Vaccine effectiveness of Pfizer-BioNTech and Oxford-AstraZeneca to prevent severe COVID-19 in Costa Rica by September and October 2021: A nationwide, observational study of hospitalisations prevalence.

Mapping Intimacies ◽

10.1101/2021.11.08.21266087 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Luis Rosero-Bixby

Keyword(s):

Single Dose ◽

Costa Rica ◽

Observational Study ◽

Vaccine Coverage ◽

Adult Population ◽

Secondary Analysis ◽

National Policy ◽

Vaccine Effectiveness ◽

Severe Illness ◽

Population Count

Objective To estimate the dose-dependent effectiveness of coronavirus disease (COVID-19) vaccines to prevent severe illness in real-world conditions of Costa Rica, after the Delta variant became dominant. Design Observational study; secondary analysis of hospitalisation prevalence. Setting Nationwide adult population, Costa Rica. Participants All 3.67 million adults residents in Costa Rica by mid-2021. Public aggregated data of 5978 hospital records from 14th September to 20th October, 2021 and 6.1 million vaccination doses administered. Interventions Vaccination with Pfizer-BioNTech (78%) and Oxford-AstraZeneca (22%). Main outcome measures Prevalence of COVID-19-related hospitalisations Results Vaccine effectiveness to prevent hospitalisation (VEH) was estimated as 93.4% (95% confidence interval [CI]: 93.0 to 93.9) for complete vaccination and 76.7% (CI: 75.0 to 78.3) for single-dose vaccination among adults of all ages. VEH was lower and more uncertain among older adults aged 58 years and above: 92% (CI: 91% to 93%) for those who had received full vaccination and 64% (CI: 58% to 69%) for those who had received partial vaccination. Single-dose VEH declined over time during the study period, especially in the older age group. Estimates were sensitive to possible errors in the population count used to determine the residual number of unvaccinated people in groups with high vaccine coverage. Conclusion The Costa Rican vaccination programme that administered Pfizer and Oxford vaccines are highly effective to prevent COVID-19-related hospitalisations after the Delta variant had become dominant. Moreover, a single dose is reasonably effective, justifying the continuation of the national policy of postponing the application for the second dose of the Pfizer vaccine to accelerate the vaccination and increase the number of people being vaccinated. Timely monitoring of vaccine effectiveness is important to detect eventual failures and motivate the public based on information that the vaccinations are effective.

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Vaccine effectiveness of Pfizer-BioNTech and Oxford-AstraZeneca to prevent severe COVID-19 in Costa Rica: A nationwide, observational study of hospitalizations prevalence (Preprint)

10.2196/preprints.35054 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Luis Rosero-Bixby

Keyword(s):

Single Dose ◽

Costa Rica ◽

Observational Study ◽

Real World ◽

Vaccine Coverage ◽

Secondary Analysis ◽

Vaccine Effectiveness ◽

Costa Rican ◽

Vaccination Program ◽

Severe Illness

BACKGROUND The Costa Rican vaccination program uses Pfizer-BioNTech and Oxford-AstraZeneca vaccines. Real-world estimates of these vaccines effectiveness to prevent hospitalizations range from 90% to 98% for two doses and from 70% to 91% for a single dose. Almost all of these estimates predate the Delta variant. OBJECTIVE To estimate the dose-dependent effectiveness of coronavirus disease (COVID-19) vaccines to prevent severe illness in real-world conditions of Costa Rica, after the Delta variant became dominant. METHODS This observational study is a secondary analysis of hospitalizations prevalence. The participants are all 3.67 million adults residents in Costa Rica by mid-2021. The study is based on public aggregated data of 5978 COVID-19-related hospital records from 14th September to 20th October, 2021 and 6.1 million vaccination doses administered to determine hospitalization prevalence by dose-specific vaccination status. The intervention retrospectively evaluated is vaccination with Pfizer-BioNTech (78%) and Oxford-AstraZeneca (22%). The main outcome studied is being hospitalized. RESULTS Vaccine effectiveness to prevent hospitalization (VEH) was estimated as 93.4% (95% confidence interval [CI]: 93.0 to 93.9) for complete vaccination and 76.7% (CI: 75.0 to 78.3) for single-dose vaccination among adults of all ages. VEH was lower and more uncertain among older adults aged 58 years and above: 92% (CI: 91% to 93%) for those who had received full vaccination and 64% (CI: 58% to 69%) for those who had received partial vaccination. Single-dose VEH declined over time during the study period, especially in the older age group. Estimates were sensitive to possible errors in the population count used to determine the residual number of unvaccinated people when vaccine coverage is high. CONCLUSIONS The Costa Rican vaccination program that administered Pfizer and Oxford vaccines are highly effective to prevent COVID-19-related hospitalizations after the Delta variant had become dominant. Moreover, a single dose is reasonably effective, justifying the continuation of the national policy of postponing the application for the second dose of the Pfizer vaccine to accelerate the vaccination and increase the number of people being vaccinated. Timely monitoring of vaccine effectiveness is important to detect eventual failures and motivate the public based on information that the vaccinations are effective.

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Outbreak of SARS-CoV-2 in a prison: Low effectiveness of a single dose of the adenovirus vector ChAdOx1 vaccine in recently vaccinated inmates

10.1101/2021.08.03.21258337 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

A Marco ◽

N Teixidó ◽

RA Guerrero ◽

L Puig ◽

X Rué ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Single Dose ◽

Observational Study ◽

Preventive Measures ◽

Adenovirus Vector ◽

Vaccine Effectiveness ◽

Infection Rates ◽

Rt Pcr ◽

Post Vaccination

AbstractIntroductionTo analyse the effectiveness of a dose of adenovirus vector ChAdOx1 vaccine (AVChOx1) in an outbreak of SARS-CoV-2 detected in a prison.MethodsObservational study carried out at Brians-1 Prison, Barcelona. After detecting a case of infection, rt-PCR was administered to all prisoners (some of whom had been vaccinated 21-23 days previously with a dose of AVChOx1) and to staff. Infection rates in vaccinated and unvaccinated populations were calculated, as was vaccine effectiveness.ResultsOne hundred and eighty-four asymptomatic prisoners (50.3% vaccinated) and 33 staff were screened. Forty-eight (25.9%) infections by the SCV-B.1.17 variant were recorded in prisoners and none in staff. Infection rates were higher in younger prisoners, immigrants, and those admitted ≥7 days previously. In all, 22.6% of vaccinated subjects were infected vs. 29.3% of unvaccinated. Vaccine effectiveness was 23%. Only 6.2 cases would have been prevented by vaccinating the unvaccinated individuals. At seven days, the rt-PCR was negative in 46.2% of vaccinated subjects vs. 13.6% of unvaccinated (p = 0.02).DiscussionIn a prison outbreak, a dose of AVChAdOx1 administered 21-23 days earlier did not significantly prevent the occurrence of infections, but did reduce the duration of rt-PCR positivity. Maintaining post-vaccination preventive measures is essential.

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Medical Management of Ectopic Pregnancy: An Observational Study

Bangladesh Journal of Obstetrics & Gynaecology ◽

10.3329/bjog.v29i1.30466 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 29 (1) ◽

pp. 32-36

Author(s):

Shahana Begum ◽

Rowshan Akhtar

Keyword(s):

Single Dose ◽

Observational Study ◽

Medical Treatment ◽

Ectopic Pregnancy ◽

Medical Management ◽

Progesterone Level ◽

Fertility Treatment ◽

Intrauterine Pregnancy ◽

College Hospital ◽

Serum Progesterone

Objectives: The aim of this study was to explore the safety and efficacy of medical management of ectopic pregnancy.Materials and methods: This prospective observational study was conducted between February 2011 to August 2013 in Chittagong Medical College Hospital (CMCH) and in different private clinics of Chittagong city. Twenty-seven patients of ectopic pregnancy conceived by fertility treatment were recruited for medical treatment after proper evaluation. Ectopic pregnancy was diagnosed by serum ?-hCG and progesterone level but missing intrauterine pregnancy by transabdominal sonography (TAS). Serum ?-hCG was repeated after 48 hours to observe doubling of the level. If level was not doubled or increment was not at least 66% and serum progesterone level was less than 15ng/ml then it was considered as ectopic pregnancy. Patients were treated with Injection methotrexate 50 mg intramuscularly either by single dose or two doses. After 4 days of 1st injection ?-hCG was repeated and if level decreased > 15% then patients were assessed weekly till ?-hCG fell to <5lU/L. If drop was <15% after 4 days a second dose of methotrexate was given.Results: Overall success rate was 66.66% . Surgical intervention was needed in 22.22% patients. All patients were treated after hospitalization in CMCH and different private clinics of Chittagong. They got injection methotrexate, antibiotic, antispasmodic and analgesics for abdominal pain. Single dose cured 55.55% patients and 11.11% patients needed second dose, another 11.11% patients were misdiagnosed later on they were diagnosed as intrauterine pregnancy and medical termination was done. Within one year of treatment 33.33% patients conceived again. There was no side effect or complications of the treatment.Conclusion: This small trial gave a good impression about medical treatment in selective cases. The efficacy should be assessed in a randomized clinical trial with a different set of populationBangladesh J Obstet Gynaecol, 2014; Vol. 29(1) : 32-36

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Sex Differences in the Meaning of Parent and Teacher Ratings of ADHD Behaviors: An Observational Study

Journal of Attention Disorders ◽

10.1177/1087054717723988 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 24 (13) ◽

pp. 1847-1856 ◽

Cited By ~ 6

Author(s):

Brenda J. Meyer ◽

Jim Stevenson ◽

Edmund J. S. Sonuga-Barke

Keyword(s):

Sex Differences ◽

Observational Study ◽

Secondary Analysis ◽

Population Based ◽

Teacher Ratings ◽

Older Children ◽

Males And Females ◽

Parent And Teacher Ratings

Objective: To test explanations for the underrecognition of female ADHD by examining differences in adult ratings of boys and girls matched for levels of directly observed ADHD behaviors. Method: In a secondary analysis of a population-based sample, 3- to 4-year-olds ( n = 153, 79 male) and 8- to 9-year-olds ( n = 144, 75 male) were grouped according to levels of directly observed ADHD behaviors (low/moderate/high). Groups were then compared with parent/teacher ADHD ratings. Results: There were no sex differences in levels of directly observed ADHD behaviors within groups. For preschoolers, parents’ ratings of males, but not females, significantly increased across groups—mirroring levels of observed behaviors. For older children, both parent and teacher mean ratings were significantly higher for males than females across groups. Conclusion: Identified differences in adult ratings of males and females matched for directly observed behaviors may contribute to understanding the substantial ADHD underrecognition in females.

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Estimating Vaccination Effects on COVID-19 outbreak course in Japan

10.1101/2021.06.20.21259209 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Junko Kurita ◽

Tamie Sugawara ◽

Yasushi Ohkusa

Keyword(s):

Single Dose ◽

Reproduction Number ◽

Vaccine Coverage ◽

Rapid Spread

Background: Japan started vaccinations for COVID-19 in late February, 2021, mainly using BNT162b2 mRNA COVID-19 Vaccine. Object: We evaluated COVID-19 vaccination effects on infectiousness in Japan. Method: The effective reproduction number R(t) was regressed on vaccine coverage along with data of temperature, humidity, mobility, and countermeasures. We presumed two definitions for vaccine coverage: at least a single dose with a 12-day delay and a second dose. The study period was February, 2020 through May 16, 2021. Results: Estimation results indicate that vaccine coverage significantly and drastically reduced R(t) for both definitions. Results imply that increased first shot coverage by 1% point decreased R(t) by 0.5 with a 12 day delay. Moreover, increased second shot coverage by 1% point, decreased R(t) by 1 immediately. Discussion and Conclusion: Vaccination effects might be stronger because the periods when vaccination was started and rapid spread coincide with a decreasing phase of R(t).

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Single-dose mRNA vaccine effectiveness against SARS-CoV-2, including P.1 and B.1.1.7 variants: a test-negative design in adults 70 years and older in British Columbia, Canada

10.1101/2021.06.07.21258332 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Danuta M Skowronski ◽

Solmaz Setayeshgar ◽

Macy Zou ◽

Natalie Prystajecky ◽

John R Tyson ◽

...

Keyword(s):

British Columbia ◽

Single Dose ◽

Vaccine Effectiveness ◽

Community Dwelling ◽

Rt Pcr ◽

Vaccine Protection ◽

Post Vaccination ◽

Randomized Controlled ◽

Specimen Collection ◽

Negative Controls

Introduction: Randomized-controlled trials of mRNA vaccine protection against SARS-CoV-2 included relatively few elderly participants. We assess singe-dose mRNA vaccine effectiveness (VE) in adults ≥70-years-old in British Columbia (BC), Canada where the second dose was deferred by up to 16 weeks and where a spring 2021 wave uniquely included co-dominant circulation of B.1.1.7 and P.1 variants of concern (VOC). Methods: Analyses included community-dwelling adults ≥70-years-old with specimen collection between April 4 (epidemiological week 14) and May 1 (week 17). Adjusted VE was estimated by test-negative design through provincial laboratory and immunization data linkage. Cases were RT-PCR test-positive for SARS-CoV-2 and controls were test-negative. Vaccine status was defined by receipt of a single-dose ≥21 days before specimen collection, but a range of intervals was assessed. In variant-specific analyses, test-positive cases were restricted to those genetically-characterized as B.1.1.7, P.1 or non-VOC. Results: VE analyses included 16,993 specimens: 1,226 (7.2%) test-positive cases and 15,767 test-negative controls. Of 1,131 (92%) viruses genetically categorized, 509 (45%), 314 (28%) and 276 (24%) were B.1.1.7, P.1 and non-VOC lineages, respectively. VE was negligible at 14% (95% CI 0-26) during the period 0-13 days post-vaccination but increased from 43% (95% CI 30-53) at 14-20 days to 75% (95% CI 63-83) at 35-41 days post-vaccination. VE at ≥21 days was 65% (95% CI 58-71) overall: 72% (95% CI 58-81), 67% (95% CI 57-75) and 61% (95% CI 45-72) for non-VOC, B.1.1.7 and P.1, respectively. Conclusions: A single dose of mRNA vaccine reduced the risk of SARS-CoV-2 in adults ≥70-years-old by about two-thirds, with protection only minimally reduced against B.1.1.7 and P.1 variants. Substantial single-dose protection in older adults reinforces the option to defer the second dose when vaccine supply is scarce and broader first-dose coverage is needed.

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An observational study of Atyambupan as Hetu (nidan) in diabetes mellitus (Madhumeha) and its preventive treatment

National Journal of Research in Ayurved Science ◽

10.52482/ayurlog.v9i02.813 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 9 (02) ◽

Author(s):

Dr. Priyanka Kandikattiwar

Keyword(s):

Diabetes Mellitus ◽

Drinking Water ◽

Observational Study ◽

Water Intake ◽

Adult Population ◽

Preventive Treatment ◽

Excessive Drinking ◽

Dietary Factor ◽

The World ◽

Excessive Water

ABSTRACT:- It is common lifelong health disease. India had more diabetics than any other country in the world, according to the International Diabetes Foundation, although the country has now been surpassed in the top spot by China. Diabetes currently affects more than 62 million Indians, which is more than 7.1% of the adult population. The average age on onset is 42.5 years. Nearly 1 million Indians die due to diabetes every year1. According to WHO Diabetes is a Life style disorder. The main cause of diabetes is there is restless lifestyle, stress, unnatural dietary factor. It has turned out biggest silent killer today’s in world. In Ayurveda diabetes can be correlated with Madhumeh which is a Vata predominant disease. Causes of Madhumeh are Diwaswap, Atyaambupan(excessive water intake), Guru, Madhur, Shita, Snighatdh, Ahara Sevan2 etc. Now a day most of people think drinking large amounts of water is helpful for proper skin health, Digestion, and Health, etc? Claims have been made that excessive drinking water gives you a radiant skin, and healthy while others people say it has no effect and it causes many disease and side effect .so here is effort to highlight the Atyambupan (Excessive water intake) as Nidan of Diabetes given in Ayurvedic text as well as occurring at present and make aware the society to prevent the disease through Nidanparivarjan.

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