scholarly journals High density single-unit human cortical recordings using the Neuropixels probe

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jason E Chung ◽  
Kristin K Sellers ◽  
Matthew K Leonard ◽  
Laura Gwilliams ◽  
Duo Xu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Animal Models ◽  
Action Potentials ◽  
Single Unit ◽  
Single Units ◽  
Time Constraints ◽  
Cortical Dynamics ◽  
Large Numbers ◽  
Target Depth ◽  
Intraoperative Recording ◽  
Made In

A fundamental unit of neural computation is the action potential. While significant advances have been made in the ability to sample action potentials of large numbers of individual neurons in animal models, translation of these methodologies to humans has been lacking due to clinical time constraints, electrical noise in the operating room, and reliability of the methodology. Here we present a reliable method for intraoperative recording of dozens of neurons in humans using the Neuropixels probe, yielding up to ~100 simultaneously-recorded single-units (n=596 across 11 recordings in 8 participants). Most single-units were active within 1 minute of reaching target depth, compatible with clinical time constraints. Cell pairs active close in time were spatially closer in most recordings, demonstrating the power to resolve complex cortical dynamics. Altogether, this approach provides access to population single-unit activity across the depth of human neocortex at scales previously only accessible in animal models.

scholarly journals Multisensory Processing in Review: from Physiology to Behaviour

2010 ◽  
Vol 23 (1) ◽  
pp. 3-38 ◽  
Author(s):  
David Alais ◽  
Fiona Newell ◽  
Pascal Mamassian
Keyword(s):  
Single Unit ◽  
Multisensory Processing ◽  
External World ◽  
Functional Brain Imaging ◽  
Neural Recordings ◽  
Large Numbers ◽  
Sensory Modalities ◽  
New Students ◽  
Multisensory Processes ◽  
Made In

AbstractResearch in multisensory processes has exploded over the last decade. Tremendous advances have been made in a variety of fields from single-unit neural recordings and functional brain imaging through to behaviour, perception and cognition. These diverse approaches have highlighted how the senses work together to produce a coherent multimodal representation of the external world that enables us to function better by exploiting the redundancies and complementarities provided by multiple sensory modalities. With large numbers of new students and researchers being attracted to multisensory research, and the multi-disciplinary nature of the work, our aim in this review is to provide an overview of multisensory processing that includes all fields in a single review. Our intention is to provide a comprehensive source for those interested in learning about multisensory processes, covering a variety of sensory combinations and methodologies, and tracing the path from single-unit neurophysiology through to perception and cognitive functions such as attention and speech.

Microanalysis of precipitates in a ferritic steel

1978 ◽  
Vol 36 (1) ◽  
pp. 618-619
Author(s):  
J.M. Titchmarsh
Keyword(s):  
Ferritic Steel ◽  
Particle Identification ◽  
Energy Dispersive ◽  
Objective Lens ◽  
Ferritic Steels ◽  
Replica Technique ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Large Numbers ◽  
Scanning Transmission ◽  
Made In

The advances in recent years in the microanalytical capabilities of conventional TEM's fitted with probe forming lenses allow much more detailed investigations to be made of the microstructures of complex alloys, such as ferritic steels, than have been possible previously. In particular, the identification of individual precipitate particles with dimensions of a few tens of nanometers in alloys containing high densities of several chemically and crystallographically different precipitate types is feasible. The aim of the investigation described in this paper was to establish a method which allowed individual particle identification to be made in a few seconds so that large numbers of particles could be examined in a few hours.A Philips EM400 microscope, fitted with the scanning transmission (STEM) objective lens pole-pieces and an EDAX energy dispersive X-ray analyser, was used at 120 kV with a thermal W hairpin filament. The precipitates examined were extracted using a standard C replica technique from specimens of a 2¼Cr-lMo ferritic steel in a quenched and tempered condition.

Construction of Power Stations Designed and Built as Single Units

1983 ◽  
Vol 197 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-26 ◽  
Author(s):  
H Masding
Keyword(s):  
Power Plant ◽  
Single Unit ◽  
Capital Cost ◽  
Single Units ◽  
Construction Time ◽  
Power Stations ◽  
Engineering Costs ◽  
Running Cost ◽  
The Uk

This paper sets out an assessment of the value and practicality of the construction of fossil fired generating plant designed and built as single units and includes a proposal for the design and layout of a single unit designed to maximize the benefits derived from this concept. The conclusion is that an acceptable design of power plant, based on the construction of single 600 MW units, can be developed for the UK system which could prove to be advantageous in construction time, in capital cost and in running cost. The layout applies equally effectively to large ‘green field’ sites or for replanting existing stations; in addition, the plant can be replicated in detail and thereby reduce design and engineering costs. Finally the layout can also be applied in principle to smaller units for overseas utilities as required by their system developments.

scholarly journals Translational approaches to understanding metabolic dysfunction and cardiovascular consequences of obstructive sleep apnea

2015 ◽  
Vol 309 (7) ◽  
pp. H1101-H1111 ◽  
Author(s):  
Luciano F. Drager ◽  
Vsevolod Y. Polotsky ◽  
Christopher P. O'Donnell ◽  
Sergio L. Cravo ◽  
Geraldo Lorenzi-Filho ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Obstructive Sleep Apnea ◽  
Cardiovascular Risk ◽  
Sleep Apnea ◽  
Animal Models ◽  
Metabolic Dysfunction ◽  
Significant Progress ◽  
Glucose And Lipid Metabolism ◽  
Obstructive Sleep ◽  
Underlying Mechanisms ◽  
Made In

Obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) is known to be independently associated with several cardiovascular diseases including hypertension, myocardial infarction, and stroke. To determine how OSA can increase cardiovascular risk, animal models have been developed to explore the underlying mechanisms and the cellular and end-organ targets of the predominant pathophysiological disturbance in OSA–intermittent hypoxia. Despite several limitations in translating data from animal models to the clinical arena, significant progress has been made in our understanding of how OSA confers increased cardiovascular risk. It is clear now that the hypoxic stress associated with OSA can elicit a broad spectrum of pathological systemic events including sympathetic activation, systemic inflammation, impaired glucose and lipid metabolism, and endothelial dysfunction, among others. This review provides an update of the basic, clinical, and translational advances in our understanding of the metabolic dysfunction and cardiovascular consequences of OSA and highlights the most recent findings and perspectives in the field.

INTRODUCTION

PEDIATRICS ◽  
1992 ◽  
Vol 90 (3) ◽  
pp. V-V
Author(s):  
ROBERT J. HAGGERTY
Keyword(s):  
Animal Models ◽  
Interdisciplinary Approach ◽  
Developmental Psychobiology ◽  
Research Projects ◽  
Older Children ◽  
Pediatric Practice ◽  
The Past ◽  
Scientific Disciplines ◽  
And Child Health ◽  
Made In

The William T. Grant Foundation supports eight consortia, each devoted to a specific issue, and each consisting of ten to twenty members from a Variety of scientific disciplines. Our purpose is to provide a forum for discussion of ideas, research, and conceptual and theoretical bases of that research to individuals who work in related areas, but who might not under other circumstances have easy communication with each other, especially in the preliminary stages of the development of their research projects. By the time national meetings occur, projects are of necessity completed, and there is no chance for modification using an interdisciplinary approach. We have been very pleased with this device to bring research workers of different disciplines together. The newest of these consortia is devoted to the Developmental Psychobiology of Stress and includes pediatricians, psychologists, and anthropologists who work on both human and animal models. This group moved promptly in their first meeting to bring together a talented group of researchers from different disciplines; the results of their research are presented in this supplement. They well exemplify the advances that have been made in recent years in methodology to study mind-body interactions in infants and older children. Methodologic barriers in the past have limited research on stress in humans. It is stimulating and exciting to see that these barriers are beginning to be overcome, and that research such as is presented here is illuminating this exciting new field. It has enormous application to pediatric practice and child health in the future.

Single-unit recordings of arterial chemoreceptors from mouse petrosal ganglia in vitro

2000 ◽  
Vol 88 (4) ◽  
pp. 1489-1495 ◽  
Author(s):  
David F. Donnelly ◽  
Ricardo Rigual
Keyword(s):  
Mouse Model ◽  
Carotid Body ◽  
Unit Activity ◽  
Action Potentials ◽  
Single Unit ◽  
Gene Deletions ◽  
Suction Electrode ◽  
Single Unit Recordings ◽  
Unit Action

A preparation was developed that allows for the recording of single-unit chemoreceptor activity from mouse carotid body in vitro. An anesthetized mouse was decapitated, and each carotid body was harvested, along with the sinus nerve, glossopharyngeal nerve, and petrosal ganglia. After exposure to collagenase/trypsin, the cleaned complex was transferred to a recording chamber where it was superfused with oxygenated saline. The ganglia was searched for evoked or spontaneous unit activity by using a glass suction electrode. Single-unit action potentials were 57 ± 10 (SE) ( n = 16) standard deviations above the recording noise, and spontaneous spikes were generated as a random process. Decreasing superfusate[Formula: see text] to near 20 Torr caused an increase in spiking activity from 1.3 ± 0.4 to 14.1 ± 1.9 Hz ( n = 16). The use of mice for chemoreceptor studies may be advantageous because targeted gene deletions are well developed in the mouse model and may be useful in addressing unresolved questions regarding the mechanism of chemotransduction.

scholarly journals Closing up onto our sun: solar imaging

2020 ◽  
Vol 240 ◽  
pp. 07011
Author(s):  
Kushagra Shrivastava ◽  
Keith Wen Kai Chia ◽  
Kang Jun Wong ◽  
Alfred Yong Liang Tan ◽  
Hwee Tiang Ning
Keyword(s):  
Solar Activity ◽  
The Sun ◽  
Research Needs ◽  
Large Numbers ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Future Science ◽  
Insight Into ◽  
Term Data ◽  
Made In

Solar activity research provides insight into the Sun’s past, future (Science Daily, 2018). The solar activity includes observations of large numbers of intense sunspots, flares, and other phenomena; and demands a wide range of techniques and measurements on the observations. This research needs long term data collection before critical analyses can occur, to generate meaningful learning and knowledge. In this project, we will use solar imaging to make observations of solar activity, and take our baby steps to make contributions in citizen science. Observations will be made in 3 wavelengths to gain a more thorough analysis by looking at different perspectives of the Sun, namely H-Alpha, Calcium-K, and white light.

scholarly journals Large Animal Models of Vascularized Composite Allotransplantation: A Review of Immune Strategies to Improve Allograft Outcomes

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Abraham J. Matar ◽  
Rebecca L. Crepeau ◽  
Gerhard S. Mundinger ◽  
Curtis L. Cetrulo ◽  
Radbeh Torabi
Keyword(s):  
Animal Models ◽  
Ex Vivo ◽  
Solid Organ Transplantation ◽  
Tolerance Induction ◽  
Large Animal ◽  
Solid Organ ◽  
Large Animal Models ◽  
Large Animals ◽  
And Function ◽  
Made In

Over the past twenty years, significant technical strides have been made in the area of vascularized composite tissue allotransplantation (VCA). As in solid organ transplantation, the allogeneic immune response remains a significant barrier to long-term VCA survival and function. Strategies to overcome acute and chronic rejection, minimize immunosuppression and prolong VCA survival have important clinical implications. Historically, large animals have provided a valuable model for testing the clinical translatability of immune modulating approaches in transplantation, including tolerance induction, co-stimulation blockade, cellular therapies, and ex vivo perfusion. Recently, significant advancements have been made in these arenas utilizing large animal VCA models. In this comprehensive review, we highlight recent immune strategies undertaken to improve VCA outcomes with a focus on relevant preclinical large animal models.

Archaeology in New China

Antiquity ◽  
1963 ◽  
Vol 37 (147) ◽  
pp. 176-184 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hsia Nai
Keyword(s):  
Field Work ◽  
Archaeological Research ◽  
Historical Science ◽  
Considerable Success ◽  
Large Numbers ◽  
History Of ◽  
Ancient Monuments ◽  
Economic Construction ◽  
Abundant Data ◽  
Made In

Archaeology as a branch of historical science has made new headway in the thirteen years since the founding of the Chinese People's Republic. The scale of its work has expanded and methods of research have been improved. Large numbers of young archaeological workers have been trained. In the course of the nation's gigantic economic construction, remains of ancient settlements and tombs have been uncovered in many places, yielding numerous important relics which have provided abundant data for archaeological research. Throughout the country, hosts of archaeological workers from research institutes, universities, museums and institutions for the preservation of ancient monuments are carrying out both field work and academic study and have already attained considerable success in their efforts to explore the history of ancient China on the basis of archaeological finds. All this has given further impetus to the advance of Chinese archaeology.Archaeological finds made in New China are so rich that the present article can attempt to discuss only some of the most important problems.

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