Modeling spatial, developmental, physiological, and topological constraints on human brain connectivity

The complex connectivity of nervous systems is thought to have been shaped by competitive selection pressures to minimize wiring costs and support adaptive function. Accordingly, recent modeling work indicates that stochastic processes, shaped by putative trade-offs between the cost and value of each connection, can successfully reproduce many topological properties of macroscale human connectomes measured with diffusion magnetic resonance imaging. Here, we derive a new formalism with the aim to more accurately capture the competing pressures of wiring cost minimization and topological complexity. We further show that model performance can be improved by accounting for developmental changes in brain geometry and associated wiring costs, and by using inter-regional transcriptional or microstructural similarity rather than topological wiring-rules. However, all models struggled to capture topologies spatial embedding. Our findings highlight an important role for genetics in shaping macroscale brain connectivity and indicate that stochastic models offer an incomplete account of connectome organization.

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Cost Effectiveness of Mobile versus Fixed Computed Tomography and Magnetic Resonance Imaging: A Systematic Review

Iranian Journal of Public Health ◽

10.18502/ijph.v48i8.2980 ◽

2020 ◽

Author(s):

Marita MOHAMMADSHAHI ◽

Minoo ALIPOURI SAKHA ◽

Atefeh ESFANDIARI ◽

Maryam SHIRVANI ◽

Ali AKBARI SARI

Keyword(s):

Magnetic Resonance Imaging ◽

Computed Tomography ◽

Systematic Review ◽

Cost Effectiveness ◽

Cost Minimization ◽

Resonance Imaging ◽

Mobile Ct ◽

The Cost ◽

Minimization Approach ◽

Ct And Mri

Background: Mobile technologies are widely used in healthcare. The purpose of this study was to compare the effectiveness and cost-effectiveness of fixed computed tomography (CT) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) with the mobile ones. Methods: In this systematic review, PubMed, Cochrane Library, Scopus and CRD database were searched from 1995 to 2015. The data on safety and effectiveness of technologies were extracted from included studies. Because the review showed no significant differences in the performance of mobile CT and MRI compared to the fixed ones, then a cost minimization approach was used to explore the cost-effectiveness of three scenarios. Results: Twenty two articles were included in the review that showed no statistically significant differences in the performance of mobile MRI and CT scan compared to the fixed ones. The cost minimization approach showed that the third scenario based on purchasing a common mobile MRI and CT scan; and using it by two or more hospitals that are in rational distance from each other is associated with the lowest costs, so it is the most cost-effectiveness strategy. Conclusion: The performance of Mobile CT and mobile MRI is comparable to the fixed ones; and using a combined mobile CT and MRI by two or three hospitals is the most cost-effective approach.

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Review for "Detection of memory‐ and learning‐ related brain connectivity changes following trace eyeblink‐conditioning using resting‐state functional magnetic resonance imaging in the awake rabbit"

10.1002/cne.25042/v2/review2 ◽

2020 ◽

Author(s):

Wen-Ju Pan

Keyword(s):

Magnetic Resonance Imaging ◽

Magnetic Resonance ◽

Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging ◽

Resting State ◽

Brain Connectivity ◽

Eyeblink Conditioning ◽

Functional Magnetic Resonance ◽

Resonance Imaging ◽

Memory And Learning ◽

Trace Eyeblink Conditioning

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Decision letter for "Detection of memory‐ and learning‐ related brain connectivity changes following trace eyeblink‐conditioning using resting‐state functional magnetic resonance imaging in the awake rabbit"

10.1002/cne.25042/v2/decision1 ◽

2020 ◽

Keyword(s):

Magnetic Resonance Imaging ◽

Magnetic Resonance ◽

Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging ◽

Resting State ◽

Brain Connectivity ◽

Eyeblink Conditioning ◽

Functional Magnetic Resonance ◽

Resonance Imaging ◽

Memory And Learning ◽

Trace Eyeblink Conditioning

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Review for "Detection of memory‐ and learning‐ related brain connectivity changes following trace eyeblink‐conditioning using resting‐state functional magnetic resonance imaging in the awake rabbit"

10.1002/cne.25042/v1/review1 ◽

2020 ◽

Author(s):

Wen-Ju Pan

Keyword(s):

Magnetic Resonance Imaging ◽

Magnetic Resonance ◽

Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging ◽

Resting State ◽

Brain Connectivity ◽

Eyeblink Conditioning ◽

Functional Magnetic Resonance ◽

Resonance Imaging ◽

Memory And Learning ◽

Trace Eyeblink Conditioning

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Cost-minimization analysis of drugs used in the treatment of Asthma and COPD diseases in India

Current Drug Therapy ◽

10.2174/1574885515999200813193250 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 15 ◽

Author(s):

Billu Payal ◽

Anoop Kumar ◽

Harsh Saxena

Keyword(s):

Generic Drugs ◽

Cost Minimization ◽

Cost Savings ◽

Chronic Obstructive ◽

Pulmonary Medicine ◽

Potential Cost ◽

Maximum Cost ◽

Cost Minimization Analysis ◽

Cost Variation ◽

The Cost

Background: Asthma and Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Diseases (COPD) are well known respiratory diseases affecting millions of peoples in India. In the market, various branded generics, as well as generic drugs, are available for their treatment and how much cost will be saved by utilizing generic medicine is still unclear among physicians. Thus, the main aim of the current investigation was to perform cost-minimization analysis of generic versus branded generic (high and low expensive) drugs and branded generic (high expensive) versus branded generic (least expensive) used in the Department of Pulmonary Medicine of Era Medical University, Lucknow for the treatment of asthma and COPD. Methodology: The current index of medical stores (CIMS) was referred for the cost of branded drugs whereas the cost of generic drugs was taken from Jan Aushadi scheme of India 2016. The percentage of cost variation particularly to Asthma and COPD regimens on substituting available generic drugs was calculated using standard formula and costs were presented in Indian Rupees (as of 2019). Results: The maximum cost variation was found between the respules budesonide high expensive branded generic versus least expensive branded generic drugs and generic versus high expensive branded generic. In combination, the maximum cost variation was observed in the montelukast and levocetirizine combination. Conclusion: In conclusion, this study inferred that substituting generic antiasthmatics and COPD drugs can bring potential cost savings in patients.

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Genetic influences on hub connectivity of the human connectome

Nature Communications ◽

10.1038/s41467-021-24306-2 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 12 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Aurina Arnatkeviciute ◽

Ben D. Fulcher ◽

Stuart Oldham ◽

Jeggan Tiego ◽

Casey Paquola ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Transcriptional Activity ◽

Model Performance ◽

Brain Network ◽

Generative Models ◽

Resonance Imaging ◽

Tight Coupling ◽

Network Growth ◽

Genetic Constraints ◽

Weighted Magnetic Resonance Imaging ◽

Connectivity Strength

AbstractBrain network hubs are both highly connected and highly inter-connected, forming a critical communication backbone for coherent neural dynamics. The mechanisms driving this organization are poorly understood. Using diffusion-weighted magnetic resonance imaging in twins, we identify a major role for genes, showing that they preferentially influence connectivity strength between network hubs of the human connectome. Using transcriptomic atlas data, we show that connected hubs demonstrate tight coupling of transcriptional activity related to metabolic and cytoarchitectonic similarity. Finally, comparing over thirteen generative models of network growth, we show that purely stochastic processes cannot explain the precise wiring patterns of hubs, and that model performance can be improved by incorporating genetic constraints. Our findings indicate that genes play a strong and preferential role in shaping the functionally valuable, metabolically costly connections between connectome hubs.

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A framework for reducing the overhead of the quantum oracle for use with Grover’s algorithm with applications to cryptanalysis of SIKE

Journal of Mathematical Cryptology ◽

10.1515/jmc-2020-0080 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 15 (1) ◽

pp. 143-156

Author(s):

Jean-François Biasse ◽

Benjamin Pring

Keyword(s):

Search Algorithm ◽

Circuit Complexity ◽

Quantum Circuit ◽

Grover’S Algorithm ◽

Search Problems ◽

Trade Offs ◽

Single Target ◽

Grover's Algorithm ◽

Quantum Oracle ◽

The Cost

AbstractIn this paper we provide a framework for applying classical search and preprocessing to quantum oracles for use with Grover’s quantum search algorithm in order to lower the quantum circuit-complexity of Grover’s algorithm for single-target search problems. This has the effect (for certain problems) of reducing a portion of the polynomial overhead contributed by the implementation cost of quantum oracles and can be used to provide either strict improvements or advantageous trade-offs in circuit-complexity. Our results indicate that it is possible for quantum oracles for certain single-target preimage search problems to reduce the quantum circuit-size from $O\left(2^{n/2}\cdot mC\right)$ (where C originates from the cost of implementing the quantum oracle) to $O(2^{n/2} \cdot m\sqrt{C})$ without the use of quantum ram, whilst also slightly reducing the number of required qubits.This framework captures a previous optimisation of Grover’s algorithm using preprocessing [21] applied to cryptanalysis, providing new asymptotic analysis. We additionally provide insights and asymptotic improvements on recent cryptanalysis [16] of SIKE [14] via Grover’s algorithm, demonstrating that the speedup applies to this attack and impacting upon quantum security estimates [16] incorporated into the SIKE specification [14].

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Wideband Rectangular Foldable and Non-foldable Antenna for Internet of Things Applications

International Journal of Antennas and Propagation ◽

10.1155/2019/2125713 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 2019 ◽

pp. 1-5 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Steve W. Y. Mung ◽

Cheuk Yin Cheung ◽

Ka Ming Wu ◽

Joseph S. M. Yuen

Keyword(s):

Internet Of Things ◽

Printed Circuit Board ◽

Circuit Board ◽

Design Parameters ◽

Multiple Frequency ◽

Wireless Applications ◽

Printed Circuit ◽

Iot Applications ◽

Trade Offs ◽

The Cost

This article presents a simple wideband rectangular antenna in foldable and non-foldable (printed circuit board (PCB)) structures for Internet of Things (IoT) applications. Both are simple structures with two similar rectangular metal planes which cover multiple frequency bands such as GPS, WCDMA/LTE, and 2.4 GHz industrial, scientific, and medical (ISM) bands. This wideband antenna is suitable to integrate into the short- and long-range wireless applications such as the short-range 2.4 GHz ISM band and standard cellular bands. This lowers the overall size of the product as well as the cost in the applications. In this article, the configuration and operation principle are presented as well as its trade-offs on the design parameters. Simulated and experimental results of foldable and non-foldable (PCB) structures show that the antenna is suited for IoT applications.

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Effect of APOE ε4 on multimodal brain connectomic traits: a persistent homology study

BMC Bioinformatics ◽

10.1186/s12859-020-03877-9 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 21 (S21) ◽

Author(s):

Jin Li ◽

◽

Chenyuan Bian ◽

Dandan Chen ◽

Xianglian Meng ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Magnetic Resonance Imaging ◽

Magnetic Resonance ◽

Genetic Risk ◽

Brain Connectivity ◽

Persistent Homology ◽

Brain Network ◽

Resonance Imaging ◽

Modeling Framework ◽

Apoe Ε4 ◽

Topological Features

Abstract Background Although genetic risk factors and network-level neuroimaging abnormalities have shown effects on cognitive performance and brain atrophy in Alzheimer’s disease (AD), little is understood about how apolipoprotein E (APOE) ε4 allele, the best-known genetic risk for AD, affect brain connectivity before the onset of symptomatic AD. This study aims to investigate APOE ε4 effects on brain connectivity from the perspective of multimodal connectome. Results Here, we propose a novel multimodal brain network modeling framework and a network quantification method based on persistent homology for identifying APOE ε4-related network differences. Specifically, we employ sparse representation to integrate multimodal brain network information derived from both the resting state functional magnetic resonance imaging (rs-fMRI) data and the diffusion-weighted magnetic resonance imaging (dw-MRI) data. Moreover, persistent homology is proposed to avoid the ad hoc selection of a specific regularization parameter and to capture valuable brain connectivity patterns from the topological perspective. The experimental results demonstrate that our method outperforms the competing methods, and reasonably yields connectomic patterns specific to APOE ε4 carriers and non-carriers. Conclusions We have proposed a multimodal framework that integrates structural and functional connectivity information for constructing a fused brain network with greater discriminative power. Using persistent homology to extract topological features from the fused brain network, our method can effectively identify APOE ε4-related brain connectomic biomarkers.

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