scholarly journals The role of oxytocin in modulating self-other distinction brain: a pharmacological fMRI study

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yuanchen Wang ◽  
Ruien Wang ◽  
Haiyan Wu
Keyword(s):  
Left Hemisphere ◽  
Face Perception ◽  
The Self ◽  
Controlled Study ◽  
Neural Basis ◽  
Fmri Study ◽  
Fmri Analysis ◽  
Double Blinded ◽  
Better Than

The self-other distinction is crucial in human social cognition and social interaction. Studies have found that oxytocin (OT) sharpens the self-other perceptual boundary but with mixed results. Further, little is known if the effect of OT on self-resemblance face perception exists, especially on its neural basis. Moreover, it is unclear if OT would influence the judgment in self-other discrimination when the other is a child or an adult. In the current double-blinded, placebo-controlled study, we investigated the effect of OT on self-face perception at both behavioral and neural levels. We morphed their faces with either an adult, a child, or a stranger face of either an adult or child. After being treated by either OT or placebo (PL), participants reported whether a morphed face resembles themselves while being scanned with fMRI. Behavioral results showed that people judged adult-morphed faces better than child-morphed faces. fMRI results showed that the OT group exhibited generally increased activities in the visual area and IFG for self-morphed faces. Such difference was more pronounced in the adult face compared to child face conditions. Multivariate fMRI analysis revealed that the OT group showed better classification between self-morphed versus other-morphed faces, indicating that OT increased self-other distinction, especially for adult faces and in the left hemisphere. Our study shows the significant effect of OT on self-referential brain processes, providing evidence for the potential OT's effect on a left hemisphere self network

Equity and the Right to Do Wrong

2020 ◽  
pp. 72-91
Author(s):  
Andrew S Gold
Keyword(s):  
The State ◽  
The Self ◽  
Role Of The State ◽  
The Right ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Private Litigation ◽  
Better Than

This chapter discusses how the ‘stickler-enjoining’ account of equity has important limits. While many distinctive doctrines of equity can be understood to limit stickler behaviour, equity in fact often turns a blind eye to, and sometimes even enables, stickler behaviour. One can sort cases in which equity restrains sticklers from those in which it is indifferent to stickler behaviour if one attends to the role of the state in private litigation. Sometimes the state’s responsibilities require it to protect plaintiffs against sticklers. Other times, it requires it to protect the stickler, as a means, for example, of keeping as open as possible each person’s sphere of choices. Ultimately, the self-regarding account of equity sheds light on the question of the relationship between equity and justice: from the distinct perspective of the judgment, sometimes equitable justice is better than legal justice and sometimes legal justice is better than equitable justice.

scholarly journals Executive functions, self-paced exercise and cycling performance

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Darias Holgado ◽  
Daniel Sanabria
Keyword(s):  
Executive Functions ◽  
Aerobic Exercise ◽  
Cognitive Processes ◽  
Cycling Performance ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
The Self ◽  
Monitoring And Control ◽  
Neural Basis ◽  
Dorsolateral Prefrontal

The main aim of the present thesis was to understand the role of executive (cognitive) functions in self-paced aerobic exercise (cycling). A self-paced exercise is a physical activity in which the effort has to be distributed in the best possible way to achieve the objective of the event (e.g., to cover a given distance as quickly as possible or to cover the largest possible distance in a given time). Self-paced exercise requires the monitoring and control of feedback from the muscles and cardiorespiratory systems to the brain. From an applied point of view, we could consider that the self-paced aerobic exercise is a goal-directed behaviour towards an objective that involves several cognitive processes, and in particular of executive functions (e.g., inhibitory control or working memory). Consequently, any change at cognitive level (and brain related to the cognitive processes under study) will affect physical performance. To understand this relationship, in an introductory chapter we summarized the role of executive functions on the self-paced exercise, and the empirical evidence of the neural basis. We also summarized the different manipulations that have been designed to investigate the role of the executive functions on self-paced exercise. In the following chapters, we describe the three studies we have conducted to investigate the role of executive functioning on the self-paced exercise. First, we investigated the ergogenic effect of tramadol on physical and cognitive performance. Next, we attempt to understand the effects of transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) (applied to the left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex) on objective and subjective indices of exercise performance. Finally, we investigated the role of cognitive (executive) load during self-paced exercise.

scholarly journals Application of intravenous lidocaine in patients undergoing operative hysteroscopy: a randomized, double-blind, controlled study

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Huaxin Wang ◽  
Xuan Peng ◽  
Yeda Xiao ◽  
Bo Zhao ◽  
Liying Zhan
Keyword(s):  
Controlled Study ◽  
Intravenous Lidocaine ◽  
Double Blind ◽  
Operative Hysteroscopy ◽  
Throat Pain ◽  
Equivalent Rate ◽  
Operative Recovery ◽  
Double Blinded ◽  
Blinded Trial

Abstract Background The role of intraoperative intravenous lidocaine infusion has been previously evaluated for pain relief, inflammatory response, and post-operative recovery, including in endoscopic surgery. The present study is a randomized double-blinded trial in which we evaluated whether intravenous lidocaine infusion would reduce postoperative pain, propofol requirement and remifentanil consumption in patients undergoing hysteroscopy surgery. Methods Eighty-five patients scheduled to undergo elective operative hysteroscopy surgery under general anesthesia were randomized into two groups. Group L included patients who received an intravenous lidocaine bolus 1.5mg/kg over 3 min followed by a continuous infusion at the rate of 2 mg/kg/h until surgery completed, and Group C received 0.9% normal saline solution at an equivalent rate. The depth of anesthesia was monitored using the Narcotrend, which was based on measurement of the patient’s cerebral electrical activity. Primary outcome of the study was postoperative hypogastric pain evaluating by visual analogue scale (VAS). Secondary outcomes include propofol requirement and remifentanil requirement. Results VAS score of Group L was significantly lower than Group C at postoperative 0.5 h, 4 h, respectively (P < 0.05), while no obvious difference was found at postoperative 24 h. There was no difference between groups in propofol requirement, but Group L required less dosage of remifentanil than Group C (P < 0.05). Moreover, the incidence of throat pain was significantly lower in Group L. No adverse events associated with lidocaine was discovered. Conclusions Administration of intravenous lidocaine infusion as an adjuvant alleviated short-term postoperative hypogastric pain and throat pain, and reduced remifentanil requirement in patients undergoing operative hysteroscopy surgery.

scholarly journals The neural correlates of ideation in product design engineering practitioners

2019 ◽  
Vol 5 ◽  
Author(s):  
L. Hay ◽  
A. H. B. Duffy ◽  
S. J. Gilbert ◽  
L. Lyall ◽  
G. Campbell ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Product Design ◽  
Superior Temporal Gyrus ◽  
Design Engineering ◽  
Functional Requirements ◽  
Neural Basis ◽  
Design Engineers ◽  
Fmri Study ◽  
Fmri Analysis ◽  
The Right ◽  
Creative Ideation

In product design engineering (PDE), ideation involves the generation of technical behaviours and physical structures to address specific functional requirements. This differs from generic creative ideation tasks, which emphasise functional and technical considerations less. To advance knowledge about the neural basis of PDE ideation, we present the first fMRI study on professional product design engineers practising in industry. We aimed to explore brain activation during ideation, and compare activation in open-ended and constrained tasks. Imagery manipulation tasks were contrasted with ideation tasks in a sample of 29 PDE professionals. The key findings were: (1) PDE ideation is associated with greater activity in left cingulate gyrus; (2) there were no significant differences between open-ended and constrained tasks; and (3) a preliminary association with activity in the right superior temporal gyrus was also observed. The results are consistent with existing fMRI work on generic creative ideation, suggesting that PDE ideation may share a number of similarities at the neural level. Future work includes: functional connectivity analysis of open-ended and constrained ideation to further investigate potential differences; investigating the effects of aspects of design expertise/training on processing; and the use of novelty measures directly linked to the designer’s internal processing in fMRI analysis.

scholarly journals Understanding the attitude of others by hearing action sounds: the role of the insula

2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
G. Di Cesare ◽  
M. Marchi ◽  
C. Pinardi ◽  
G. Rizzolatti
Keyword(s):  
Social Interactions ◽  
Social Relations ◽  
Crucial Role ◽  
Negative Attitude ◽  
Neural Basis ◽  
Fmri Study ◽  
Neural Bases ◽  
And Control

Abstract During social interactions, actions and words can be expressed in different ways, for example gently, vigorously or rudely communicating the positive or negative attitude of the agent. These forms of communication are called vitality forms and play a crucial role in social relations. While the neural bases of speech and actions vitality forms have been investigated, there is no information on how we recognize others’ mood/attitude by hearing the sound of their actions. In the present fMRI study we investigated the neural basis of vitality forms while participants heard action sounds in two different conditions: sounds resulting from gentle and rude actions, sounds communicating the same actions without vitality forms (control stimuli). Results showed that hearing action sounds conveying rude and gentle vitality forms respect to the control stimuli produced a specific activation of the dorso-central insula. In addition, hearing both vitality forms action sounds and control stimuli produced the activation of the parieto-frontal circuit typically involved in the observation and the execution of arm actions. In conclusion, our data indicate that, the dorso-central insula is a key region involved in the processing of vitality forms regardless of the modality by which they are conveyed.

scholarly journals Role of dexamethasone in the para-vertebral block for pediatric patients undergoing aortic coarctation repair. randomized, double-blinded controlled study

2018 ◽  
Vol 18 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Amany H. Saleh ◽  
Passaint F. Hassan ◽  
Mohamed Elayashy ◽  
Hamza M. Hamza ◽  
Mona H. Abdelhamid ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Aortic Coarctation ◽  
Pediatric Patients ◽  
Controlled Study ◽  
Coarctation Repair ◽  
Double Blinded

The Neural Basis of Autobiographical Memory

2019 ◽  
pp. 111-133
Author(s):  
Heather Iriye ◽  
Peggy L. St. Jacques
Keyword(s):  
Autobiographical Memory ◽  
The Self ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Immersive Virtual Reality ◽  
Neural Basis ◽  
Related Information ◽  
Recent Advances ◽  
Autonoetic Consciousness ◽  
The Brain

Recent advances in neuroimaging techniques have led to significant progress in our understanding of how the personal past is represented in the brain. A key insight has been the degree to which autobiographical memory (AM) is structured according to self-related processes. This chapter addresses the role of the self in organizing AM in three key areas: (1) processing of self-related information, (2) awareness of the self in time (i.e. autonoetic consciousness), and (3) the centrality of egocentric visual perspective. There are exciting areas for future research that capitalize on the benefits of recent advances in fully immersive virtual reality technologies.

Effectiveness, Safety, and Satisfaction of Silicone Pro Gel in Prophylaxis and Management of Post-Operative Scar: A Randomized, Double-Blinded, Placebo-Controlled Study

2020 ◽  
Vol 103 (5) ◽  
pp. 442-448
Keyword(s):  
Side Effects ◽  
Cesarean Section ◽  
Study Drug ◽  
Controlled Study ◽  
Abdominal Wound ◽  
Study Product ◽  
High Satisfaction ◽  
Double Blinded ◽  
Better Than ◽  
Surface Regularity

Objective: To assess the effectiveness and side effects of Silicone Pro Gel to alleviate scar development among the pregnant women with the first cesarean section, and their satisfaction. Materials and Methods: The present study was a randomized, double-blinded, placebo-controlled study among the women with transverse abdominal wound of the first cesarean section. The formation and improvement of scar was assessed by interventionblinded investigators and patients in terms of redness, height, surface regularity, and attribute of the scar. Ninety women were enrolled into either the study drug or placebo groups by computerized randomization (C0). Women in both groups applied the allocated drugs within 7 to 10 days after cesarean section and had to apply the allocated drugs twice a day. The re-assessment was done at 28±4 days (C1), at 56±4 days (C2) and at 84±4 days (C3). Results: About 76% of women completed the study. The present study product performed better than the placebo in terms of formation of the wound, including height, surface regularity, and attribute of the scar. Neither side effects nor serious complications caused by the study drug were reported. Most women reported high satisfaction and there was no difference of participants’ perception toward the wound between groups. Conclusion: Silicone Pro Gel performed better in terms of alleviation of scar development post cesarean section with high participants’ satisfaction. Keywords: Scar, Photograph assessment, Investigator, Participant

scholarly journals Self-Efficacy of Women Prisoners Who Are Infected By HIV

2020 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
pp. 309-319
Author(s):  
Mitro Subroto ◽  
Ade Cici Rohayati
Keyword(s):  
Self Efficacy ◽  
Qualitative Method ◽  
The Self ◽  
Correctional Institutions ◽  
Infected Female ◽  
Female Prisoners ◽  
Conducting Research ◽  
Better Than ◽  
Hiv Aids

The problem is the number of cases of Prisoners/Detainees contracting/infected with HIV/AIDS in correctional institutions/detention in Indonesia and based on data on female prisoners in Semester II (June-November) in 2019, on average each month 1,112 people, of which 12% were female prisoners infected with HIV, as well as looking at the mental and psychological vulnerability of female prisoners, the authors are interested in researching about female prisoners infected with HIV. In this study, the authors examined the self-efficacy of female prisoners infected with HIV/AIDS and the role of prison officers in motivating and increasing prisoners' self-efficacy. The study was conducted using a comparative qualitative method that is conducting research at 2 (two) different loci to compare the results of each locus. The informants of the study selected 13 (thirteen) female prisoners infected with HIV, 2 (two) prison doctors and 2 (two) heads of the sub-section of Bimkemaswat. The study uses self-efficacy theory which has 4 (four) processes in the formation of self-efficacy and 4 (four) components of self-efficacy improvement. The process and components are used as a guide in interviewing informants. The results of the study, there are differences in the self-efficacy of prisoners at each locus, due to differences in treatment and social support that can increase the self-efficacy of prisoners. Based on the results of the analysis concluded that the self-efficacy of HIV-infected female prisoners in LPP Tangerang is better than female prisoners infected with HIV in LPP Jakarta.

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