scholarly journals The effect of mainland dynamics on data and parameter estimates in island biogeography

2022 ◽  
Author(s):  
Joshua W. Lambert ◽  
Pedro Santos Neves ◽  
Richel Bilderbeek ◽  
Luis Valente ◽  
Rampal S. Etienne
Keyword(s):  
Island Biogeography ◽  
Species Turnover ◽  
Evolutionary Relationships ◽  
Parameter Estimates ◽  
Incomplete Knowledge ◽  
Island Species ◽  
Island Community ◽  
Phylogenetic Model ◽  
Incomplete Sampling ◽  
Insight Into

Understanding macroevolution on islands requires knowledge of the closest relatives of island species on the mainland. The evolutionary relationships between island and mainland species can be reconstructed using phylogenies, to which models can be fitted to understand the dynamical processes of colonisation and diversification. But how much information on the mainland is needed to gain insight into macroevolution on islands? Here we first test whether species turnover on the mainland and incomplete mainland sampling leave recognisable signatures in community phylogenetic data. We find predictable phylogenetic patterns: colonisation times become older and the perceived proportion of endemic species increases as mainland turnover and incomplete knowledge increase. We then analyse the influence of these factors on the inference performance of the island biogeography model DAISIE, a whole-island community phylogenetic model that assumes that mainland species do not diversify, and that the mainland is fully sampled in the phylogeny. We find that colonisation and diversification rate are estimated with little bias in the presence of mainland extinction and incomplete sampling. By contrast, the rate of anagenesis is overestimated under high levels of mainland extinction and incomplete sampling, because these increase the perceived level of island endemism. We conclude that community-wide phylogenetic and endemism datasets of island species carry a signature of mainland extinction and sampling. The robustness of parameter estimates suggests that island diversification and colonisation can be studied even with limited knowledge of mainland dynamics.

Investigating “self-conscious” speech: The performance register in Ocracoke English

1998 ◽  
Vol 27 (1) ◽  
pp. 53-83 ◽  
Author(s):  
Natalie Schilling-Estes
Keyword(s):  
North Carolina ◽  
Social Context ◽  
Stylistic Variation ◽  
Frequent Contact ◽  
The Past ◽  
Island Community ◽  
Style Shifting ◽  
New Residents ◽  
Insight Into ◽  
Regular Patterning

ABSTRACTThis article examines PERFORMANCE SPEECH in the historically isolated island community of Ocracoke, North Carolina. Over the past several decades islanders have come into increasingly frequent contact with tourists and new residents, who often comment on the island's “quaint” relic dialect. In response, some Ocracokers have developed performance phrases that highlight island features, particularly the pronunciation of/ay/ with a raised/backed nucleus, i.e. [Λ-1]. The analysis of/ay/ in the performance and non-performance speech of a representative Ocracoke speaker yields several important insights for the study of language in its social context. First, performance speech may display more regular patterning than has traditionally been assumed. Second, it lends insight into speaker perception of language features. Finally, the incorporation of performance speech into the variationist-based study of style-shifting offers support for the growing belief that style-shifting may be primarily proactive rather than reactive. (Keywords: Ocracoke, performance speech, style-shifting, stylistic variation, register, self-conscious speech.)

scholarly journals Cadmium Pollution in the Tourism Environment: A Literature Review

Geosciences ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (6) ◽  
pp. 242
Author(s):  
Anna V. Mikhailenko ◽  
Dmitry A. Ruban ◽  
Vladimir A. Ermolaev ◽  
A.J. (Tom) van Loon
Keyword(s):  
Human Exposure ◽  
Toxic Metal ◽  
Human Environment ◽  
Incomplete Knowledge ◽  
Tourist Destinations ◽  
The Past ◽  
The Common ◽  
Living Organisms ◽  
Critical Regions ◽  
Insight Into

Cadmium is a highly-toxic metal, and, its environmental occurrence and human exposure consequently deserve close attention. The insight into the relationships between cadmium and tourism relations has deepened during the past three decades and the research into this relationship is reviewed. For this purpose, 83 relevant publications (mainly articles in international journals) were analyzed. It was found that investigation of Cd in the tourism environment took place in all continents (except Antarctica) and has intensified since the mid-2000s; Chinese researchers are the most active contributors. The Cd occurrence in air, living organisms, sediments, soil, suspended particular matter, water, and of the human environment has been studied. It has become clear that tourism contributes to Cd pollution (particularly, by hotel wastewater and increased traffic), and, vice versa, Cd pollution of beaches, coastal waters, food, urban parks, etc. creates risks for tourists and increases human exposure to this toxic metal. Both mechanisms have received equal attention. Examples concern many places worldwide, with the Mediterranean and Central and Eastern Europe as apparently critical regions. Our significantly incomplete knowledge of the relationships between cadmium and tourism must be ascribed to the common oversimplification of these relationships and to the scarcity or even absence of information supplied by the most important tourist destinations. The present review demonstrates that more studies of heavy metals and, particularly, Cd in the tourism environment are needed.

scholarly journals Species Turnover and Equilibrium Island Biogeography

Science ◽  
1976 ◽  
Vol 194 (4265) ◽  
pp. 572-578 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. Simberloff
Keyword(s):  
Island Biogeography ◽  
Species Turnover

scholarly journals Maintenance of biodiversity on islands

2016 ◽  
Vol 283 (1829) ◽  
pp. 20160102 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ryan A. Chisholm ◽  
Tak Fung ◽  
Deepthi Chimalakonda ◽  
James P. O'Dwyer
Keyword(s):  
Species Richness ◽  
Island Biogeography ◽  
Mechanistic Model ◽  
Neutral Theory ◽  
Small Island ◽  
Small Islands ◽  
Island Area ◽  
Island Species ◽  
Theory Of Island Biogeography ◽  
Species Area

MacArthur and Wilson's theory of island biogeography predicts that island species richness should increase with island area. This prediction generally holds among large islands, but among small islands species richness often varies independently of island area, producing the so-called ‘small-island effect’ and an overall biphasic species–area relationship (SAR). Here, we develop a unified theory that explains the biphasic island SAR. Our theory's key postulate is that as island area increases, the total number of immigrants increases faster than niche diversity. A parsimonious mechanistic model approximating these processes reproduces a biphasic SAR and provides excellent fits to 100 archipelago datasets. In the light of our theory, the biphasic island SAR can be interpreted as arising from a transition from a niche-structured regime on small islands to a colonization–extinction balance regime on large islands. The first regime is characteristic of classic deterministic niche theories; the second regime is characteristic of stochastic theories including the theory of island biogeography and neutral theory. The data furthermore confirm our theory's key prediction that the transition between the two SAR regimes should occur at smaller areas, where immigration is stronger (i.e. for taxa that are better dispersers and for archipelagos that are less isolated).

scholarly journals Global Phylogeographic and Admixture Patterns in Grey Wolves and Genetic Legacy of An Ancient Siberian Lineage

2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Małgorzata Pilot ◽  
Andre E. Moura ◽  
Innokentiy M. Okhlopkov ◽  
Nikolay V. Mamaev ◽  
Abdulaziz N. Alagaili ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Environmental Change ◽  
Environmental Changes ◽  
Phylogeographic Structure ◽  
Evolutionary Relationships ◽  
Clustering Methods ◽  
Species Response ◽  
Genome Wide ◽  
Response To Environmental Change ◽  
Ambiguous Position ◽  
Insight Into

AbstractThe evolutionary relationships between extinct and extant lineages provide important insight into species’ response to environmental change. The grey wolf is among the few Holarctic large carnivores that survived the Late Pleistocene megafaunal extinctions, responding to that period’s profound environmental changes with loss of distinct lineages and phylogeographic shifts, and undergoing domestication. We reconstructed global genome-wide phylogeographic patterns in modern wolves, including previously underrepresented Siberian wolves, and assessed their evolutionary relationships with a previously genotyped wolf from Taimyr, Siberia, dated at 35 Kya. The inferred phylogeographic structure was affected by admixture with dogs, coyotes and golden jackals, stressing the importance of accounting for this process in phylogeographic studies. The Taimyr lineage was distinct from modern Siberian wolves and constituted a sister lineage of modern Eurasian wolves and domestic dogs, with an ambiguous position relative to North American wolves. We detected gene flow from the Taimyr lineage to Arctic dog breeds, but population clustering methods indicated closer similarity of the Taimyr wolf to modern wolves than dogs, implying complex post-divergence relationships among these lineages. Our study shows that introgression from ecologically diverse con-specific and con-generic populations was common in wolves’ evolutionary history, and could have facilitated their adaptation to environmental change.

scholarly journals Remoteness promotes biological invasions on islands worldwide

2018 ◽  
Vol 115 (37) ◽  
pp. 9270-9275 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dietmar Moser ◽  
Bernd Lenzner ◽  
Patrick Weigelt ◽  
Wayne Dawson ◽  
Holger Kreft ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Alien Species ◽  
Island Biogeography ◽  
Native Species ◽  
Native Plants ◽  
Oceanic Islands ◽  
Tropical Islands ◽  
Large Dataset ◽  
Island Species ◽  
Species Pools ◽  
Natural Dispersal

One of the best-known general patterns in island biogeography is the species–isolation relationship (SIR), a decrease in the number of native species with increasing island isolation that is linked to lower rates of natural dispersal and colonization on remote oceanic islands. However, during recent centuries, the anthropogenic introduction of alien species has increasingly gained importance and altered the composition and richness of island species pools. We analyzed a large dataset for alien and native plants, ants, reptiles, mammals, and birds on 257 (sub) tropical islands, and showed that, except for birds, the number of naturalized alien species increases with isolation for all taxa, a pattern that is opposite to the negative SIR of native species. We argue that the reversal of the SIR for alien species is driven by an increase in island invasibility due to reduced diversity and increased ecological naiveté of native biota on the more remote islands.

Factors affecting the evolution of virulence: nematode parasites of fig wasps as a case study

Parasitology ◽  
1995 ◽  
Vol 111 (S1) ◽  
pp. S179-S191 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. A. Herre
Keyword(s):  
Horizontal Transmission ◽  
Host Population ◽  
Lifetime Reproductive Success ◽  
Evolutionary Relationships ◽  
Parameter Estimates ◽  
Fig Wasps ◽  
Evolution Of Virulence ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Host Parasite

SUMMARYThe natural history of fig-pollinating wasps and their associated species-specific nematodes allows the measurement of many parameters which are relevant to testing hypotheses concerning host-parasite ecology and evolution. Within fig wasps species, it is possible to estimate lifetime reproductive success of foundress wasps as a function of presence or absence of nematode parasitism (virulence). Across species, there is a wide range of host population structures which, in turn, results in a range of opportunities for either horizontal or vertical nematode transmission. Therefore, estimates of virulence can be related to opportunities for transmission across a group of closely related hosts and their parasites. Further, the dynamics of the nematode infections over ecological and short-term evolutionary timescales can be monitored, giving added insight into the interpretation of the virulence estimates. Moreover, several scales of longer term evolutionary relationships are either known directly from fossil evidence or can be inferred from molecular data, providing deeper temporal context for the observed patterns. This combination of attributes permits detailed testing of hypotheses concerning the factors that potentially influence the evolution of virulence in host-parasite systems, and further, population and simulation models of the system that incorporate the parameter estimates can clarify the interpretation of how those factors act. There is little evidence suggesting that intermediate and long-term evolutionary relationships explain current levels of virulence. That is, it appears that virulence can change rapidly relative to speciation events, and that the nematodes do not tend to become ‘benign over time’. Instead, it appears that host population structure can influence the evolution of parasite virulence by affecting the relative opportunities for horizontal to vertical transmission, which, in turn, influences the relative costs and benefits of virulence to the nematodes. At one level, increased opportunities for horizontal transmission decouple the reproductive interests of the individual nematodes from those of the individual hosts that they are directly parasitizing, thereby reducing the cost of virulence to individual nematodes. At another level, increased opportunities of horizontal transmission also increases the relative frequency of hosts infected by multiple strains of nematodes. This promotes the evolution of more virulent forms by increasing the relative importance of within-host competition among nematode strains, thereby favouring strains that ‘eat more host sooner’. An interesting property of the fig-nematode systems is that the proportion of infected hosts does not change dramatically through time. This finding implies that there can be considerable negative effects on survival of infected hosts in addition to the previously documented reductions in fecundity of infected foundresses, because the latter are insufficient to account for the observed stability of wasp infection rates.

scholarly journals Characterization of four mitochondrial genomes of family Neritidae (Gastropoda: Neritimorpha) and insight into its phylogenetic relationships

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Jian-tong Feng ◽  
Li-ping Xia ◽  
Cheng-rui Yan ◽  
Jing Miao ◽  
Ying-ying Ye ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Molecular Clock ◽  
Gene Order ◽  
Phylogenetic Relationships ◽  
Evolutionary Relationships ◽  
Mitochondrial Genomes ◽  
Phylogenetic Resolution ◽  
Relaxed Molecular Clock ◽  
Insight Into ◽  
Complete Mitochondrial Genomes

AbstractNeritidae is one of the most diverse families of Neritimorpha and possesses euryhaline properties. Members of this family usually live on tropical and subtropical coasts and are mainly gregarious. The phylogenetic relationships between several subclasses of Gastropoda have been controversial for many years. With an increase in the number of described species of Neritidae, the knowledge of the evolutionary relationships in this family has improved. In the present study, we sequenced four complete mitochondrial genomes from two genera (Clithon and Nerita) and compared them with available complete mitochondrial genomes of Neritidae. Gene order exhibited a highly conserved pattern among three genera in the Neritidae family. Our results improved the phylogenetic resolution within Neritidae, and more comprehensive taxonomic sampling of subclass Neritimorpha was proposed. Furthermore, we reconstructed the divergence among the main lineages of 19 Neritimorpha taxa under an uncorrelated relaxed molecular clock.

You Are Where You Live: Using the size of conodont dental tools to shed light on environmental conditions and community complexity

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Laura Mulvey ◽  
Bryan Shirley ◽  
Fiona Pye ◽  
Nussaïbah B. Raja ◽  
Emilia Jarochowska
Keyword(s):  
Body Size ◽  
Species Turnover ◽  
Size Analysis ◽  
Clear Correlation ◽  
Size Change ◽  
Predator Prey ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Community Complexity ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Insight Into

<p>One of the most versatile tools in a palaeontologists’ “tool-kit” is body size analysis, which can be used to characterise and quantify a wide range of ecological and physiological traits.  Utilisation of these data allows insight into predator prey relationships, respiration rates, mortality rates, and even population dynamics. Body size analysis becomes essential when studying extinct organisms where few other clues to their ecology are available. An extreme example of such organisms are conodonts, which are hypothesised to be among the first predators.  Here, changes are tracked  through the Silurian Period using coniform conodont elements as a proxy for body size. Previous research focuses primarily on species turnover, however the data collected in this study is independent of species identification, relying purely on body size changes to reflect the ecology of the community. The size of coniform elements are measured across a number of bathymetries spanning approximately 10 million years. This allows a comparison of body size change not only across differing environments, but also through time. The morphometric measurements were determined using FossilJ, a plugin for ImageJ which facilitates semi-automated measurement of two-dimensional images. Firstly, our results show a clear correlation between body size change and onshore offshore gradients with smaller organisms residing at shallower water depths, unlike what is seen in today’s oceans. Secondly, specimens span across two of the three recorded isotopic excursions during the Silurian Period, the Mulde and Lau events. The impact of these events on conodont communities is represented by a reduction in body size directly after each. Furthermore, the results suggest the Mulde event may have had a stronger effect on these communities and could potentially reflect a time of stress and/or extinction for coniform conodonts.</p>

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