Direct Comparison of Antibody Responses to Four SARS-CoV-2 Vaccines in Mongolia

Different vaccines for SARS-CoV-2 are approved in various countries, but few direct comparisons of the antibody responses they stimulate have been reported. We collected plasma specimens in July 2021 from 196 Mongolian participants fully vaccinated with one of four Covid vaccines: Pfizer/BioNTech, AstraZeneca, Sputnik V and Sinopharm. Functional antibody testing with a panel of nine SARS-CoV-2 viral variant RBD proteins reveal marked differences in the vaccine responses, with low antibody levels and RBD-ACE2 blocking activity stimulated by the Sinopharm and Sputnik V vaccines in comparison to the AstraZeneca or Pfizer/BioNTech vaccines. The Alpha variant caused 97% of infections in Mongolia in June and early July 2021. Individuals who recover from SARS-CoV-2 infection after vaccination achieve high antibody titers in most cases. These data suggest that public health interventions such as vaccine boosting, potentially with more potent vaccine types, may be needed to control the COVID-19 pandemic in Mongolia and worldwide.

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Can we predict antibody responses in SARS-CoV-2? A cohort analysis

10.1101/2021.03.15.21253267 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Mary Gaeddert ◽

Philip Kitchen ◽

Tobias Broger ◽

Stefan Weber ◽

Ralf Bartenschlager ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Neutralizing Antibodies ◽

Severe Disease ◽

Cohort Analysis ◽

Antibody Responses ◽

High Antibody ◽

Igg Antibodies ◽

Rt Pcr ◽

Median Increase ◽

Antibody Titers

AbstractBackgroundAfter infection with severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2), Immunoglobulin G (IgG) antibodies and virus-specific neutralizing antibodies (nAbs) develop. This study describes antibody responses in a cohort of recovered COVID-19 patients to identify predictors.MethodsWe recruited patients with confirmed SARS-CoV-2 infection from Heidelberg, Germany. Blood samples were collected three weeks after COVID-19 symptoms ended. Participants with high antibody titers were invited for follow-up visits. IgG titers were measured by the Euroimmun Assay, and nAbs titers in a SARS-CoV-2 infection-based assay.Results281 participants were enrolled between April and August 2020 with IgG testing, 145 (51.6%) had nAbs, and 35 (12.5%) had follow-up. The median IgG optical density (OD) ratio was 3.1 (Interquartile range (IQR) 1.6-5.1), and 24.1% (35/145) had a nAb titer>1:80. Higher IgG titers were associated with increased age and more severe disease, and higher nAbs were associated with male gender and CT-value of 25-30 on RT-PCR at diagnosis. The median IgG OD ratio on follow-up was 3.7 (IQR 2.9-5.9), a median increase of 0.5 (IQR −0.3-1.7). Six participants with follow-up nAbs all had titers ≤ 1:80.ConclusionsWhile age and disease severity were correlated with IgG responses, predictive factors for nAbs in convalescent patients remain unclear.

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Abstract 3712: A Randomized Placebo-Controlled Trial of a Conjugate Nicotine Vaccine (NicVAX®) in Smokers Who Want to Quit: 12 Month Results

Circulation ◽

10.1161/circ.116.suppl_16.ii_844 ◽

2007 ◽

Vol 116 (suppl_16) ◽

Author(s):

Stephen I Rennard ◽

Douglas E Jorenby ◽

David Gonzales ◽

Nancy A Rigotti ◽

Arjen de Vos ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Smoking Cessation ◽

Primary Endpoint ◽

Controlled Trial ◽

Group Analysis ◽

High Responder ◽

High Antibody ◽

Continuous Abstinence ◽

Antibody Titers ◽

Double Blinded ◽

Antibody Levels

Background: Cigarette smoking triples the risk of dying from heart disease among middle-aged men and women. A nicotine vaccine (NicVAX®) has been developed to produce nicotine-specific antibodies as a means of reducing entry of nicotine into the brain as an aid to smoking cessation. Objective: To assess 12-month safety, efficacy and immunogenicity of NicVAX in smokers who want to quit. Method: Randomized, double-blinded, placebo-controlled multicenter clinical trial with 2 dose levels of NicVAX (200μg & 400μg) and 2 schedules. Generally healthy adults who smoked ≥ 15 cigarettes/day were recruited. Subjects were randomized 2:1, active:placebo, at 9 sites in the US. The primary endpoint was self reported continuous abstinence for weeks 19 – 26 confirmed by expired CO levels of ≤ 8 ppm. Secondary endpoints include point prevalence abstinence at 12 months. Results: 301 subjects (52% female) with a mean age of 48, smoking on average 24 cigarettes/day were enrolled. A pre-defined analysis of antibody levels for subjects receiving NicVAX were reviewed and divided into low and high responder groups, with the top 30 th percentile representing the high responder group. Analysis for the primary endpoint demonstrated that 15/61 (24.6%) of subjects having the highest antibody titers achieved an 8 week period of continuous abstinence between weeks 19 –26, compared to 13/100 (13.0%) for the subjects who received placebo (p=0.04). In contrast, the quit rate for those subjects that did not achieve a high antibody titer was not significantly different from placebo (14/140, 10%). There was a significant relationship between anti-nicotine antibody levels and continuous abstinence from smoking (p=0.0001). NicVAX was well-tolerated and showed no differences in adverse events or in local/systemic reactions between placebo and each active vaccine group. Conclusion: Proof-of-concept has been established by the strong correlation of high antibody titers with smoking abstinence. Interim data (6 months post vaccination) demonstrate that generating antibodies to nicotine may be a useful approach for aiding smoking cessation. This study will be completed in Sept 2007. Immunogenicity, sustained smoking cessation and relapse rates at 12 months after vaccination will be presented.

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Longitudinal Analysis of Cryptosporidium Species-Specific Immunoglobulin G Antibody Responses in Peruvian Children

Clinical and Vaccine Immunology ◽

10.1128/cvi.13.1.123-131.2006 ◽

2006 ◽

Vol 13 (1) ◽

pp. 123-131 ◽

Cited By ~ 43

Author(s):

Jeffrey W. Priest ◽

Caryn Bern ◽

Lihua Xiao ◽

Jacquelin M. Roberts ◽

James P. Kwon ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Immunoglobulin G ◽

Antibody Responses ◽

Health Interventions ◽

Older Children ◽

Serum Samples ◽

Igg Antibody ◽

Specific Immunoglobulin ◽

Antibody Assays ◽

Species Specific ◽

Antibody Levels

ABSTRACT Cryptosporidium species are ubiquitous in the environment and are frequently detected in the stools of children who live where sanitation conditions are poor. To better characterize the immune response to these parasites, we monitored immunoglobulin G (IgG) antibody levels in a cohort of children from Lima, Peru. Two new enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays based on the C. parvum (bovine, subtype IIa) Iowa strain 17-kDa and 27-kDa antigens were used to measure IgG antibody levels in longitudinal serum samples. Antibody responses were detected during infections with C. parvum, C. felis, and C. meleagridis and with four different subtypes of C. hominis. We also noted that the magnitude of the antibody response was related to the number of previous infections and that older children generally had higher levels of antibodies to the two C. parvum antigens. Antibody responses were not associated with infections with either Cyclospora sp. or Giardia sp. We believe the antibody assays will be important tools for monitoring the success of future public health interventions.

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How the Interval between Prime and Boost Injection Affects the Immune Response in a Computational Model of the Immune System

Computational and Mathematical Methods in Medicine ◽

10.1155/2012/842329 ◽

2012 ◽

Vol 2012 ◽

pp. 1-9 ◽

Cited By ~ 32

Author(s):

F. Castiglione ◽

F. Mantile ◽

P. De Berardinis ◽

A. Prisco

Keyword(s):

Immune Response ◽

Immune System ◽

Computational Model ◽

Computer Simulations ◽

Antibody Responses ◽

High Antibody ◽

Antibody Titers ◽

First Contact

The immune system is able to respond more vigorously to the second contact with a given antigen than to the first contact. Vaccination protocols generally include at least two doses, in order to obtain high antibody titers. We want to analyze the relation between the time elapsed from the first dose (priming) and the second dose (boost) on the antibody titers. In this paper, we couplein vivoexperiments with computer simulations to assess the effect of delaying the second injection. We observe that an interval of several weeks between the prime and the boost is necessary to obtain optimal antibody responses.

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Defining Antibody Seroprevalence and Duration of Humoral Responses to SARS-CoV-2 Infection and/or Vaccination in a Greek Community

International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health ◽

10.3390/ijerph19010407 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 19 (1) ◽

pp. 407

Author(s):

Ourania S. Kotsiou ◽

Dimitrios Papagiannis ◽

Evangelos C. Fradelos ◽

Dimitra I. Siachpazidou ◽

Garifallia Perlepe ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Immune Response ◽

Antibody Response ◽

Severe Disease ◽

Vaccination Status ◽

Antibody Responses ◽

Antibody Testing ◽

Mild Disease ◽

Antibody Titers ◽

Humoral Responses ◽

Pandemic Wave

Background: In this work we aimed to evaluate antibody-response longevity to SARS-CoV-2 infection and/or vaccination in one of the Greek communities that was worst hit by the pandemic, Deskati, five months after a previous serosurveillance and nine months after the pandemic wave initiation (October 2020). Methods: The SARS-CoV-2 IgG II Quant method (Architect, Abbott, IL, USA) was used for antibody testing. Results: A total of 69 subjects, who previously tested positive or negative for COVID-19 antibodies, participated in the study. We found that 48% of participants turned positive due to vaccination and 27% of participants were both previously infected and vaccinated. All previously infected participants retained antibodies to the virus, irrespective of their vaccination status. The antibody titers were significantly higher in previously infected participants that had been vaccinated than those who were unvaccinated and in those that had been previously hospitalized for COVID-19 than those with mild disease. Conclusions: Antibody responses to SARS-CoV-2 infection were maintained nine months after the pandemic. Vaccination alone had generated an immune response in almost half of the population. Higher antibody titers were found in the case of vaccination in previously infected subjects and especially in those with severe disease leading to hospitalization

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Neutralizing antibody response in non-hospitalized SARS-CoV-2 patients

10.1101/2020.08.07.20169961 ◽

2020 ◽

Author(s):

Natalia Ruetalo ◽

Ramona Businger ◽

Karina Althaus ◽

Simon Fink ◽

Felix Ruoff ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Antibody Response ◽

Western Blot ◽

Neutralizing Antibody ◽

Antibody Responses ◽

Virus Neutralization ◽

Surrogate Markers ◽

High Antibody ◽

Serological Survey ◽

Course Of Disease ◽

Antibody Levels

The majority of infections with SARS-CoV-2 are asymptomatic or mild without the necessity of hospitalization. It is of importance to reveal if these patients develop an antibody response against SARS-CoV-2 and to define which antibodies confer virus neutralization. We conducted a comprehensive serological survey of 49 patients with a mild course of disease and quantified neutralizing antibody responses against a clinical SARS-CoV-2 isolate employing human cells as targets. Four patients (8%), even though symptomatic, did not develop antibodies against SARS-CoV-2 and two other patients (4%) were only positive in one of the six serological assays employed. For the remainder, antibody response against the S-protein correlated with serum neutralization whereas antibodies against the nucleocapsid were poor predictors of virus neutralization. Regarding neutralization, only six patients (12%) could be classified as highly neutralizers. Furthermore, sera from several individuals with fairly high antibody levels had only poor neutralizing activity. In addition, employing a novel serological Western blot system to characterize antibody responses against seasonal coronaviruses, we found that antibodies against the seasonal coronavirus 229E might contribute to SARS-CoV-2 neutralization. Altogether, we show that there is a wide breadth of antibody responses against SARS-CoV-2 in patients that differentially correlate with virus neutralization. This highlights the difficulty to define reliable surrogate markers for immunity against SARS-CoV-2.

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Sex disparities and neutralizing antibody durability to SARS-CoV-2 infection in convalescent individuals

10.1101/2021.02.01.21250493 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Alena J. Markmann ◽

Natasa Giallourou ◽

D. Ryan Bhowmik ◽

Yixuan J. Hou ◽

Aaron Lerner ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Neutralizing Antibodies ◽

Neutralizing Antibody ◽

Antibody Responses ◽

Human Antibody ◽

Antibody Titers ◽

Sex Disparities ◽

Binding Antibody ◽

Male Sex ◽

Antibody Levels ◽

First Time

AbstractThe coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic, caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome-related coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) has now caused over 2 million deaths worldwide and continues to expand. Currently, much is unknown about functionally neutralizing human antibody responses and durability to SARS-CoV-2. Using convalescent sera collected from 101 COVID-19 recovered individuals 21-212 days after symptom onset with forty-eight additional longitudinal samples, we measured functionality and durability of serum antibodies. We also evaluated associations between individual demographic and clinical parameters with functional neutralizing antibody responses to COVID-19. We found robust antibody durability out to six months, as well as significant positive associations with the magnitude of the neutralizing antibody response and male sex. We also show that SARS-CoV-2 convalescent neutralizing antibodies are higher in individuals with cardio-metabolic comorbidities.SignificanceIn this study we found that neutralizing antibody responses in COVID-19 convalescent individuals vary in magnitude but are durable and correlate well with RBD Ig binding antibody levels compared to other SARS-CoV-2 antigen responses. In our cohort, higher neutralizing antibody titers are independently and significantly associated with male sex compared to female sex. We also show for the first time, that higher convalescent antibody titers in male donors are associated with increased age and symptom grade. Furthermore, cardio-metabolic co-morbidities are associated with higher antibody titers independently of sex. Here, we present an in-depth evaluation of serologic, demographic, and clinical correlates of functional antibody responses and durability to SARS-CoV-2.

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Durability of antibody response to vaccination and surrogate neutralization of emerging variants based on SARS-CoV-2 exposure history

Scientific Reports ◽

10.1038/s41598-021-96879-3 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 11 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Thomas W. McDade ◽

Alexis R. Demonbreun ◽

Amelia Sancilio ◽

Brian Mustanski ◽

Richard T. D’Aquila ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome ◽

Messenger Rna ◽

Booster Vaccination ◽

Neutralizing Antibody ◽

Antibody Responses ◽

Post Vaccination ◽

Vaccine Responses ◽

Clinical Protection ◽

Exposure History ◽

Antibody Levels

AbstractTwo-dose messenger RNA vaccines against the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) are highly effective in preventing symptomatic COVID-19 infection. However, the durability of protection is not known, nor is the effectiveness against emerging viral variants. Additionally, vaccine responses may differ based on prior SARS-CoV-2 exposure history. To investigate protection against SARS-CoV-2 variants we measured binding and neutralizing antibody responses following both vaccine doses. We document significant declines in antibody levels three months post-vaccination, and reduced neutralization of emerging variants, highlighting the need to identify correlates of clinical protection to inform the timing of and indications for booster vaccination.

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Effect of Belimumab on Vaccine Antigen Antibodies to Influenza, Pneumococcal, and Tetanus Vaccines in Patients with Systemic Lupus Erythematosus in the BLISS-76 Trial

The Journal of Rheumatology ◽

10.3899/jrheum.111587 ◽

2012 ◽

Vol 39 (8) ◽

pp. 1632-1640 ◽

Cited By ~ 56

Author(s):

W. WINN CHATHAM ◽

DANIEL J. WALLACE ◽

WILLIAM STOHL ◽

KEVIN M. LATINIS ◽

SUSAN MANZI ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Systemic Lupus Erythematosus ◽

Influenza Vaccine ◽

Lupus Erythematosus ◽

Antibody Responses ◽

Phase Iii ◽

Systemic Lupus ◽

Live Virus ◽

Number Of Patients ◽

Antibody Titers ◽

Antibody Levels

Objective.In patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), evidence suggests that most vaccines (except live-virus vaccines) are safe, although antibody response may be reduced. This substudy from the phase III, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled BLISS-76 trial evaluated the effects of belimumab on preexisting antibody levels against pneumococcal, tetanus, and influenza antigens in patients with SLE.Methods.In BLISS-76, patients with autoantibody-positive, active SLE were treated with placebo or belimumab 1 or 10 mg/kg every 2 weeks for 28 days and every 28 days thereafter, plus standard SLE therapy, for 76 weeks. This analysis included a subset of patients who had received pneumococcal or tetanus vaccine within 5 years or influenza vaccine within 1 year of study participation. Antibodies to vaccine antigens were tested at baseline and Week 52, and percentage changes in antibody levels from baseline and proportions of patients maintaining levels at Week 52 were assessed. Antibody titers were also assessed in a small number of patients vaccinated during the study.Results.Consistent with preservation of the memory B cell compartment with belimumab treatment, the proportions of patients maintaining antibody responses to pneumococcal, tetanus, and influenza antigens were not reduced. In a small group receiving influenza vaccine on study, antibody responses were frequently lower with belimumab, although titer levels were > 1:10 in all patients treated with 10 mg/kg and in the majority treated with 1 mg/kg.Conclusion.Treatment with belimumab did not affect the ability of patients with SLE to maintain antibody titers to previous pneumococcal, tetanus, and influenza immunizations. [ClinicalTrials.gov registration number NCT 00410384]

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Emergency Response for Evaluating SARS-CoV-2 Immune Status, Seroprevalence and Convalescent Plasma in Argentina

10.1101/2020.10.21.20216960 ◽

2020 ◽

Author(s):

Diego S. Ojeda ◽

María Mora Gonzalez Lopez Ledesma ◽

Horacio Pallares ◽

Guadalupe S. Costa Navarro ◽

Lautaro Sanchez ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Health Care ◽

Immune Responses ◽

Health Care Workers ◽

Antibody Responses ◽

Spike Protein ◽

Receptor Binding Domain ◽

Care Workers ◽

Antibody Titers ◽

Health Institutions ◽

Antibody Levels

ABSTRACTWe report the emergency development and application of a robust serologic test to evaluate acute and convalescent antibody responses to SARS-CoV-2 in Argentina. The assays, COVIDAR IgG and IgM, which were produced and provided for free to health authorities, private and public health institutions and nursing homes, use a combination of a trimer stabilized spike protein and the receptor binding domain (RBD) in a single enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) plate. Over half million tests have already been distributed to detect and quantify antibodies for multiple purposes, including assessment of immune responses in hospitalized patients and large seroprevalence studies in neighborhoods, slums and health care workers, which resulted in a powerful tool for asymptomatic detection and policy making in the country. Analysis of antibody levels and longitudinal studies of symptomatic and asymptomatic SARS-CoV-2 infections in over one thousand patient samples provided insightful information about IgM and IgG seroconversion time and kinetics, and IgM waning profiles. At least 35% of patients showed seroconversion within 7 days, and 95% within 45 days of symptoms onset, with simultaneous or close sequential IgM and IgG detection. Longitudinal studies of asymptomatic cases showed a wide range of antibody responses with median levels below those observed in symptomatic patients. Regarding convalescent plasma applications, a protocol was standardized for the assessment of end point IgG antibody titers with COVIDAR with more than 500 plasma donors. The protocol showed a positive correlation with neutralizing antibody titers, and was used to assess antibody titers for clinical trials and therapies across the country. Here, we demonstrate the importance of providing a robust and specific serologic assay for generating new information about antibody kinetics in infected individuals and mitigation policies to cope with pandemic needs.AUTHOR SUMMARYThe development of robust and specific serologic assays to detect antibodies to SARS-CoV-2 is essential to understand the pandemic evolution and to stablish mitigation strategies. Here, we report the emergency development, production and application of a versatile ELISA test for detecting antibodies against the whole spike protein and its receptor binding domain. Over half million tests have been freely distributed in public and private health institutions of Argentina for evaluating immune responses, convalescent plasma programs and for large seroprevalence studies in neighborhoods and health care workers. We are still learning how and when to use serologic testing in different epidemiological settings. This program allowed us to produce large amount of high quality data on antibody levels in symptomatic and asymptomatic SARS-CoV-2 infections and generate relevant information about IgM and IgG seroconversion time and kinetics. We also present standardized protocols for antibody quantification as guidance for convalescent donor plasma selection in hospitals throughout the country for compassionate use and clinical trials. Here, we provide a framework for generating widely available tools, protocols and information of antibody responses for pandemic management.

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