽  
Vol 38 (4) ◽  
pp. 1410-1429
Author(s):  
Claire Wilson ◽  
Tommy van Steen ◽  
Christabel Akinyode ◽  
Zara P. Brodie ◽  
Graham G. Scott
Keyword(s):  
Cognitive Processes ◽  
Self Efficacy ◽  
Social Cognitive ◽  
Cognitive Factors ◽  
Relationship Status ◽  
Injunctive Norm ◽  
The Social ◽  
And Behavior ◽  
Insight Into

Technology has given rise to online behaviors such as sexting. It is important that we examine predictors of such behavior in order to understand who is more likely to sext and thus inform intervention aimed at sexting awareness. We used the Theory of Planned Behavior (TPB) to examine sexting beliefs and behavior. Participants (n = 418; 70.3% women) completed questionnaires assessing attitudes (instrumental and affective), subjective norms (injunctive and descriptive), control perceptions (self-efficacy and controllability) and intentions toward sexting. Specific sexting beliefs (fun/carefree beliefs, perceived risks and relational expectations) were also measured and sexting behavior reported. Relationship status, instrumental attitude, injunctive norm, descriptive norm and self-efficacy were associated with sexting intentions. Relationship status, intentions and self-efficacy related to sexting behavior. Results provide insight into the social-cognitive factors related to individuals’ sexting behavior and bring us closer to understanding what beliefs predict the behavior.

scholarly journals An earlier role for intent in children’s partner choice versus punishment

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Justin Martin ◽  
Kyleigh Leddy ◽  
Liane Young ◽  
Katherine McAuliffe
Keyword(s):  
Young Children ◽  
Moral Judgment ◽  
Cognitive Processes ◽  
Developmental Trajectories ◽  
Partner Choice ◽  
Moral Judgments ◽  
Equal Weight ◽  
Behavioral Differences ◽  
The Many ◽  
Insight Into

Among the many factors that influence our moral judgments, two are especially important: whether the person caused a bad outcome and whether they intended for it to happen. Notably, the weight accorded to these factors in adulthood varies by the type of judgment being made. For punishment decisions, intentions and outcomes carry relatively equal weight; for partner choice decisions (i.e., deciding whether or not to interact with someone again), intentions are weighted much more heavily. These behavioral differences in punishment and partner choice judgments may also reflect more fundamental differences in the cognitive processes supporting these decisions. Exploring how punishment and partner choice emerge in development provides important and unique insight into these processes as they emerge and mature. Here, we explore the developmental emergence of punishment and partner choice decisions in 4- to 9-year-old children. Given the importance of intentions for partner choice decisions¬–from both theoretical and empirical perspectives–we targeted the sensitivity of these two responses to others’ intentions as well as outcomes caused. Our punishment results replicate past work: young children are more focused on outcomes caused and become increasingly sensitive to intentions with age. In contrast, partner choice judgments exhibit sensitivity to intentions at an earlier age than punishment judgments, manifesting as earlier partner choice in cases of attempted violations. These results reveal distinct developmental trajectories for punishment and partner choice judgments, with implications for our understanding of the processes underlying these two responses as well as the development of moral judgment more broadly.

UNDERSTANDING BLOGGERS POSTING ABOUT POP CULTURE: LINGUAPRAGMATICS OF «UNPOPULAR OPINION» IN THE ENGLISH INTERNET-DISCOURSE

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
A.V. Kukovskaya
Keyword(s):  
Discourse Analysis ◽  
Cognitive Processes ◽  
Pop Culture ◽  
Computer Mediated ◽  
The Subject ◽  
The Given ◽  
Insight Into ◽  
Blog Posts ◽  
Subcultural Community

The paper explores communication within the English blogosphere in which the discourse manifests itself in blog posts, devoted, in particular, to reactions to a variety of pop-culture works. These posts are characterized by specific linguapragmatics. The article examines the language and the discourse of bloggers from the standpoint of the Linguistic Creativity approach, which may help to have an in-depth insight into the mechanisms of cognitive processes. The topicality of this topic is justified by the interest that modern linguists have in text studies, discourse analysis and computer-mediated Internet-discourse. The novelty of the article lies in the fact that the given discourse and the linguapragmatics of the posts in question in the English blogosphere have not so far received the attention they deserve and should be the subject of more research and analysis. The paper supplies relevant conclusions made on the basis of the empiric material. The research demonstrates that within the English Internet-discourse of bloggers, who interpret modern pop culture and can be considered a subcultural community, among other types of posts there can be singled out the so-called “unpopular opinion”, that boasts a number of linguapragmatic peculiarities coinciding with the communicative goals of bloggers. Decoding such posts may be a challenge and we, among other things, want to draw researchers’ attention to the “language of bloggers” and its study.

Thermosonde Measurement of Temperature Structure Parameter and Temperature Spectral Power-Law Exponent Profile in the Lower Stratosphere

2014 ◽  
Vol 34 (5) ◽  
pp. 0501001
Author(s):  
吴晓庆 Wu Xiaoqing ◽  
黄宏华 Huang Honghua ◽  
钱仙妹 Qian Xianmei ◽  
汪平 Wang Ping ◽  
崔朝龙 Cui Chaolong
Keyword(s):  
Power Law ◽  
Lower Stratosphere ◽  
Spectral Power ◽  
Temperature Structure ◽  
Structure Parameter ◽  
Temperature Structure Parameter ◽  
Power Law Exponent

scholarly journals Behavioral Interpretations of Intrinsic Connectivity Networks

2011 ◽  
Vol 23 (12) ◽  
pp. 4022-4037 ◽  
Author(s):  
Angela R. Laird ◽  
P. Mickle Fox ◽  
Simon B. Eickhoff ◽  
Jessica A. Turner ◽  
Kimberly L. Ray ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cognitive Processes ◽  
Resting State ◽  
Brain Networks ◽  
Data Driven ◽  
Resting State Networks ◽  
Independent State ◽  
Intrinsic Connectivity ◽  
Mental Operations ◽  
Intrinsic Connectivity Networks ◽  
Insight Into

An increasingly large number of neuroimaging studies have investigated functionally connected networks during rest, providing insight into human brain architecture. Assessment of the functional qualities of resting state networks has been limited by the task-independent state, which results in an inability to relate these networks to specific mental functions. However, it was recently demonstrated that similar brain networks can be extracted from resting state data and data extracted from thousands of task-based neuroimaging experiments archived in the BrainMap database. Here, we present a full functional explication of these intrinsic connectivity networks at a standard low order decomposition using a neuroinformatics approach based on the BrainMap behavioral taxonomy as well as a stratified, data-driven ordering of cognitive processes. Our results serve as a resource for functional interpretations of brain networks in resting state studies and future investigations into mental operations and the tasks that drive them.

GLOBAL EFFECTS OF FLUCTUATIONS IN NEURAL INFORMATION PROCESSING

1996 ◽  
Vol 07 (04) ◽  
pp. 497-505 ◽  
Author(s):  
HANS LILJENSTRÖM
Keyword(s):  
Information Processing ◽  
Neuronal Excitability ◽  
Complex Dynamics ◽  
Memory State ◽  
Cortical Dynamics ◽  
Neural Information ◽  
Neural Information Processing ◽  
Correct Pattern ◽  
The Brain

We are interested in how the complex dynamics of the brain, which may include oscillations, chaos and noise, can affect the efficiency of neural information processing. Here, we consider the amplification and functional role of fluctuations, expressed as chaos or noise in the system. Using computer simulations of a neural network model of the olfactory cortex, we demonstrate how microscopic fluctuations can result in global effects at the network level. In particular, we show that the rate of information processing in associative memory tasks can be maximized for optimal noise levels. Noise can also induce transitions between different dynamical states, related to learning and memory. A chaotic-like behavior, induced by noise or by an increase in neuronal excitability, can enhance system performance if it is transient and converges to a limit cycle memory state. The level of accuracy required for correct pattern association further affects the rate of information processing. We discuss how neuromodulatory control of the cortical dynamics can shift the balance between rate and accuracy optimization, as well as between sensitivity and stability.

FLUCTUATIONS AND INTERACTIONS BETWEEN BRAIN WAVES DURING DEEP AND SHALLOW ANESTHESIA

2012 ◽  
Vol 11 (01) ◽  
pp. 1240018 ◽  
Author(s):  
B. MUSIZZA ◽  
F. F. BAJROVIĆ ◽  
J. PETROVČIČ ◽  
A. STEFANOVSKA ◽  
S. RIBARIČ
Keyword(s):  
Slow Wave ◽  
Wavelet Transforms ◽  
Spectral Power ◽  
Low Frequency ◽  
Autism Spectrum ◽  
Brain Dynamics ◽  
Brain Waves ◽  
Coupling Strengths ◽  
Left And Right ◽  
Insight Into

Using gold plated electrodes, inserted into the rat's head above the dura of the left and right parietal cortex, we recorded EEG during deep and shallow anesthesia with either pentobarbital (PB) or ketamine-xylazine (KX). The fluctuations in time series were then analyzed using wavelet transforms and the spectral power was determined within 7 frequency intervals (slow wave 2, S2, 0.0067–0.0167 Hz; slow wave 1, S1, 0.02–0.19 Hz; δ, 0.2–3.9 Hz; θ, 4–7.9 Hz; α, 8–12.9 Hz; β, 13–24.9 Hz and γ, 25–34.9 Hz). In addition, the coupling strengths between individual oscillatory components during deep and shallow anesthesia were evaluated for both anesthetics. We show specific changes for both anesthetics indicating that during deep anesthesia PB reduces high and low frequency activity (0.2–35 Hz) and enhances coupling especially between δ, θ and α waves, while KX reduces low frequency activity (0.005 to 0.2 Hz) and enhances coupling between frequency waves α, β and γ. Our results, using two anesthetics known to block different ion channels, provide an insight into brain dynamics and could have wide implications in creating biomarkers for detecting various neurophysiological modifications, such as in Alzheimer and Parkinson's disease or Autism spectrum disorder, as well as in providing more realistic models of brain dynamics.

EMERGENCE OF POWER-LAW IN SPATIAL EPIDEMICS USING CELLULAR AUTOMATION

2010 ◽  
Vol 21 (08) ◽  
pp. 983-989 ◽  
Author(s):  
LI LI ◽  
GUI-QUAN SUN ◽  
ZHEN JIN
Keyword(s):  
Cellular Automata ◽  
Power Law ◽  
Epidemic Model ◽  
Spiral Wave ◽  
Wave Power ◽  
Power Law Distribution ◽  
Cellular Automation ◽  
Insight Into ◽  
Spatial Epidemics

We analyze a spatial susceptible-infected epidemic model using cellular automata and investigate the relations between the power-law distribution of patch sizes and the regime of invasion. The obtained results show that, when the invasion is in the form of coexistence of stable target and spiral wave, power-law will emerge, which may provide a new insight into the control of disease.

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