scholarly journals Common and Disorders-Specific Cortical Thickness Alterations in Internalizing, Externalizing and Thought Disorders in the Preadolescents of the ABCD Study

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gechang Yu ◽  
Xinran Wu ◽  
Zhaowen Liu ◽  
Benjamin Becker ◽  
Nanyu Kuang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cortical Thickness ◽  
Primary Motor Cortex ◽  
Primary Auditory Cortex ◽  
Internalizing Disorders ◽  
Externalizing Disorders ◽  
Gene Set Enrichment Analysis ◽  
Cell Type ◽  
Cell Type Specificity ◽  
Thought Disorders

Objective: Overlap of brain changes across mental disorders has reinforced transdiagnostic models. However, the developmental basis for this overlap is unclear as are neural differences among internalizing, externalizing and thought disorders. These issues are critical to inform the theoretical framework for hierarchical transdiagnostic psychiatric taxonomy. Methods: This study involved 11,878 preadolescents (9-10 years) with baseline and 2-year follow-up data (n=6571) from the Adolescent Brain and Cognitive Development Study release 3.0. Linear mixed models were implemented in comparative and association analyses. Genome-wide association analysis, gene set enrichment analysis and cell type specificity analysis were performed on regional cortical thickness (CT) across 4,716 unrelated European youth. Results: Youth with externalizing or internalizing disorders, but not thought disorders, exhibited significantly thicker cortex than controls. Externalizing and internalizing disorders shared thicker CT in left pars opercularis and caudal middle frontal gyrus, which related to lower cognitive performance. Somatosensory and primary auditory cortex were uniquely affected in externalizing disorders; primary motor cortex and higher-order visual association areas (fusiform and inferior temporal gyrus) were uniquely affected in internalizing disorders. Baseline CT in one externalizing-specific region (left isthmus of cingulate cortex) related to externalizing behaviors at both baseline and 2-year follow-up. Genes associated with CT in common and disorders-specific regions were also implicated in related diagnostic families. Microglia were the cell-type associated with CT for both externalizing/internalizing while dopaminergic/ glutamatergic/GABAergic cells related only to externalizing-specific regions. Conclusions: Distinct anatomical trajectories relevant to internalizing/externalizing phenotypes may result from unique genetic and cell-type changes, but these occur in the background of significantly shared morphological variance.

scholarly journals Anxiety-impulsivity subtypes in adolescent internalizing disorder are characterized by distinguishable neurodevelopmental, neurocognitive and clinical trajectory signatures

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Huaxin Fan ◽  
Nanyu Kuang ◽  
Xinran Wu ◽  
Gechang Yu ◽  
Tianye Jia ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Emotional Disorders ◽  
Sensation Seeking ◽  
Internalizing Disorders ◽  
Externalizing Disorders ◽  
Regulatory Control ◽  
Mixed Effect ◽  
Neurodevelopmental Delay ◽  
Mixed Effect Models ◽  
Cortical Regions

Background Anxiety and impulsivity represent transdiagnostic pathology dimensions yet their interaction and contribution to emotional disorders in adolescence and to disease development remain controversial, and previous studies indicate heterogeneity within the broad category of internalizing disorders. Methods A combination of hierarchical and non-hierarchical clustering strategies was employed to determine impulsivity-related subtypes (based on the facets of negative urgency, lack of planning, lack of perseverance, sensation seeking and positive urgency in UPPS-P scales) in a large cohort of adolescents with internalizing disorders (n=2437) from Adolescent Brain Cognitive Development (ABCD) Study. Linear mixed-effect models were employed to determine cortical thickness alterations of the subtypes. Results Data-driven clustering identified two distinct subtypes of internalizing patients (subtype 1/subtype 2) with comparable levels of increased anxiety yet distinguishable levels of impulsivity, i.e., enhanced (subtype 1) or decreased (subtype 2) compared to healthy controls. Subtype 1 was further characterized by thicker prefrontal and temporal cortical regions involved in regulatory control and fear processing, while subtype 2 did not demonstrate significant thickness alterations. The differential neuroanatomical profiles remained stable over the two-year follow-up, while the two subtypes had different neurodevelopmental trajectories. Subtype 1 additionally reported more psychopathology and dysfunctionality including higher suicidal ideation, depressive symptoms and transition rates to externalizing disorders during follow-up as well as impaired neurocognitive and educational performance compared to subtype 2. Moreover, for subtype 1, anxiety at baseline (9-10 years) was significantly positively associated with impulsivity (lack of perseverance) at 2-year follow-up, while in subtype 2, baseline anxiety was significantly negatively associated with impulsivity (sensation seeking) at 2-year follow-up. Conclusions Our results demonstrate an impulsivity-dependent heterogeneity in adolescent internalizing disorders, with high-impulsivity patients being characterized by neurodevelopmental delay at the neural and cognitive levels. Individuals with elevated impulsivity are at a greater risk to develop behavioral dysregulation over the following two years and may thus require specific early interventions.

scholarly journals How different pre-existing mental disorders and their co-occurrence affects clinical outcomes of COVID-19? A study based on real-world data in the Southern United States

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shan Qiao ◽  
jiajia zhang ◽  
Shujie Chen ◽  
Bankole Olatosi ◽  
Suzanne Hardeman ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Mental Disorders ◽  
Mental Disorder ◽  
Clinical Outcomes ◽  
Real World ◽  
Internalizing Disorders ◽  
Externalizing Disorders ◽  
Elevated Risk ◽  
Real World Data ◽  
Thought Disorders

Importance: A growing body of research focuses on the impact of pre-existing mental disorders on clinical outcomes of COVID-19 illness. Although a psychiatric history might be an independent risk factor for COVID-19 infection and mortality, no studies have systematically investigated how different clusters of pre-existing mental disorders may affect COVID-19 clinical outcomes or showed how the coexistence of mental disorder clusters is related to COVID-19 clinical outcomes. Objective: To explore how different pre-existing mental disorders and their co-occurrence affects COVID-19-related clinical outcomes based on real-world data. Design, Setting, and Participants: Using a retrospective cohort study design, a total of 476,775 adult patients with lab-confirmed and probable COVID-19 between March 06, 2020 and April 14, 2021 in South Carolina, United States were included in the current study. The electronic health record data of COVID-19 patients were linked to all payer-based claims data through the SC Revenue and Fiscal Affairs Office. Main Outcomes and Measures: Key COVID-19 clinical outcomes included severity, hospitalization, and death. COVID-19 severity was defined as asymptomatic, mild, and moderate/severe. Pre-existing mental disorder diagnoses from Jan 2, 2019 to Jan 14, 2021 were extracted from the patients healthcare utilization data via ICD-10 codes. Mental disorders were categorized into internalizing disorders, externalizing disorders, and thought disorders. Results: Of the 476,775 COVID-19 patients, 55,300 had pre-existing mental disorders. There is an elevated risk of COVID-19-related hospitalization and death among participants with pre-existing mental disorders adjusting for key socio-demographic covariates (i.e., age, gender, race, ethnicity, residence, smoking). Co-occurrence of any two clusters was positively associated with COVID-19-related hospitalization and death. The odds ratio of being hospitalized was 2.50 (95%CI 2.284, 2.728) for patients with internalizing and externalizing disorders, 3.34 (95%CI 2.637, 4.228) for internalizing and thought disorders, 3.29 (95%CI 2.288, 4.733) for externalizing and thought disorders, and 3.35 (95%CI 2.604, 4.310) for three clusters of mental disorders. Conclusions and Relevance: Pre-existing internalizing disorders, externalizing disorders, and thought disorders are positively related to COVID-19 hospitalization and death. Co-occurrence of any two clusters of mental disorders have elevated risk of COVID-19-related hospitalization and death compared to those with a single cluster.

scholarly journals 405 Radiological Analysis of Gentamicin Eluting Synthetic Bone Graft Substitute Used in The Management of Gustilo IIIB Open Fractures

2021 ◽  
Vol 108 (Supplement_2) ◽  
Author(s):  
A Aljawadi ◽  
I Madhi ◽  
T Naylor ◽  
M Elmajee ◽  
A Islam ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Bone Graft ◽  
Cortical Thickness ◽  
Bone Graft Substitute ◽  
Fracture Site ◽  
Open Fractures ◽  
X Rays ◽  
Radiographic Images ◽  
Synthetic Bone ◽  
Synthetic Bone Graft

Abstract Background Management of traumatic bone void associated with Gustilo IIIB open fractures is challenging. Gentamicin eluting synthetic bone graft substitute (Cerament-G) had been recently utilised for the management of patients with these injuries. This study aims to assess radiological signs of Cerament-G remodelling. Method Retrospective data analysis of all patients admitted to our unit with IIIB open fractures who had Cerament-G applied as avoid filler. Postoperative radiographic images of the fracture site at 6-weeks, 3-months, 6-months and at the last follow-up were reviewed. The radiological signs of Cerament-G integration, percent of void healing, and bone cortical thickness at the final follow-up were assessed. Results 34 patients met our inclusion criteria, mean age: 42 years. Mean follow-up time was 20 months. 59% of patients had excellent (>90%) void filling, 26.4% of patients had 50-90% void filling, and 14.6% had < 50% void filling. Normal bone cortical thickness was restored on AP and Lateral views in 55.8% of patients. No residual Cerement-G was seen on X-rays at the final follow-up in any of the patients. Conclusions Our results showed successful integration of Cerament-G with excellent void filling and normal cortical thickness achieved in more than half of the patients.

The prevalence and co-morbidity of subthreshold psychiatric conditions

2004 ◽  
Vol 34 (4) ◽  
pp. 613-622 ◽  
Author(s):  
PETER M. LEWINSOHN ◽  
STEWART A. SHANKMAN ◽  
JEFFREY M. GAU ◽  
DANIEL N. KLEIN
Keyword(s):  
Clinical Practice ◽  
Adolescent Depression ◽  
Internalizing Disorders ◽  
Externalizing Disorders ◽  
Diagnostic Interview ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Co Morbidity ◽  
Psychiatric Conditions ◽  
Dsm Iv ◽  
Males And Females

Background. In previous studies of subthreshold conditions, co-morbidity has been largely ignored. The purpose was to examine rates of co-morbidity among subthreshold disorders and between subthreshold and full-syndrome disorders for the major non-psychotic classes of disorders from DSM-IV.Method. Participants came from the Oregon Adolescent Depression Project (mean age=16·6 years; females=52·1%). On the basis of a diagnostic interview (K-SADS), participants were assigned to eight subthreshold disorders (MDD, bipolar, eating, anxiety, alcohol use, substance use, conduct, ADHD).Results. Of the 1704 adolescents in the analyses, 52·5% had at least one subthreshood disorder. Of those, 40·0% had also experienced a co-morbid subthreshold condition, and 29·9% of those had a second co-morbid subthreshold condition. Of those with a subthreshold, 36·4% also had a full syndrome. The subthreshold forms of externalizing disorders were co-morbid with each other. As expected, subthreshold anxiety was co-morbid with subthreshold MDD but subthreshold anxiety was also co-morbid with subthreshold alcohol, conduct, and ADHD. The pattern of co-morbidities was nearly identical for males and females.Conclusions. The hypotheses that externalizing disorders would be co-morbid with other externalizing disorders and that internalizing disorders would be co-morbid with other internalizing disorders was partially supported. Co-morbidities between subthreshold disorders and between subthreshold disorders and full syndrome should impact future research and clinical practice. The assessment of subthreshold disorders needs to include the assessment of other subthreshold and full-syndrome conditions.

scholarly journals Cell-Type Specificity of the Expression of Os BOR1, a Rice Efflux Boron Transporter Gene, Is Regulated in Response to Boron Availability for Efficient Boron Uptake and Xylem Loading

2007 ◽  
Vol 19 (8) ◽  
pp. 2624-2635 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yuko Nakagawa ◽  
Hideki Hanaoka ◽  
Masaharu Kobayashi ◽  
Kazumaru Miyoshi ◽  
Kyoko Miwa ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Transporter Gene ◽  
Cell Type ◽  
Boron Uptake ◽  
Cell Type Specificity ◽  
Xylem Loading ◽  
Boron Transporter

Changes in the corticospinal tract after wearing prosthesis in bilateral transtibial amputation

2017 ◽  
Vol 41 (5) ◽  
pp. 507-511
Author(s):  
Sang Yoon Lee ◽  
Si Hyun Kang ◽  
Don-Kyu Kim ◽  
Kyung Mook Seo ◽  
Hee Joon Ro ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Magnetic Resonance Imaging ◽  
Diffusion Tensor Imaging ◽  
Magnetic Resonance ◽  
Primary Motor Cortex ◽  
Corticospinal Tract ◽  
Diffusion Tensor ◽  
Brain Magnetic Resonance Imaging ◽  
Resonance Imaging ◽  
Transtibial Amputation

Background:After amputation, the brain is known to be reorganized especially in the primary motor cortex. We report a case to show changes in the corticospinal tract in a patient with serial bilateral transtibial amputations using diffusion tensor imaging.Case Description and Methods:A 78-year-old man had a transtibial amputation on his left side in 2008 and he underwent a right transtibial amputation in 2011. An initial brain magnetic resonance imaging with a diffusion tensor imaging was performed before starting rehabilitation on his right transtibial prosthesis, and a follow-up magnetic resonance imaging with diffusion tensor imaging was performed 2 years after this.Findings and Outcomes:In the initial diffusion tensor imaging, the number of fiber lines in his right corticospinal tract was larger than that in his left corticospinal tract. At follow-up diffusion tensor imaging, there was no definite difference in the number of fiber lines between both corticospinal tracts.Conclusion:We found that side-to-side corticospinal tract differences were equalized after using bilateral prostheses.Clinical relevanceThis case report suggests that diffusion tensor imaging tractography could be a useful method to understand corticomotor reorganization after using prosthesis in transtibial amputation.

scholarly journals Differential Role of Basal Keratinocytes in UV-Induced Immunosuppression and Skin Cancer

2006 ◽  
Vol 26 (22) ◽  
pp. 8515-8526 ◽  
Author(s):  
Judith Jans ◽  
George A. Garinis ◽  
Wouter Schul ◽  
Adri van Oudenaren ◽  
Michael Moorhouse ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Skin Cancer ◽  
Biological Effects ◽  
Mouse Skin ◽  
Cell Type ◽  
Cell Type Specificity ◽  
Basal Keratinocytes ◽  
Expression Of Genes ◽  
Pyrimidine Dimers ◽  
Response To Stress

ABSTRACT Cyclobutane pyrimidine dimers (CPDs) and 6-4 photoproducts (6-4PPs) comprise major UV-induced photolesions. If left unrepaired, these lesions can induce mutations and skin cancer, which is facilitated by UV-induced immunosuppression. Yet the contribution of lesion and cell type specificity to the harmful biological effects of UV exposure remains currently unclear. Using a series of photolyase-transgenic mice to ubiquitously remove either CPDs or 6-4PPs from all cells in the mouse skin or selectively from basal keratinocytes, we show that the majority of UV-induced acute effects to require the presence of CPDs in basal keratinocytes in the mouse skin. At the fundamental level of gene expression, CPDs induce the expression of genes associated with repair and recombinational processing of DNA damage, as well as apoptosis and a response to stress. At the organismal level, photolyase-mediated removal of CPDs, but not 6-4PPs, from the genome of only basal keratinocytes substantially diminishes the incidence of skin tumors; however, it does not affect the UVB-mediated immunosuppression. Taken together, these findings reveal a differential role of basal keratinocytes in these processes, providing novel insights into the skin's acute and chronic responses to UV in a lesion- and cell-type-specific manner.

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