scholarly journals Phylogeography of Lanius senator reveals conflicts between alpha taxonomy, subspecies ranges and genetics.

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Martina Nasuelli ◽  
Luca Ilahiane ◽  
Giovanni Boano ◽  
Marco Cucco ◽  
Andrea Galimberti ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Divergence Time ◽  
Distribution Patterns ◽  
Genetic Distances ◽  
Phylogeographic Structure ◽  
Long Distance ◽  
Phylogenetic Structure ◽  
Biogeographic Patterns ◽  
Breeding Populations ◽  
Western Palearctic ◽  
And Control

Implementing the effort in understanding biogeographic distribution patterns and taxonomic limits within animal groups is crucial for addressing several challenges of modern zoology. Although avian phylogeography has been deeply investigated within Western Palearctic, several families, such as shrikes, still display complicated or neglected biogeographic patterns both between and within species, thus requiring further investigations. The Woodchat Shrike (Lanius senator) is a long-distance migratory species that exhibits three morphologically well-recognizable subspecies, whose boundaries have never been molecularly investigated. Here, we aimed to define the phylogeographic structure of Lanius senator throughout its breeding range and assess the genetic coherence with the phenotypically described subspecies. We assembled a collection of 34 samples mainly from breeding populations of each subspecies and analyzed them at four mtDNA and two nuDNA markers. We did not find a clear phylogenetic structure with nuclear Ornithine Decarboxylase (ODC) and myoglobin intron 2 (MYO), while all the four mtDNA loci (i.e., ND2, COI, cytb and Control Region) highlighted two main haplogroups, one including both the nominate subspecies L. s. senator and L. s. badius and the second consistent with L. s. niloticus only from the easternmost part of the range. Surprisingly, individuals phenotypically assigned to L. s. niloticus from Israel were genetically assigned to the senator/badius haplogroup. Moreover, genetic distances showed intermediate values between inter-intraspecies diversity usually found in Passerines. We estimated a divergence time among the two haplogroups around 800 kya (549 - 1.259 kya HPD). Our findings showed a mismatch in subspecies assignment using morphology and genetic information and a marked differentiation between the eastern L.s. niloticus and all the other L. senator populations.

scholarly journals Recent Speciation in the Orchard Oriole Group: Divergence of Icterus Spurius Spurius and Icterus Spurius Fuertesi

The Auk ◽  
2003 ◽  
Vol 120 (3) ◽  
pp. 848-859
Author(s):  
Jason M. Baker ◽  
Esteban López-Medrano ◽  
Adolfo G. Navarro-Sigüenza ◽  
Octavio R. Rojas-Soto ◽  
Kevin E. Omland
Keyword(s):  
Incomplete Lineage Sorting ◽  
Haplotype Frequency ◽  
Theoretical Models ◽  
Lineage Sorting ◽  
Base Pairs ◽  
Long Distance ◽  
Separate Species ◽  
Phylogenetic Structure ◽  
Mitochondrial Cytochrome B ◽  
And Control

Abstract New World orioles (Icterus) include several closely related species and subspecies pairs that provide excellent opportunities for studying recent speciation. We examined a subspecies pair in the Orchard Oriole group: Orchard Oriole (I. spurius spurius), a long-distance migrant that breeds in eastern North America, and Fuertes’s Oriole (I. s. fuertesi), a short-distance migrant that breeds in a restricted range in Veracruz, Mexico. We sequenced parts of the mitochondrial cytochrome-b gene (925 base pairs) and control region (344 base pairs) from 23 Orchard Orioles and 7 Fuertes’s Orioles. Subspecies are not reciprocally monophyletic. Instead, our data suggest that at least one taxon is paraphyletic or polyphyletic. We found little support for any further phylogenetic structure, including whether one subspecies might be derived from the other. However, haplotype frequency analysis suggests that there is little or no current gene flow between the taxa. The phylogenetic relationship between Orchard and Fuertes’s orioles is likely a result of recent divergence and incomplete lineage sorting. That interpretation is consistent with theoretical models of speciation, which predict patterns of nonmonophyly at early stages of taxon divergence. Our findings suggest that Orchard and Fuertes’s orioles are separate species and provide a case study for evaluating the importance of monophyly in defining species limits.

scholarly journals Geographic Patterns of Genetic Variation among Cacao (Theobroma cacao L.) Populations Based on Chloroplast Markers

Diversity ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (6) ◽  
pp. 249
Author(s):  
Helmuth Edisson Nieves-Orduña ◽  
Markus Müller ◽  
Konstantin V. Krutovsky ◽  
Oliver Gailing
Keyword(s):  
Theobroma Cacao ◽  
Amazon Basin ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Phylogeographic Structure ◽  
Long Distance ◽  
Chloroplast Microsatellite ◽  
Chloroplast Markers ◽  
Breeding Populations ◽  
Chloroplast Haplotypes ◽  
Theobroma Cacao L

The cacao tree (Theobroma cacao L.) is native to the Amazon basin and widely cultivated in the tropics to produce seeds, the valuable raw material for the chocolate industry. Conservation of cacao genetic resources and their availability for breeding and production programs are vital for securing cacao supply. However, relatively little is still known about the phylogeographic structure of natural cacao populations. We studied the geographic distribution of cpDNA variation in different populations representing natural cacao stands, cacao farms in Ecuador, and breeding populations. We used six earlier published cacao chloroplast microsatellite markers to genotype 233 cacao samples. In total, 23 chloroplast haplotypes were identified. The highest variation of haplotypes was observed in western Amazonia including geographically restricted haplotypes. Two observed haplotypes were widespread across the Amazon basin suggesting long distance seed dispersal from west to east in Amazonia. Most cacao genetic groups identified earlier using nuclear SSRs are associated with specific chloroplast haplotypes. A single haplotype was common in selections representing cacao plantations in west Ecuador and reference Trinitario accessions. Our results can be used to determine the chloroplast diversity of accessions and in combination with phenotypic assessments can help to select geographically distinctive varieties for cacao breeding programs.

RELATIONSHIPS BETWEEN COMMAND, MANAGEMENT, AND COMMUNICATIONS. TO CONTINUE IN DIFFERENT DIRECTIONS OR TO REMAIN IN SAME FIELD

2018 ◽  
Vol 28 (6) ◽  
pp. 1887-1891
Author(s):  
Todor Kalinov
Keyword(s):  
Data Exchange ◽  
Content Management ◽  
System Structure ◽  
Power Comparison ◽  
Long Distance ◽  
Military Alliances ◽  
Military Systems ◽  
Military Command ◽  
And Control ◽  
The Military

Management and Command253 are two different words and terms, but military structures use them as synonyms. Military commanders’ authorities are almost equal in meaning to civilian managers’ privileges and power. Comparison between military command and the civilian management system structure, organization, and way of work shows almost full identity and overlapping. The highest in scale and size military systems are national ministries of defense and multinational military alliances and coalitions. Military systems at this level combine military command structures with civilian political leadership and support elements. Therefore, they incorporate both military command and civilian management organizations without any complications, because their nature originated from same source and have similar framework and content. Management of organizations requires communication in order to plan, coordinate, lead, control, and conduct all routine or extraordinary activities. Immediate long-distance communications originated from telegraphy, which was firstly applied in 19th century. Later, long-distance communications included telephony, aerial transmitting, satellite, and last but not least internet data exchange. They allowed immediate exchange of letters, voice and images, bringing to new capabilities of the managers. Their sophisticated technical base brought to new area of the military command and civilian management structures. These area covered technical and operational parts of communications, and created engineer sub-field of science, that has become one of the most popular educations, worldwide. Communications were excluded from the military command and moved to separate field, named Computers and Communications. A historic overview and analysis of the command and management structures and requirements shows their relationships, common origin, and mission. They have significant differences: management and control are based on humanities, natural and social sciences, while communications are mainly based on engineering and technology. These differences do not create enough conditions for defragmentation of communications from the management structures. They exist together in symbiosis and management structures need communications in order to exist and multiply their effectiveness and efficiency. Future defragmentation between military command and communications will bring risks of worse coordination, need for more human resources, and worse end states. These risks are extremely negative for nations and should be avoided by wide appliance of the education and science among nowadays and future leaders, managers, and commanders.

scholarly journals Disentangling relationships among eastern Mediterranean Cymbalaria including description of a novel species from the southern Peloponnese (Greece)

2021 ◽  
Vol 307 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Pau Carnicero ◽  
Núria Garcia-Jacas ◽  
Llorenç Sáez ◽  
Theophanis Constantinidis ◽  
Mercè Galbany-Casals
Keyword(s):  
Eastern Mediterranean ◽  
Phylogenetic Analyses ◽  
Taxonomic Revision ◽  
Distribution Patterns ◽  
Morphological Characters ◽  
Molecular Data ◽  
Morphological Data ◽  
Long Distance ◽  
Aegean Islands ◽  
Molecular Phylogenetic

AbstractThe eastern Mediterranean basin hosts a remarkably high plant diversity. Historical connections between currently isolated areas across the Aegean region and long-distance dispersal events have been invoked to explain current distribution patterns of species. According to most recent treatments, at least two Cymbalaria species occur in this area, Cymbalaria microcalyx and C. longipes. The former comprises several intraspecific taxa, treated at different ranks by different authors based on morphological data, evidencing the need of a taxonomic revision. Additionally, some populations of C. microcalyx show exclusive morphological characters that do not match any described taxon. Here, we aim to shed light on the systematics of eastern Mediterranean Cymbalaria and to propose a classification informed by various sources of evidence. We performed molecular phylogenetic analyses using ITS, 3’ETS, ndhF and rpl32-trnL sequences and estimated the ploidy level of some taxa performing relative genome size measures. Molecular data combined with morphology support the division of traditionally delimited C. microcalyx into C. acutiloba, C. microcalyx and C. minor, corresponding to well-delimited nrDNA lineages. Furthermore, we propose to combine C. microcalyx subsp. paradoxa at the species level. A group of specimens previously thought to belong to Cymbalaria microcalyx constitute a well-defined phylogenetic and morphological entity and are described here as a new species, Cymbalaria spetae. Cymbalaria longipes is non-monophyletic, but characterized by being glabrous and diploid, unlike other eastern species. The nrDNA data suggest at least two dispersals from the mainland to the Aegean Islands, potentially facilitated by marine regressions.

scholarly journals Global phylogeography of a pantropical mangrove genus Rhizophora

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Koji Takayama ◽  
Yoichi Tateishi ◽  
Tadashi Kajita
Keyword(s):  
Phylogenetic Trees ◽  
Nuclear Dna ◽  
Divergence Time ◽  
Long Distance ◽  
F1 Hybrid ◽  
The Pacific ◽  
Comprehensive Picture ◽  
Dated Phylogeny ◽  
Stochastic Mapping ◽  
Historical Scenario

AbstractRhizophora is a key genus for revealing the formation process of the pantropical distribution of mangroves. In this study, in order to fully understand the historical scenario of Rhizophora that achieved pantropical distribution, we conducted phylogeographic analyses based on nucleotide sequences of chloroplast and nuclear DNA as well as microsatellites for samples collected worldwide. Phylogenetic trees suggested the monophyly of each AEP and IWP lineages respectively except for R. samoensis and R. × selala. The divergence time between the two lineages was 10.6 million years ago on a dated phylogeny, and biogeographic stochastic mapping analyses supported these lineages separated following a vicariant event. These data suggested that the closure of the Tethys Seaway and the reduction in mangrove distribution followed by Mid-Miocene cooling were key factors that caused the linage diversification. Phylogeographic analyses also suggested the formation of the distinctive genetic structure at the AEP region across the American continents around Pliocene. Furthermore, long-distance trans-pacific dispersal occurred from the Pacific coast of American continents to the South Pacific and formed F1 hybrid, resulting in gene exchange between the IWP and AEP lineages after 11 million years of isolation. Considering the phylogeny and phylogeography with divergence time, a comprehensive picture of the historical scenario behind the pantropical distribution of Rhizophora is updated.

Phylogeographic structure and gene flow of Himalayan snowcock (Tetraogallus himalayensis)

2010 ◽  
Vol 60 (4) ◽  
pp. 449-465
Author(s):  
Wen Longying ◽  
Zhang Lixun ◽  
An Bei ◽  
Luo Huaxing ◽  
Liu Naifa ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Demographic History ◽  
Phylogenetic Analyses ◽  
Divergence Time ◽  
Population Expansion ◽  
Population History ◽  
Tibet Plateau ◽  
Phylogeographic Structure ◽  
Mitochondrial Cytochrome B ◽  
History Of ◽  
Qinghai Tibet Plateau

AbstractWe have used phylogeographic methods to investigate the genetic structure and population history of the endangered Himalayan snowcock (Tetraogallus himalayensis) in northwestern China. The mitochondrial cytochrome b gene was sequenced of 102 individuals sampled throughout the distribution range. In total, we found 26 different haplotypes defined by 28 polymorphic sites. Phylogenetic analyses indicated that the samples were divided into two major haplogroups corresponding to one western and one eastern clade. The divergence time between these major clades was estimated to be approximately one million years. An analysis of molecular variance showed that 40% of the total genetic variability was found within local populations, 12% among populations within regional groups and 48% among groups. An analysis of the demographic history of the populations suggested that major expansions have occurred in the Himalayan snowcock populations and these correlate mainly with the first and the second largest glaciations during the Pleistocene. In addition, the data indicate that there was a population expansion of the Tianshan population during the uplift of the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau, approximately 2 million years ago.

scholarly journals Avian Haemosporidian Diversity on Sardinia: A First General Assessment for the Insular Mediterranean

Diversity ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (2) ◽  
pp. 75
Author(s):  
Irene Pellegrino ◽  
Luca Ilahiane ◽  
Giovanni Boano ◽  
Marco Cucco ◽  
Marco Pavia ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Linear Models ◽  
Parasite Community ◽  
Breeding Birds ◽  
Lower Probability ◽  
Long Distance ◽  
Breeding Bird ◽  
Bird Populations ◽  
Total Prevalence ◽  
Western Palearctic ◽  
Host Parasite

The Western Palearctic is one of the most investigated regions for avian haemosporidian parasites (Haemoproteus, Plasmodium and Leucocytozoon), yet geographic gaps in our regional knowledge remain. Here, we report the first haemosporidian screening of the breeding birds from Sardinia (the second-largest Mediterranean Island and a biodiversity hotspot), and the first for the insular Mediterranean in general. We examined the occurrence of haemosporidians by amplifying their mtDNA cytb gene in 217 breeding birds, belonging to 32 species. The total prevalence of infected birds was 55.3%, and of the 116 haplotypes recovered, 84 were novel. Despite the high number of novel lineages, phylogenetic analysis did not highlight Sardinia-specific clades; instead, some Sardinian lineages were more closely related to lineages previously recovered from continental Europe. Host-parasite network analysis indicated a specialized host-parasite community. Binomial generalized linear models (GLMs), performed at the community level, suggested an elevational effect on haemosporidian occurrence probability (negative for Haemoproteus; positive for Leucocytozoon) likely due to differences in the abundance of insect vectors at different elevations. Furthermore, a GLM revealed that sedentary birds showed a higher probability of being infected by novel haplotypes and long-distance migrants showed a lower probability of novel haplotype infection. We hypothesize that the high diversity of haemosporidians is linked to the isolation of breeding bird populations on Sardinia. This study adds to the growing knowledge on haemosporidians lineage diversity and distribution in insular environments and presents new insights on potential host-parasite associations.

Individuality, self and sociality of vascular plants

2021 ◽  
Vol 376 (1821) ◽  
pp. 20190760 ◽  
Author(s):  
František Baluška ◽  
Stefano Mancuso
Keyword(s):  
Action Potentials ◽  
Vascular Plants ◽  
Kin Recognition ◽  
Flowering Plants ◽  
Theme Issue ◽  
Long Distance ◽  
Self Recognition ◽  
Seed Dispersers ◽  
And Control

Vascular plants are integrated into coherent bodies via plant-specific synaptic adhesion domains, action potentials (APs) and other means of long-distance signalling running throughout the plant bodies. Plant-specific synapses and APs are proposed to allow plants to generate their self identities having unique ways of sensing and acting as agents with their own goals guiding their future activities. Plants move their organs with a purpose and with obvious awareness of their surroundings and require APs to perform and control these movements. Self-identities allow vascular plants to act as individuals enjoying sociality via their self/non-self-recognition and kin recognition. Flowering plants emerge as cognitive and intelligent organisms when the major strategy is to attract and control their animal pollinators as well as seed dispersers by providing them with food enriched with nutritive and manipulative/addictive compounds. Their goal in interactions with animals is manipulation for reproduction, dispersal and defence. This article is part of the theme issue ‘Basal cognition: multicellularity, neurons and the cognitive lens’.

scholarly journals Body Flexibility Enhances Maneuverability in the World’s Largest Predator

2018 ◽  
Vol 59 (1) ◽  
pp. 48-60 ◽  
Author(s):  
P S Segre ◽  
D E Cade ◽  
J Calambokidis ◽  
F E Fish ◽  
A S Friedlaender ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Open Ocean ◽  
The Body ◽  
Long Distance ◽  
Active Surfaces ◽  
Aquatic Locomotion ◽  
And Performance ◽  
And Control ◽  
Blue Whales ◽  
Control Surfaces ◽  
Complex Trajectories

Abstract Blue whales are often characterized as highly stable, open-ocean swimmers who sacrifice maneuverability for long-distance cruising performance. However, recent studies have revealed that blue whales actually exhibit surprisingly complex underwater behaviors, yet little is known about the performance and control of these maneuvers. Here, we use multi-sensor biologgers equipped with cameras to quantify the locomotor dynamics and the movement of the control surfaces used by foraging blue whales. Our results revealed that simple maneuvers (rolls, turns, and pitch changes) are performed using distinct combinations of control and power provided by the flippers, the flukes, and bending of the body, while complex trajectories are structured by combining sequences of simple maneuvers. Furthermore, blue whales improve their turning performance by using complex banked turns to take advantage of their substantial dorso-ventral flexibility. These results illustrate the important role body flexibility plays in enhancing control and performance of maneuvers, even in the largest of animals. The use of the body to supplement the performance of the hydrodynamically active surfaces may represent a new mechanism in the control of aquatic locomotion.

scholarly journals Global biogeographic patterns in bipolar moss species

2017 ◽  
Vol 4 (7) ◽  
pp. 170147 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. M. Biersma ◽  
J. A. Jackson ◽  
J. Hyvönen ◽  
S. Koskinen ◽  
K. Linse ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Large Scale ◽  
Common Species ◽  
Long Distance Dispersal ◽  
Stepping Stones ◽  
Long Distance ◽  
Antarctic Region ◽  
Moss Species ◽  
Biogeographic Patterns ◽  
Biogeographic Pattern ◽  
The Antarctic

A bipolar disjunction is an extreme, yet common, biogeographic pattern in non-vascular plants, yet its underlying mechanisms (vicariance or long-distance dispersal), origin and timing remain poorly understood. Here, combining a large-scale population dataset and multiple dating analyses, we examine the biogeography of four bipolar Polytrichales mosses, common to the Holarctic (temperate and polar Northern Hemisphere regions) and the Antarctic region (Antarctic, sub-Antarctic, southern South America) and other Southern Hemisphere (SH) regions. Our data reveal contrasting patterns, for three species were of Holarctic origin, with subsequent dispersal to the SH, while one, currently a particularly common species in the Holarctic ( Polytrichum juniperinum ), diversified in the Antarctic region and from here colonized both the Holarctic and other SH regions. Our findings suggest long-distance dispersal as the driver of bipolar disjunctions. We find such inter-hemispheric dispersals are rare, occurring on multi-million-year timescales. High-altitude tropical populations did not act as trans-equatorial ‘stepping-stones’, but rather were derived from later dispersal events. All arrivals to the Antarctic region occurred well before the Last Glacial Maximum and previous glaciations, suggesting that, despite the harsh climate during these past glacial maxima, plants have had a much longer presence in this southern region than previously thought.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document