excessive water
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2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sakar Soka ◽  
Hiwa Sidiq

Abstract A common problem in oil and gas field is premature and excessive water production through higher permeable thief zone, faults, water conning or channeling and natural or induced fracture. Excessive water production impacts the economics of a well through increasing rate of corrosion, emulsion and scale formation, consequently shortening its production life and lowering flowing wellhead pressure. There are several techniques used to control excessive water production such as chemical and mechanical. In this work a novel chemical approach was followed to tackle excessive water production in Taq Taq oil field located in Kurdistan Region Iraq. Water production into the reservoir was determined to be through the fractures as the reservoir units are highly fractured carbonates. Therefore, the chemicals designed by this work were to reduce excessive water production selectively and fracture connectivity in the zones where excessive water production is expected. Three nano-solutions have been prepared and investigated for their rheological properties. Only one is selected and met the field screening criteria. The composition of the nano-solutions were mainly polyacrylamide mixed with nano composite of cement, clay and inorganic cross-linker. All nano-solution underwent extensive screening and studied for their mechanical strength, toughness and tensile module. Results showed that nano-solutions strength increases with increasing the nano concentration. Similarly, their viscosity and degradation resistance are improved noticeably with nano composites. The scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) was also used to characterized the nano size and distribution studied by this work.


2021 ◽  
Vol 19 (1) ◽  
pp. 15-28
Author(s):  
Kipkiror Jepkemboi Loice ◽  
Kipsang Bernard Rop ◽  
Wycliffe Habel Namwiba

The landslides of the Lagam escarpment, Kaben Location, Marakwet, Elgeyo Marakwet County, are not only recurrent but are highly cataclysmic; causing mayhem whenever they occur. The first known landslides on the Lagam escarpment of Kaben location -Marakwet, happened during the 1961 El-Nino, when a major rainstorm hit the area (Kiptungu). These landslides re-fashioned Embosumer River and left huge boulders scattered over many farmlands. In 2010, a catastrophic landslide hit Kaben location and again, Embosumer River was the perpetrator, having broken its banks due to excessive water inflow. Many lives were lost and lots of property was destroyed. In 2020, heavy rains pounded the area causing massive mudslides that involved many rivers and streams; such as Embosumer, Emboreberwo and Karengor. As a result, twenty-six (26) lives were lost, homes, schools and farmlands were washed away and to date, there are several bodies believed to be trapped in the mudslide material. This study is geared towards investigating the causes of the recurrent landslides and proposing possible mitigation measures. Data was collected through secondary data analysis and has been presented in the form of ground photographs, satellite images and discussions made thereon. It is hoped that this preliminary study of the Lagam escarpment landslides will create awareness pertaining to the recurrent landslides and draw positive action from the area residents and all concerned.


Author(s):  
Dr. Priyanka Kandikattiwar

ABSTRACT:- It is common lifelong health disease. India had more diabetics than any other country in the world, according to the International Diabetes Foundation, although the country has now been surpassed in the top spot by China. Diabetes currently affects more than 62 million Indians, which is more than 7.1% of the adult population. The average age on onset is 42.5 years. Nearly 1 million Indians die due to diabetes every year1. According to WHO Diabetes is a Life style disorder. The main cause of diabetes is there is restless lifestyle, stress, unnatural dietary factor. It has turned out biggest silent killer today’s in world. In Ayurveda diabetes can be correlated with Madhumeh which is a Vata predominant disease. Causes of Madhumeh are Diwaswap, Atyaambupan(excessive water intake), Guru, Madhur, Shita, Snighatdh, Ahara Sevan2 etc. Now a day most of people think drinking large amounts of water is helpful for proper skin health, Digestion, and Health, etc? Claims have been made that excessive drinking water gives you a radiant skin, and healthy while others people say it has no effect and it causes many disease and side effect .so here is effort to highlight the Atyambupan (Excessive water intake) as Nidan of Diabetes given in Ayurvedic text as well as occurring at present and make aware the society to prevent the disease through Nidanparivarjan.


2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Qian Su ◽  
Xin Tan ◽  
Xiaoqian Yao ◽  
Ting Ying ◽  
Li Dong ◽  
...  

In order to overcome the disadvantages of excessive water and much byproducts in conventional process of epoxide hydration into 1,2-diols, 2-carboxylated imidazolium salts was first adopted as efficient catalyst for...


Polymers ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (12) ◽  
pp. 3011
Author(s):  
Sang Hee Kim ◽  
Kyu Ha Lee ◽  
Ji Young Chu ◽  
Ae Rhan Kim ◽  
Dong Jin Yoo

A series of novel blended anion exchange membranes (AEMs) were prepared with hyperbranched brominated poly(arylene ether sulfone) (Br-HB-PAES) and linear chloromethylated poly(phenylene oxide) (CM-PPO). The as-prepared blended membranes were fabricated with different weight ratios of Br-HB-PAES to CM-PPO, and the quaternization reaction for introducing the ionic functional group was performed by triethylamine. The Q-PAES/PPO-XY (quaternized-PAES/PPO-XY) blended membranes promoted the ion channel formation as the strong hydrogen bonds interconnecting the two polymers were maintained, and showed an improved hydroxide conductivity with excellent thermal behavior. In particular, the Q-PAES/PPO-55 membrane showed a very high hydroxide ion conductivity (90.9 mS cm−1) compared to the pristine Q-HB-PAES membrane (32.8 mS cm−1), a result supported by the morphology of the membrane as determined by the AFM analysis. In addition, the rigid hyperbranched structure showed a suppressed swelling ratio of 17.9–24.9% despite an excessive water uptake of 33.2–50.3% at 90 °C, and demonstrated a remarkable alkaline stability under 2.0 M KOH conditions over 1000 h.


2020 ◽  
Vol 143 (8) ◽  
Author(s):  
Munqith Aldhaheri ◽  
Mingzhen Wei ◽  
Ali Alhuraishawy ◽  
Baojun Bai

Abstract Polymer bulk gels have been widely applied to mitigate excessive water production from mature oil fields by correcting the reservoir permeability heterogeneity. This paper reviews water responses, effective times, and economic assessments of injection-well gel treatments based on 61 field projects. Eight parameters were evaluated per the reservoir type using the descriptive analysis, stacked histograms, and scatterplots. Results show that water production generally continues to increase after the treatment for undeveloped conformance problems. Contrarily, it typically decreases after the reactive gel treatments target developed conformance issues. For the developed problems, gel treatments do not always mitigate the water production where the water cut may stabilize or increase by 17% in 22% of instances. In addition, they often do reduce water production but not dramatically to really low levels where the water cut stays above 70% and reduces by only 10% in most cases. Gel treatments are economically appraised based only on the oil production response, and both water responses (injection and production) are not considered in the evaluation. They have a typical payout time of 9.2 months, cost of incremental oil barrel of 2 $/barrel, and effective time of 1.9 years. In addition, they have better water responses and economics in carbonates than in sandstones and in unconsolidated and naturally fractured reservoirs than in matrix-rock formations. The current review strongly warns reservoir engineers that gel treatments are not superior in alleviating the water production and candidates should be nominated based on this fact to achieve favorable economics and avoid treatment failures.


2020 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Takashi Matsuda ◽  
Takeshi Y. Hiyama ◽  
Kenta Kobayashi ◽  
Kazuto Kobayashi ◽  
Masaharu Noda

Abstract The control of water-intake behavior is critical for life because an excessive water intake induces pathological conditions, such as hyponatremia or water intoxication. However, the brain mechanisms controlling water intake currently remain unclear. We previously reported that thirst-driving neurons (water neurons) in the subfornical organ (SFO) are cholecystokinin (CCK)-dependently suppressed by GABAergic interneurons under Na-depleted conditions. We herein show that CCK-producing excitatory neurons in the SFO stimulate the activity of GABAergic interneurons via CCK-B receptors. Fluorescence-microscopic Ca2+ imaging demonstrates two distinct subpopulations in CCK-positive neurons in the SFO, which are persistently activated under hyponatremic conditions or transiently activated in response to water drinking, respectively. Optical and chemogenetic silencings of the respective types of CCK-positive neurons both significantly increase water intake under water-repleted conditions. The present study thus reveals CCK-mediated neural mechanisms in the central nervous system for the control of water-intake behaviors.


Author(s):  
I.A. Biladi

This publication addresses risk analysis and the potential of sand induced tubing erosion in gas production wells due to high rate gas wells combined with excessive water and sand production. As gas wells become more mature, it is inevitable that water will be produced not only from vapour but also from aquifer. This presents a problem, especially in the unconsolidated wells where sands will be massively produced. Therefore, this publication addresses the potential of tubular damage from sand production in gas wells. The authors have analysed two published case studies using the approach of corrosion and erosion modelling, as well as tubing stress analysis to ensure long term tubing integrity. The calculations show that tubing design will be heavily affected by the sand prediction, especially for older tubing with thinner layer and possibility of deformation. Therefore, it is imperative to propose a more conservative tubing design especially in sour wells with excessive water production and where there is the possibility of sand production. It is also worth noting that as wells become older, with rising water saturation also comes the possibility of higher sand production due to the effects of shear stress. This publication should become an incentive for operators to conduct a more thorough completion examination for tubular integrity design in high rate gas wells especially ones with excessive sand production. This publication addresses a new approach in designing tubular goods for natural gas wells with the tendency of excessive sand production due to development of water saturation in mature gas wells.


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