scholarly journals Hierarchical structure and memory retrieval mechanisms in agreement attraction

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Julie Franck ◽  
Matthew Wagers
Keyword(s):  
Time Course ◽  
Recognition Task ◽  
Full Time ◽  
Sentence Structure ◽  
Joint Measurement ◽  
Memory Probe ◽  
Memory Representations ◽  
Probe Recognition ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Speed Accuracy

AbstractSpeakers occasionally cause the verb to agree with an element that is not the subject, a so-called ‘attractor’; likewise, comprehenders occasionally fail to notice agreement errors when the attractor agrees with the verb. Cross-linguistic studies converge in showing that attraction is modulated by the hierarchical position of the attractor in the sentence structure. We report two experiments exploring the link between structural position and memory representations in attraction. The method used is innovative in two respects: we used jabberwocky materials to control for semantic influences and focus on structural agreement processing, and we used a Speed-Accuracy Trade-off (SAT) design combined with a memory probe recognition task, as classically used in list memorization tasks. SAT allowed us to investigate the full time-course of processing and it enabled the joint measurement of retrieval speed and retrieval accuracy. Experiment 1 first established that attraction arises in jabberwocky sentences, to a similar extent and following the same structure-dependency as in natural sentences. Experiment 2 showed a close alignment between the attraction profiles found in Experiment 1 and memory parameters. Results support a content-addressable architecture of memory representations for sentences in which nouns’ accessibility depends on their syntactic position, while subjects are kept in the focus of attention.

scholarly journals Goal-driven modulation as a function of time in saccadic target selection

2008 ◽  
Vol 61 (10) ◽  
pp. 1553-1572 ◽  
Author(s):  
Wieske Van Zoest ◽  
Mieke Donk
Keyword(s):  
Eye Movement ◽  
Response Latency ◽  
Time Course ◽  
Target Selection ◽  
Visual Selection ◽  
Full Time ◽  
Specific Target ◽  
Different Dimensions ◽  
Saccadic Target ◽  
Speed Accuracy

Four experiments were performed to investigate the contribution of goal-driven modulation in saccadic target selection as a function of time. Observers were required to make an eye movement to a prespecified target that was concurrently presented with multiple nontargets and possibly one distractor. Target and distractor were defined in different dimensions (orientation dimension and colour dimension in Experiment 1), or were both defined in the same dimension (i.e., both defined in the orientation dimension in Experiment 2, or both defined in the colour dimension in Experiments 3 and 4). The identities of target and distractor were switched over conditions. Speed–accuracy functions were computed to examine the full time course of selection in each condition. There were three major results. First, the ability to exert goal-driven control increased as a function of response latency. Second, this ability depended on the specific target–distractor combination, yet was not a function of whether target and distractor were defined within or across dimensions. Third, goal-driven control was available earlier when target and distractor were dissimilar than when they were similar. It was concluded that the influence of goal-driven control in visual selection is not all or none, but is of a continuous nature.

Verb-Control Information in Parsing Japanese Reflexive Sentences

1993 ◽  
Vol 77 (1) ◽  
pp. 207-215 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hiroshi Nagata
Keyword(s):  
Recognition Task ◽  
Probe Position ◽  
Lexical Information ◽  
Indirect Object ◽  
Control Information ◽  
Reflexive Pronoun ◽  
Probe Recognition ◽  
The Subject

This study explores whether lexical information in verbs influences activation of an antecedent by a Japanese reflexive pronoun, jibun. Verb information specified that the reflexive was bound to an indirect object despite it being ordinarily associated with a subject in Japanese sentences. 30 students were administered a probe-recognition task in which a probe was given either for the subject or for the indirect object immediately after the reflexive or at the end of a sentence following the verb. Recognition times were faster for a subject-probe than for an indirect-object-probe regardless of the probe position. This finding indicates that the reflexive activates only the subject, and verb-control information is not immediately used when parsing Japanese sentences involving the reflexive.

Contemporary Trends in PSW Teaching: Challenges and Opportunity to Expand

2018 ◽  
Vol 9 (2) ◽  
pp. 60
Author(s):  
Kamlesh Kumar Sahu
Keyword(s):  
Mental Health ◽  
Social Work ◽  
Time Course ◽  
Full Time ◽  
Private Institutions ◽  
Centre Of Excellence ◽  
Part Time ◽  
The Government ◽  
National Mental Health ◽  
Psychiatric Social Work

Psychiatric Social Work teaching has completed seven decades in India which was started with master course in medical and psychiatric social work at Tata Institute of Social Sciences, Mumbai in 1948 followed by various schools of social work across the country but unfortunately even after two year full time or part time course they are not counted as a mental health professional; still they need two more years of specialized training in mental health as Master of Philosophy in Psychiatric Social Work (M.Phil. PSW) which was offered in just a few institutions. Recently the Government of India formulated manpower development schemes under the national mental health programme to address the shortage of men power in mental health. Under this scheme, 25 centre of excellence in mental health are already stabilised and various post graduate departments were upgraded and M.Phil. PSW course is started or will be started. This figure is in raise in Government intuitions and few private institutions also. The prominence of social work in mental health is expected to enhance by this effort as highly trained social workers will be available to practice in the mental health field but there are some challenges to overcome to get the maximum outcome from this opportunity to expand.    Keywords:Psychiatric social work, mental health, men power development, India  Â

On the Significance of “Double Encoding” for the Superior Recall of Pictures to Names

1973 ◽  
Vol 25 (3) ◽  
pp. 413-423 ◽  
Author(s):  
Graham M. Davies ◽  
J. E. Milne ◽  
B. J. Glennie
Keyword(s):  
Free Recall ◽  
Recognition Task ◽  
Sequential Presentation ◽  
Picture Condition ◽  
Superior Recall ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Better Than

Ten-year-old children who were shown pictures of objects immediately preceded by the object's name recalled the material no better than those exposed to the names of the stimuli alone. Both conditions yielded significantly poorer retention than those in which pictures alone were presented or pictures followed by their names. A second study replicated this result. In addition this demonstrated, by a picture and name recognition task, that the effects could not be due to subjects in the “name prior to picture” condition ignoring the pictorial component. These results were interpreted as contradicting the “double encoding” explanation of the superiority of pictures to names in free recall. Parallel visual and verbal encoding of a pictured object does not facilitate retention unless the verbal cue is actively elicited from the subject by the stimulus. The implications of this result for other studies which have employed either simultaneous or sequential presentation of pictures and names are briefly discussed.

EARLYWOOD VESSELS IN RING-POROUS TREES BECOME FUNCTIONAL FOR WATER TRANSPORT AFTER BUD BURST AND BEFORE THE MATURATION OF THE CURRENT-YEAR LEAVES

IAWA Journal ◽  
2016 ◽  
Vol 37 (2) ◽  
pp. 315-331 ◽  
Author(s):  
Peter Kitin ◽  
Ryo Funada
Keyword(s):  
Water Transport ◽  
Time Course ◽  
Growing Season ◽  
Early Spring ◽  
Vessel Element ◽  
Full Time ◽  
Bud Burst ◽  
Long Time ◽  
Wall Perforation ◽  
Earlywood Vessels

This paper reviews the development of xylem vessels in ring-porous dicots and the corresponding leaf phenology. Also included are our original observations on the time-course of vessel element growth, secondary wall deposition, and end wall perforation in the deciduous hardwood Kalopanax septemlobus. Different patterns of xylem growth and phenology serve different strategies of the species for adaptation to seasonal climates. Trees with ring-porous xylem form wide earlywood vessels (EWV) in spring and narrow latewood vessels in summer. The wide EWV become embolized or blocked with tyloses by the end of the growing season while the narrow vessels may remain functional for many years. The co-occurrence of wide and narrow vessels provides both efficiency and safety of the water transport as well as a potentially longer growing season. It has for a long time been assumed that EWV in ring-porous hardwoods are formed in early spring before bud burst in order to supply sap to growing leaves and shoots.However, the full time-course of development of EWV elements from initiation of growth until maturation for water transport has not been adequately studied until recently. Our observations clarify a crucial relationship between leaf maturation and the maturation of earlywood vessels for sap transport. Accumulated new evidence shows that EWV in branches and upper stem parts develop earlier than EWV lower in the stem. The first EWV elements are fully expanded with differentiated secondary walls by the time of bud burst. In lower stem parts, perforations in vessel end walls are formed after bud burst and before the new leaves have achieved full size. Therefore, the current-year EWV network becomes functional for water transport only by the time when the first new leaves are mature.

scholarly journals EXPERIMENTAL ONLINE CASE STUDY FOR A BREAKTHROUGH IN STUDENT ENGAGEMENT: FOCUS GROUP RESULTS

2019 ◽  
Vol 8 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
James Theroux ◽  
Cari Carpenter ◽  
Clare Kilbane
Keyword(s):  
Student Engagement ◽  
Focus Group ◽  
Real Time ◽  
Group Discussion ◽  
Full Time ◽  
The Real ◽  
Building Process ◽  
New Type ◽  
The Subject

A new type of case study, called the real-time case (RTC), was produced in the fall of 2001 and distributed via the Internet to business classes at four universities in the US and Canada. The real-time case presented the story of one company's growth and development throughout a 14-week semester. A case writer stationed full-time at the subject company published case installments weekly on the Web, allowing students to view the company-building process as it happened. The 14-week coverage of RTC enabled students to study the subject company in unprecedented depth and detail. RTC's real-time interactivity allowed students to share their analyses and best thinking with the company leadership during the company’s decision-making process.A major objective in producing the case was to heighten student engagement with the case material. To evaluate whether this objective was achieved, a survey and a focus group discussion were conducted with one of the participating MBA classes. Results from the survey and the focus group showed a high degree of engagement, plus many other benefits from the new type of case study.

scholarly journals Is Pupil Activity Associated With the Strength of Memory Signal for Words in a Continuous Recognition Memory Paradigm?

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jorge Oliveira ◽  
Marta Fernandes ◽  
Pedro J. Rosa ◽  
Pedro Gamito
Keyword(s):  
Retention Interval ◽  
Recognition Memory ◽  
Pupil Size ◽  
Time Course ◽  
Recognition Performance ◽  
Recognition Task ◽  
Subjective Feeling ◽  
Consistent Finding ◽  
Pupillary Responses ◽  
Study Test

Research on pupillometry provides an increasing evidence for associations between pupil activity and memory processing. The most consistent finding is related to an increase in pupil size for old items compared with novel items, suggesting that pupil activity is associated with the strength of memory signal. However, the time course of these changes is not completely known, specifically, when items are presented in a running recognition task maximizing interference by requiring the recognition of the most recent items from a sequence of old/new items. The sample comprised 42 healthy participants who performed a visual word recognition task under varying conditions of retention interval. Recognition responses were evaluated using behavioral variables for discrimination accuracy, reaction time, and confidence in recognition decisions. Pupil activity was recorded continuously during the entire experiment. The results suggest a decrease in recognition performance with increasing study-test retention interval. Pupil size decreased across retention intervals, while pupil old/new effects were found only for words recognized at the shortest retention interval. Pupillary responses consisted of a pronounced early pupil constriction at retrieval under longer study-test lags corresponding to weaker memory signals. However, the pupil size was also sensitive to the subjective feeling of familiarity as shown by pupil dilation to false alarms (new items judged as old). These results suggest that the pupil size is related not only to the strength of memory signal but also to subjective familiarity decisions in a continuous recognition memory paradigm.

scholarly journals Синтаксические свойства подлежащего в аварском языке

2021 ◽  
Vol 70 (7) ◽  
pp. 54-61
Author(s):  
Д.М Магомедов
Keyword(s):  
Sentence Structure ◽  
The Subject

The syntactic essence of the main members of a sentence can be determined only within the framework of syntactic correlation. The subject in the Avar language is included in the predicative basis, although it is not the carrier of the predicative. Its participation in the design of the predicative stem is that it is coordinated with the predicate verb in the class and number. A cool verb refers to a nominative name in a sentence structure. Only a name in the nominative can be a subject in the Avar language.

Political Diversity at the Nineteenth Congress of the CPSU, October 1952

2011 ◽  
Vol 38 (1) ◽  
pp. 85-102
Author(s):  
Jonathan Harris
Keyword(s):  
State Agencies ◽  
Full Time ◽  
Soviet State ◽  
Crucial Difference ◽  
Close Supervision ◽  
Economic Work ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Party Members ◽  
Definition Of

AbstractThis essay argues that the definition of the USSR's political system as a “party-state,” ignores the crucial difference between the majority of the members of the CPSU who hold positions in the Soviet state and the minority who are full time party officials with no such position and who regard themselves as the natural leaders of the party as a whole. To highlight this distinction, this essay defines the party officials as the “inner party” and the party members who man the state as the “outer party” and focuses on the ongoing dispute among party officials over the most effective way to provide leadership of the Soviet state. This conflict is expressed indirectly in the published discussion of the relative importance of officials' “internal work” (personnel management, verification of fulfillment and ideological education) and their “economic work” the close supervision of state agencies' administration of the five year plans. The essay briefly summarizes Stalin's own formulations on the subject, the conflict between Malenkov and Zhdanov over this issue from 1939 to 1948, and the ongoing debate among officials after the reform of the departments of the Secretariat in 1948. The bulk of the essay analyzes the widely divergent views of officials' priorities presented at the Nineteenth Congress of the CPSU in October 1952. It concludes that Western scholars have generally underestimated the role of the Congress in the creation of the political oligarchy that ruled the USSR after 1953.

Using New Case Studies for Evaluation of Marketing Student’s Academic Performance

2018 ◽  
Vol 22 (1) ◽  
pp. 61-67 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jaydeep Mukherjee
Keyword(s):  
Time Management ◽  
Management Education ◽  
Work And Family ◽  
Case Method ◽  
Full Time ◽  
Evaluation Tool ◽  
Formal Evaluation ◽  
Part Time ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Evaluation Mechanism

Case method has been a popular pedagogy in management education. It is a preferred evaluation tool which is inherently subjective in nature. This article compares the results of case-based evaluation in marketing discipline, in announced and unannounced settings, for full-time and part-time management programmes and discusses its implications. The data were collected from the formal evaluation made by a faculty of an Association of MBAs (AMBA) accredited management institute of India. The results suggests that for full-time residential MBA programmes, use of relative marks for grading each component of the evaluation is likely to be a more robust evaluation mechanism than using just the marks or using the consolidated marks for final grading. However, neither surprise quiz nor announced quiz provide any robust and unbiased method of evaluating the performance of the students of part-time non-residential MBA programme as the result are also dependent on variables like work and family, which are extraneous to the student’s interest and proficiency in the subject.

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