scholarly journals Assessment and Comparative Study of Biofilm Formation with frequency of Multi Drug Resistance in strains of Staphylococcus aureus

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kiran Fatima ◽  
Kashif Ali
Keyword(s):  
Staphylococcus Aureus ◽  
Tissue Culture ◽  
Congo Red ◽  
Antibiotic Susceptibility ◽  
Biofilm Formation ◽  
Pcr Amplification ◽  
Multi Drug Resistance ◽  
Biochemical Tests ◽  
Anatomic Locations ◽  
Moderately Resistant

Background: The study was conducted to identify the role of biofilms in the antibiotic susceptibility in the strains of Staphylococcus aureus. A total of 19 non repeated pus/wound swab samples from different anatomic locations and 17 samples that were previously identified as S. aureus and preserved in the labs were included in the study. The Staphylococcus aureus was identified on the basis of colony morphology, Gram's stain, biochemical tests (catalase and coagulase tests) and molecular identification through PCR amplification. Methodology: A total of 26 samples were recovered out of the 31 samples. Kirby-Bauer disk diffusion susceptibility test was used to determine the sensitivity or resistance of S. aureus to methicillin. Out of the 26 strains, 4 were highly resistant, 10 were moderately resistant and 12 strains were sensitive. Three different protocols (Tube Method, Congo Red Agar Method and Tissue Culture plate method) were used for the detection of biofilm formation for both resistant and sensitive strains. Result: Comparative analysis of the antibiotic susceptibility and biofilm formation by different protocols showed that 70% strains that are resistant to antibiotic methicillin produced moderate-strong biofilms. 50% have produced the moderate-strong biofilms in all 3 protocols. In case of sensitive, 50% strains had produced none-weak biofilms in all 3 protocols. Decisions: The strains that had zone of inhibition of close to resistance produced weak-strong biofilms but they all produced weak biofilms in CRA method. It can be concluded that the strains of S. aureus that have the ability to produce biofilms become methicillin resistant. Keywords: Biofilm, antibiotic susceptibility, Congo Red Agar, Tube Method, Tissue culture plats.

scholarly journals Antibiotic Susceptibility of Staphylococcus aureus and Streptococcus pneumoniae Isolates from the Nasopharynx of Febrile Children under 5 Years in Nanoro, Burkina Faso

Antibiotics ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (4) ◽  
pp. 444
Author(s):  
Massa dit Achille Bonko ◽  
Palpouguini Lompo ◽  
Marc Christian Tahita ◽  
Francois Kiemde ◽  
Ibrahima Karama ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Staphylococcus Aureus ◽  
Streptococcus Pneumoniae ◽  
Burkina Faso ◽  
Antibiotic Susceptibility ◽  
Bacterial Colonization ◽  
Resistance To Penicillin ◽  
Tract Infections ◽  
Resistance Rates ◽  
Moderately Resistant ◽  
Children Under 5

(1) Background: nasopharynx colonization by resistant Staphylococcus aureus and Streptococcus pneumoniae can lead to serious diseases. Emerging resistance to antibiotics commonly used to treat infections due to these pathogens poses a serious threat to the health system. The present study aimed to determine the antibiotic susceptibility of S. aureus and S. pneumoniae isolates from the febrile children’s nasopharynx under 5 years in Nanoro (Burkina Faso). (2) Methods: bacterial isolates were identified from nasopharyngeal swabs prospectively collected from 629 febrile children. Antibiotic susceptibility of S. aureus and S. pneumoniae isolates was assessed by Kirby–Bauer method and results were interpreted according to the Clinical and Laboratory Standard Institute guidelines. (3) Results: bacterial colonization was confirmed in 154 (24.5%) of children of whom 96.1% carried S. aureus, 3.2% had S. pneumoniae, and 0.6% carried both bacteria. S. aureus isolates showed alarming resistance to penicillin (96.0%) and S. pneumoniae was highly resistant to tetracycline (100%) and trimethoprim–sulfamethoxazole (83.3%), and moderately resistant to penicillin (50.0%). Furthermore, 4.0% of S. aureus identified were methicillin resistant. (4) Conclusion: this study showed concerning resistance rates to antibiotics to treat suspected bacterial respiratory tract infections. The work highlights the necessity to implement continuous antibiotic resistance surveillance.

scholarly journals Correlation of biofilm formation and antibiotic resistance among clinical and soil isolates of Acinetobacter baumannii in Iraq

2019 ◽  
pp. 1-10 ◽  
Author(s):  
Pakhshan A. Hassan ◽  
Adel K. Khider
Keyword(s):  
Acinetobacter Baumannii ◽  
Congo Red ◽  
Biofilm Formation ◽  
Opportunistic Pathogen ◽  
Microtiter Plate ◽  
Test Tube ◽  
Clinical Isolates ◽  
Diffusion Method ◽  
Biochemical Tests ◽  
Disk Diffusion Method

Acinetobacter baumannii is an opportunistic pathogen that is reported as a major cause of nosocomial infections. The aim of this study was to investigate the biofilm formation by A. baumannii clinical and soil isolates, to display their susceptibility to 11 antibiotics and to study a possible relationship between formation of biofilm and multidrug resistance. During 8 months period, from June 2016 to January 2017, a total of 52 clinical and 22 soil isolates of A. baumannii were collected and identified through conventional phenotypic, chromo agar, biochemical tests, API 20E system, and confirmed genotypically by PCR for blaOXA-51-like gene. Antibiotic susceptibility of isolates was determined by standard disk diffusion method according to Clinical and Laboratory Standard Institute. The biofilm formation was studied using Congo red agar, test tube, and microtiter plate methods. The clinical isolates were 100% resistance to ciprofloxacin, ceftazidime, piperacillin, 96.15% to gentamicin, 96.15% to imipenem, 92.31% to meropenem, and 78.85% to amikacin. The soil A. baumannii isolates were 100% sensitive to imipenem, meropenem, and gentamicin, and 90.1% to ciprofloxacin. All A. baumannii isolates (clinical and soil) were susceptible to polymyxin B. The percentage of biofilm formation in Congo red agar, test tube, and microtiter plate assays was 10.81%, 63.51%, and 86.48%, respectively. More robust biofilm former population was mainly among non-MDR isolates. Isolates with a higher level of resistance tended to form weaker biofilms. The soil isolates exhibited less resistance to antibiotics than clinical isolates. However, the soil isolates produce stronger biofilms than clinical isolates.

scholarly journals Impact of sarA on Antibiotic Susceptibility of Staphylococcus aureus in a Catheter-Associated In Vitro Model of Biofilm Formation

2009 ◽  
Vol 53 (6) ◽  
pp. 2475-2482 ◽  
Author(s):  
Elizabeth C. Weiss ◽  
Horace J. Spencer ◽  
Sonja J. Daily ◽  
Brian D. Weiss ◽  
Mark S. Smeltzer
Keyword(s):  
Staphylococcus Aureus ◽  
Clinical Isolate ◽  
Antimicrobial Susceptibility ◽  
Antibiotic Susceptibility ◽  
Biofilm Formation ◽  
In Vitro Model ◽  
Susceptibility Testing ◽  
Specific Context ◽  
Vitro Model

ABSTRACT Mutation of the staphylococcal accessory regulator (sarA) in Staphylococcus aureus limits but does not abolish the capacity of the organism to form a biofilm. As a first step toward determining whether this limitation is therapeutically relevant, we carried out in vitro studies comparing the relative susceptibility of an S. aureus clinical isolate (UAMS-1) and its isogenic sarA mutant (UAMS-929) in the specific context of a catheter-associated biofilm. The antibiotics tested were daptomycin, linezolid, and vancomycin, all of which were evaluated by using concentrations based on the MIC defined as the breakpoint for a susceptible strain of S. aureus (≤1.0, ≤2.0, and ≤4.0 μg/ml for daptomycin, vancomycin, and linezolid, respectively). Mutation of sarA had no significant impact on the MIC of UAMS-1 for any of the targeted antibiotics, as defined by Etest antimicrobial susceptibility testing. However, mutation of sarA did result in a significant increase in antimicrobial susceptibility to all targeted antibiotics when they were tested in the specific context of a biofilm. Additionally, whether susceptibility was assessed by using UAMS-1 or its sarA mutant, daptomycin was found to be more effective against established S. aureus biofilms than either linezolid or vancomycin.

scholarly journals Biofilm formation by clinically isolated Staphylococcus Aureus from India

2018 ◽  
Vol 12 (12) ◽  
pp. 1062-1066 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alasthimannahalli Gangadhara Triveni ◽  
Mendem Suresh Kumar ◽  
Chavadi Manjunath ◽  
Channappa T Shivannavar ◽  
Subhaschandra M Gaddad
Keyword(s):  
Staphylococcus Aureus ◽  
Congo Red ◽  
Biofilm Formation ◽  
Quantitative Estimation ◽  
Microtiter Plate ◽  
Clinical Samples ◽  
Specific Method ◽  
Qualitative And Quantitative ◽  
Etiological Agents

Introduction: Staphylococcal biofilms are prominent cause for acute and chronic infection both in hospital and community settings across the world. Current study explores biofilm formation by Staphylococcus aureus isolates from clinical samples by different methods. Methodology: Standard techniques used for the characterization of S.aureus. Qualitative and quantitative biofilm formation was assessed by Congo red Agar, Tube and Microtiter plate methods. Results: A total of 188 clinical isolates of S.aureus were screened for biofilm formation and 72 (38.29%) of them were found to be biofilm producers, 34 (18.08%) strong, 38 (20.21%) moderate. The remaining 116 (61.7%) were weak/ non biofilm producers. Maximum biofilm formers were recorded in pus samples (39.06%), followed by isolates from blood (38.23%) and urine (34.61%). Statistical analysis for the formation of biofilm indicated that Microtiter plate method is the most sensitive and specific method for screening biofilm production. Conclusions: Biofilm formation is one of the influential virulence factor in staphylococcal pathogenesis and persistence. Microtiter plate and Congo red agar remain as reliable methods for the qualitative and quantitative estimation of biofilm formation. Monitoring of biofilm formation in various etiological agents will help in determining the severity of infection.

scholarly journals Study of Antimicrobial Susceptibility And Biofilm Formation of Cronobacter Sakazakii Isolates From Neonatal Sepsis In Southwest Iran

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Melika Moradi ◽  
Aram asareh zdegan dezfuli ◽  
Zahra Dargahi ◽  
Mansour Amin ◽  
Nazanin Ahmadkhosravi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Antimicrobial Susceptibility ◽  
Neonatal Sepsis ◽  
Biofilm Formation ◽  
Pcr Amplification ◽  
High Rate ◽  
Biochemical Tests ◽  
Positive Growth ◽  
Southwestern Iran ◽  
Nicu Admission ◽  
Resistance Rates

Abstract Background: The Cronobacter genus is a member family of the Enterobacteriaceae The isolates of C. sakazakii have been suggested to be responsible for fatal neonatal infections, which gives rise to sepsis, necrotizing enterocolitis, and meningitis, with a high mortality rates. The aim of the present study was to investigate the antimicrobial susceptibility and biofilm formation of C. sakazakii isolates from neonatal sepsis in Southwestern Iran.Results: During the period of study, 734/1045 bacterial positive growth samples were collected from patients. Overall, from 734 bacterial positive growth samples 120 isolates were C. sakazakii based on culture, biochemical tests and PCR amplification. seventy-four (61%) neonates had primary sepsis and (33%) had late sepsis. Regarding birth bodyweight, (22%) neonate weighted below 1000 gr, 61 (50%) between 1500 and 2500, and (26%) more than 2500 gr. In case of C. sakazakii isolates, the highest resistance rates belonged to Ampicillin (70%), followed Amoxicillin (%59) and Ampicillin/sulbactam (83%). However, C. sakazakii had low levels resistance to cefepime and tetracycline. In total, of the 120 isolated bacteria, (70%) were biofilm producers, of which, (37%) produced strong biofilms, (15%) produced moderate biofilms, (17%) were weak biofilm producers and (28%) were not biofilm producers.Conclusion: Taken together, the high rate of C. sakazakii in neonates was high in the NICU. Age, higher birthweight, and caesarian delivery were the most remarkable risk factors for C. sakazakii. The majority of C. sakazakii strains were hospital-associated, which is the indication of NICU admission patterns. Our findings suggest that the active surveillance of neonates for C. sakazakii is required to be considered as a part of strategies to detect importation and prevent transmission of C. sakazakii within the NICU.

scholarly journals Antibiogram of Biofilm Producing and Non-Producing Community Acquired-Methicillin Resistant Staphylococcus aureus Isolated from Potential Risk Population of Dharan, Nepal

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jenish Shakya ◽  
Bijay Kumar Shrestha ◽  
Prince Subba ◽  
Hemanta Khanal
Keyword(s):  
Staphylococcus Aureus ◽  
Drug Resistance ◽  
Potential Risk ◽  
Biofilm Formation ◽  
Cold Chain ◽  
Multi Drug Resistance ◽  
Resistant Bacteria ◽  
Risk Population ◽  
Mannitol Salt Agar ◽  
Golden Yellow

Abstract Background Staphylococcus aureus is one of the common cause of hospital acquired infection and community acquired infections. Nowadays these organisms became resistant towards variety of drugs. MRSA is the emerging antibiotic resistant bacteria that are resistant to methicillin antibiotic and known to be the infectious pathogen causing severe infection and a cause of fatal mortality.Materials and methodology Altogether 200 nasal swabs and 200 hand swabs were obtained from participants and transported to microbiology lab in cold chain. The samples were swabbed in mannitol salt agar (MSA) containing oxacillin powder of 6mg/L and incubated at 37°C for 24 hrs. Staphylococcus aureus colonies were identified based on growth characteristics on MSA plates (golden yellow colonies), Gram stain and positive results for coagulase tube test and catalase test. The pure isolated MRSA were subjected to antibiotic susceptibility tests and biofilm formation assays.Results From our study the overall prevalence of CA-MRSA was 61.5%. Higher frequency of multi-drug resistant MRSA was isolated. The biofilm producing CA-MRSA were 51.2% which showed high drug resistance and rest (48.7%) were non-biofilm producers. There was significant association in biofilm production with multi-drug resistance (p<0.05). Ciprofloxacin was most sensitive drug against the isolates which was statistically significant (p<0.05). The resistant pattern of biofilm producers reported high ability of multi-drug resistance compared to non-biofilm producers (p<0.05). Microtitre plate method was found to be gold standard over tube and congo red agar method for screening biofilm formation. Surprisingly the emergence of VISA and VRSA strains were significantly reported from our study. The prevalence of VISA and VRSA among CA-MRSA was found to be 49.5% and 40.6% respectively among the isolates which indicates the failure of Vancomycin drug in clinical therapy.Conclusions The prevalence of CA-MRSA was found more in barbers followed by beauticians and municipal waste workers in comparison to healthy controls. This study reported the higher carriage of CA-MRSA in potential risk population along with emergence of VISA and VRSA strains. Improvement in personal hygiene and formulation of appropriate health policy helps to prevent CA-MRSA infection. This study concludes that CA-MRSA is still emerging with multi-drug resistance.

scholarly journals Bap-Independent Biofilm Formation in Staphylococcus xylosus

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (12) ◽  
pp. 2610
Author(s):  
Carolin J. Schiffer ◽  
Miriam Abele ◽  
Matthias A. Ehrmann ◽  
Rudi F. Vogel
Keyword(s):  
Staphylococcus Aureus ◽  
Functional Impairment ◽  
Congo Red ◽  
Biofilm Formation ◽  
Cell Aggregation ◽  
Protein Homology ◽  
Key Factors ◽  
Experimental Approaches ◽  
Neutral Conditions

The biofilm associated protein (Bap) is recognised as the essential component for biofilm formation in Staphylococcus aureus V329 and has been predicted as important for other species as well. Although Bap orthologs are also present in most S. xylosus strains, their contribution to biofilm formation has not yet been demonstrated. In this study, different experimental approaches were used to elucidate the effect of Bap on biofilm formation in S. xylosus and the motif structure of two biofilm-forming S. xylosus strains TMW 2.1023 and TMW 2.1523 was compared to Bap of S. aureus V329. We found that despite an identical structural arrangement into four regions, Bap from S. xylosus differs in key factors to Bap of S. aureus, i.e., isoelectric point of aggregation prone Region B, protein homology and type of repeats. Disruption of bap had no effect on aggregation behavior of selected S. xylosus strains and biofilm formation was unaffected (TMW 2.1023) or at best slightly reduced under neutral conditions (TMW 2.1523). Further, we could not observe any typical characteristics of a S. aureus Bap-positive phenotype such as functional impairment by calcium addition and rough colony morphology on congo red agar (CRA). A dominating role of Bap in cell aggregation and biofilm formation as reported mainly for S. aureus V329 was not observed. In contrast, this work demonstrates that functions of S. aureus Bap cannot easily be extrapolated to S. xylosus Bap, which appears as non-essential for biofilm formation in this species. We therefore suggest that biofilm formation in S. xylosus follows different and multifactorial mechanisms.

scholarly journals Biofilm-Formation in Clonally Unrelated Multidrug-Resistant Acinetobacter baumannii Isolates

Pathogens ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (8) ◽  
pp. 630 ◽  
Author(s):  
Aisha M. Alamri ◽  
Afnan A. Alsultan ◽  
Mohammad A. Ansari ◽  
Amani M. Alnimr
Keyword(s):  
Tissue Culture ◽  
Antibiotic Resistance ◽  
Acinetobacter Baumannii ◽  
Congo Red ◽  
Biofilm Formation ◽  
Multidrug Resistant ◽  
Control Measures ◽  
Infection Control Measures ◽  
Culture Plate ◽  
Tissue Culture Plate

This study analyzed the genotype, antibiotic resistance, and biofilm formation of Acinetobacter baumannii strains and assessed the correlation between biofilm formation, antibiotic resistance, and biofilm-related risk factors. A total of 207 non-replicate multi-drug-resistant A. baumannii strains were prospectively isolated. Phenotypic identification and antimicrobial susceptibility testing were carried out. Isolate biofilm formation ability was evaluated using the tissue culture plate (TCP), Congo red agar, and tube methods. Clonal relatedness between the strains was assessed by enterobacterial repetitive intergenic consensus-PCR genotyping. Of the 207 isolates, 52.5% originated from an intensive care unit setting, and pan resistance was observed against ceftazidime and cefepime, with elevated resistance (99–94%) to piperacillin/tazobactam, imipenem, levofloxacin, and ciprofloxacin. alongside high susceptibility to tigecycline (97.8%). The Tissue culture plate, Tube method, and Congo red agar methods revealed that 53.6%, 20.8%, and 2.7% of the strains were strong biofilm producers, respectively, while a significant correlation was observed between biofilm formation and device-originating respiratory isolates (p = 0.0009) and between biofilm formation in colonized vs. true infection isolates (p = 0.0001). No correlation was detected between antibiotic resistance and biofilm formation capacity, and the majority of isolates were clonally unrelated. These findings highlight the urgent need for implementing strict infection control measures in clinical settings.

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