scholarly journals Modular co-option of cardiopharyngeal genes during non-embryonic myogenesis

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Maria Mandela Prünster ◽  
Lorenzo Ricci ◽  
Federico Brown ◽  
Stefano Tiozzo
Keyword(s):  
Heart Development ◽  
Body Wall ◽  
Cell Behavior ◽  
Botryllus Schlosseri ◽  
Developmental Pathway ◽  
Cellular Origin ◽  
Larval Stages ◽  
Adult Body ◽  
Embryonic Myogenesis ◽  
Different Origins

ABSTRACTBackgroundIn chordates cardiac and body muscles arise from different embryonic origins. Myogenesis can in addition be triggered in adult organisms, during asexual development or regeneration. In the non-vertebrate ascidians, muscles originate from embryonic precursors regulated by a conserved set of genes that orchestrate cell behavior and dynamics during development. In colonial ascidians, besides embryogenesis and metamorphosis, an adult can propagate asexually via blastogenesis, skipping embryo and larval stages, and form anew the adult body, including the complete body musculature.ResultsTo investigate the cellular origin and mechanisms that trigger non-embryonic myogenesis, we followed the expression of ascidian myogenic genes during Botryllus schlosseri blastogenesis, and reconstructed the dynamics of muscle precursors. Based on the expression dynamics of Tbx1/10, Ebf, Mrf, Myh3 for body wall and of FoxF, Tbx1/10, Nk4, Myh2 for heart development we show that the embryonic factors regulating myogenesis are only partially co-opted in blastogenesis, and propose that the cellular precursors contributing to heart or body muscles have different origins.ConclusionsRegardless of the developmental pathway, non-embryonic myogenesis shares a similar molecular and anatomical setup as embryonic myogenesis, but implements co-option and loss of molecular modules.

The Development and Growth of Ciona

1947 ◽  
Vol 26 (4) ◽  
pp. 616-625 ◽  
Author(s):  
N. J. Berrill
Keyword(s):  
Nervous System ◽  
Digestive System ◽  
Ciona Intestinalis ◽  
Growth Cycle ◽  
General Interest ◽  
Botryllus Schlosseri ◽  
Developmental Studies ◽  
Larval Stages ◽  
Artificial Fertilization ◽  
Sexually Mature

Ciona intestinalis (L.) is probably the most cosmopolitan species of ascidians and has long been of general interest. The adult morphology has been well described in monographic form by Roule (1884), the physiology of the heart and circulation by Heine (1902), Enriques (1904) and Wolf (1932), of the nervous system by Magnus (1902), Hecht (1918, 1926), Cate (1928), Haffner (1933), and Bacq & Florkin (1935), and of the digestive system by Yonge (1925). Developmental studies include that of the early embryology by Conklin (1905), problems of fertilization by Morgan (1945) and Damas (1899,1900). In no work, however, has there been a presentation of the entire Ciona organism from the tadpole stage through the critical post-larval stages to the young cionid ascidian. The present account portrays this period of development, together with a discussion of some significant but relatively obscure aspects of adult structure.Eggs and theRearing ofCiona intestinalisWhile ascidians in general are difficult to rear to maturity under laboratory conditions, Ciona is relatively easy, and together with Botryllus schlosseri (Pallas) and Diplosoma gelatinosum (M.-Edw.) is liable to appear more or less spontaneously in large aquaria into which tadpoles may have been brought. Artificial fertilization is readily accomplished, and at almost any time of the year, since Ciona is sexually mature above a certain size and reproduction is seasonal only to the extent of the rhythm of the growth cycle. Normally eggs are set free spontaneously at dawn, although individuals kept in the laboratory may accumulate eggs and the oviduct become swollen.

The gene tinman is required for specification of the heart and visceral muscles in Drosophila

Development ◽  
1993 ◽  
Vol 118 (3) ◽  
pp. 719-729 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. Bodmer
Keyword(s):  
Heart Development ◽  
Body Wall ◽  
Heart Cells ◽  
Visceral Muscle ◽  
Visceral Mesoderm ◽  
Body Wall Muscles ◽  
Visceral Muscles

The homeobox-containing gene tinman (msh-2, Bodmer et al., 1990 Development 110, 661–669) is expressed in the mesoderm primordium, and this expression requires the function of the mesoderm determinant twist. Later in development, as the first mesodermal subdivisions are occurring, expression becomes limited to the visceral mesoderm and the heart. Here, I show that the function of tinman is required for visceral muscle and heart development. Embryos that are mutant for the tinman gene lack the appearance of visceral mesoderm and of heart primordia, and the fusion of the anterior and posterior endoderm is impaired. Even though tinman mutant embryos do not have a heart or visceral muscles, many of the somatic body wall muscles appear to develop although abnormally. When the tinman cDNA is ubiquitously expressed in tinman mutant embryos, via a heatshock promoter, formation of heart cells and visceral mesoderm is partially restored, tinman seems to be one of the earliest genes required for heart development and the first gene reported for which a crucial function in the early mesodermal subdivisions has been implicated.

Two new species of montane web-footed salamanders (Plethodontidae: Bolitoglossa) from the Costa Rica-Panamá border region

Zootaxa ◽  
2009 ◽  
Vol 1981 (1) ◽  
pp. 57-68 ◽  
Author(s):  
FEDERICO BOLAÑOS ◽  
DAVID B. WAKE
Keyword(s):  
New Species ◽  
Body Size ◽  
Costa Rica ◽  
Body Wall ◽  
Species Group ◽  
The Body ◽  
Border Region ◽  
Two New Species ◽  
Adult Body ◽  
Salamander Species

Two new species of lungless salamanders (Plethodontidae) are described from high montane habitats of the border region between Costa Rica and Panamá. Bolitoglossa pygmaea and B. robinsoni are distinguished from each other and from other salamander species in this remote area by differences in adult body size, external proportions, foot webbing, tooth counts and/or external coloration. Both new species are assigned to the B. subpalmata species group, subgenus Eladinea. The miniaturized B. pygmaea is remarkable in being extensively depigmented, yet having the peritoneum and stomach area heavily pigmented and visible through the body wall.

scholarly journals When does diet matter? The roles of larval and adult nutrition in regulating adult size traits

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gonçalo M. Poças ◽  
Alexander E. Crosbie ◽  
Christen K. Mirth
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Caloric Restriction ◽  
Fruit Fly ◽  
Adult Size ◽  
Larval Diet ◽  
Caloric Density ◽  
Larval Stages ◽  
Adult Body ◽  
Adult Body Weight ◽  
Adult Diet

ABSTRACTAdult body size is determined by the quality and quantity of nutrients available to animals. In insects, nutrition affects adult size primarily during the nymphal or larval stages. However, measures of adult size like body weight are likely to also change with adult nutrition. In this study, we sought to the roles of nutrition throughout the life cycle on adult body weight and the size of two appendages, the wing and the femur, in the fruit fly Drosophila melanogaster. We manipulated nutrition in two ways: by varying the protein to carbohydrate content of the diet, called macronutrient restriction, and by changing the caloric density of the diet, termed caloric restriction. We employed a fully factorial design to manipulate both the larval and adult diets for both diet types. We found that manipulating the larval diet had greater impacts on all measures of adult size. Further, macronutrient restriction was more detrimental to adult size than caloric restriction. For adult body weight, a rich adult diet mitigated the negative effects of poor larval nutrition for both types of diets. In contrast, small wing and femur size caused by poor larval diet could not be increased with the adult diet. Taken together, these results suggest that appendage size is fixed by the larval diet, while those related to body composition remain sensitive to adult diet. Further, our studies provide a foundation for understanding how the nutritional environment of juveniles affects how adults respond to diet.

The Drosophila homeobox genes zfh-1 and even-skipped are required for cardiac-specific differentiation of a numb-dependent lineage decision

Development ◽  
1999 ◽  
Vol 126 (14) ◽  
pp. 3241-3251 ◽  
Author(s):  
M.T. Su ◽  
M. Fujioka ◽  
T. Goto ◽  
R. Bodmer
Keyword(s):  
Cell Fate ◽  
Heart Development ◽  
Body Wall ◽  
Individual Cell ◽  
Cell Types ◽  
Control Mechanisms ◽  
Pericardial Cells ◽  
Combinatorial Control ◽  
Lineage Decision ◽  
Direct Target

A series of inductive signals are necessary to subdivide the mesoderm in order to allow the formation of the progenitor cells of the heart. Mesoderm-endogenous transcription factors, such as those encoded by twist and tinman, seem to cooperate with these signals to confer correct context and competence for a cardiac cell fate. Additional factors are likely to be required for the appropriate specification of individual cell types within the forming heart. Similar to tinman, the zinc finger- and homeobox-containing gene, zfh-1, is expressed in the early mesoderm and later in the forming heart, suggesting a possible role in heart development. Here, we show that zfh-1 is specifically required for formation of the even-skipped (eve)-expressing subset of pericardial cells (EPCs), without affecting the formation of their siblings, the founders of a dorsal body wall muscle (DA1). In addition to zfh-1, mesodermal eve itself appears to be needed for correct EPC differentiation, possibly as a direct target of zfh-1. Epistasis experiments show that zfh-1 specifies EPC development independently of numb, the lineage gene that controls DA1 founder versus EPC cell fate. We discuss the combinatorial control mechanisms that specify the EPC cell fate in a spatially precise pattern within the embryo.

scholarly journals Mitochondrial ultrastructural and atpase changes during the life cycle of Ascaris Suum

1982 ◽  
Vol 77 (2) ◽  
pp. 173-180
Author(s):  
G. E. Rodrick ◽  
S. D. Long ◽  
W. A. Sodeman Junior ◽  
D. L. Smith
Keyword(s):  
Body Wall ◽  
Anaerobic Metabolism ◽  
Ascaris Suum ◽  
Elementary Particles ◽  
Muscle Mitochondrion ◽  
Previous Conclusion ◽  
Infective Larvae ◽  
Adult Body ◽  
Specific Activities ◽  
Fertilized Egg

Ultrastructural morphology and ATPase specific activities of mitochondria isolated from 1-celled fertilized egg, 10-day embryo, 21-day infective larvae and adult body wall muscle of Ascaris suum and rat liver were determined and compared. Although cristae of both muscle and egg mitochondria contained numerous elementary particles with head pieces of conventional diameter (85 A), each muscle mitochondrion contained relatively few, short cristae with a diminished frequency of elementary particles and associated ATPase activity. These morphological relationships are related to the previous conclusion that the transition from an aerobic to an essentially anaerobic metabolism is intimately associated with the mitochondrion and is a normal and mandatory feature of development.

scholarly journals Correlated and decoupled evolution of adult and larval body size in frogs

2020 ◽  
Vol 287 (1933) ◽  
pp. 20201474
Author(s):  
Tung X. Phung ◽  
João C. S. Nascimento ◽  
Alexander J. Novarro ◽  
John J. Wiens
Keyword(s):  
Body Size ◽  
Phylogenetic Signal ◽  
Life Cycles ◽  
Major Group ◽  
Adult Size ◽  
Larval Body ◽  
Larval Stages ◽  
Rates Of Evolution ◽  
Adult Body ◽  
Body Sizes

The majority of animal species have complex life cycles, in which larval stages may have very different morphologies and ecologies relative to adults. Anurans (frogs) provide a particularly striking example. However, the extent to which larval and adult morphologies (e.g. body size) are correlated among species has not been broadly tested in any major group. Recent studies have suggested that larval and adult morphology are evolutionarily decoupled in frogs, but focused within families and did not compare the evolution of body sizes. Here, we test for correlated evolution of adult and larval body size across 542 species from 42 families, including most families with a tadpole stage. We find strong phylogenetic signal in larval and adult body sizes, and find that both traits are significantly and positively related across frogs. However, this relationship varies dramatically among clades, from strongly positive to weakly negative. Furthermore, rates of evolution for both variables are largely decoupled among clades. Thus, some clades have high rates of adult body-size evolution but low rates in tadpole body size (and vice versa). Overall, we show for the first time that body sizes are generally related between adult and larval stages across a major group, even as evolutionary rates of larval and adult size are largely decoupled among species and clades.

The spatial relationship between the musculature and the 5-HT and FMRFamide immunoreactivities in cercaria, metacercaria and adult Opisthorchis felineus (Digenea)

2010 ◽  
Vol 55 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Oleg Tolstenkov ◽  
Nadezhda Terenina ◽  
Elena Serbina ◽  
Margaretha Gustafsson
Keyword(s):  
Nervous System ◽  
Body Wall ◽  
General Pattern ◽  
Spatial Relationship ◽  
The Body ◽  
Muscle Fibres ◽  
Neuromuscular System ◽  
Opisthorchis Felineus ◽  
Larval Stages ◽  
The Individual

AbstractThe organisation of the neuromuscular system in cercariae, metacercariae and adult Opisthorchis felineus was studied. The patterns of nerves immunoreactive (IR) to antibodies towards serotonin (5-HT) and FMRFamide are described in relation to the musculature, stained with TRITC-conjugated phalloidin. The general organisation of the musculature in the body wall, suckers, pharynx, intestine and sphincter of the excretory pore remains the same from the larval stages to the adult worms. However, the diameter of the individual muscle fibres increases distinctly in the adult worms. The general pattern of 5-HT IR fibres in cercariae, metacercariae and adult O. felineus remains the same. Despite the large increase in body size, the number of 5-HT IR neurones remains almost the same in the cercariae and metacercariae and only a modest increase in number of neurones was observed in the adult worms. Thus the proportion of 5-HT IR neurones/body mass is greatest in the actively moving cercariae. Anti-FMRFamide stains the nervous system strongly.

scholarly journals Developmental Changes in Cardiac and Metabolic Physiology of the Direct-Developing Tropical Frog Eleutherodactylus Coqui

1990 ◽  
Vol 152 (1) ◽  
pp. 129-147 ◽  
Author(s):  
WARREN W. BURGGREN ◽  
ROBERT L. INFANTINO ◽  
DANIEL S. TOWNSEND
Keyword(s):  
Heart Rate ◽  
Body Mass ◽  
Heart Development ◽  
Lactate Concentration ◽  
Significant Rise ◽  
Eleutherodactylus Coqui ◽  
Larval Stages ◽  
Metabolic Physiology ◽  
Consistent Change ◽  
Body Mass Changes

The neotropical frog Eleutherodactylus coqui (Thomas) undergoes direct development within the egg, emerging at hatching as a juvenile frog. The aim of this study was to investigate cardiorespiratory changes that accompany development, as well as to determine how the developmental physiology of direct-developing anurans differs from anurans with free-living larval stages. Heart rate (fH), oxygen uptake (MOO2), vitelline fluid pH, and the protein and lactate concentrations of vitelline fluid were measured as a function of development. At 24–25°C, fH doubled from 50 to 100 beats min−1 during the early stages of heart development, then increased more slowly with later embryonic development to 120 beats min−1 at hatching. The act of hatching itself was accompanied by a transient increase in fH to 155 beats min−11, this mild tachycardia lasting for at least 2 h. In juveniles and adults, heart rate decreased with increasing body mass, falling to about 80 beats min−1 in 6 g frogs at 24–25°C. MOO2 at 24–25°C increased from about 2 μmol g egg−1 h−1 for the earliest embryos examined to about 12 μmol g egg−1 h−1 at hatching. MOO2 in adults decreased with increasing body size, ranging from 4 to 5 μmol g−1 h−1 in the largest adults examined (6 g). Both fH and MOO2 were also measured at 18°C. The Q10 for fH was between 1.5 and 2 throughout development. The Q10 for MOO2 in embryos ranged between 3.5 and 6.5 until hatching, falling to 1.6-2.0 in juveniles and small adults. Vitelline fluid pH (24–25°C) decreased from 5.2 in early embryonic stages to 4.7 at the time of hatching. Egg dehydration caused a significant decrease in the pH of vitelline fluid and was associated with a significant rise in fH. Vitelline fluid protein concentration was about 5–6 mg dl−1, and showed no consistent change with development. Whole-egg lactate concentration ranged from 4 to 11 μg g egg−1, and also showed no consistent change during development. These findings indicate considerable changes in cardiac and metabolic physiology associated with development in Eleutherodactylus coqui. These changes appear to be associated with both organogenesis (primary influence before hatching) and body mass changes (primary influence after hatching).

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