scholarly journals Atypical Functional Connectivity in Tourette Syndrome Differs Between Children and Adults

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ashley N. Nielsen ◽  
Caterina Gratton ◽  
Jessica A. Church ◽  
Nico U.F. Dosenbach ◽  
Kevin J. Black ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Functional Connectivity ◽  
Tourette Syndrome ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Developmental Trajectory ◽  
Age Group ◽  
Total N ◽  
Functional Connections ◽  
Independent Test ◽  
Delayed Maturation ◽  
Functional Connectivity Mri

ABSTRACTBackgroundTourette syndrome (TS) is a neuropsychiatric disorder characterized by motor and vocal tics that typically change over development. Whether and how brain function in TS also differs across development has been largely understudied. Here, we used functional connectivity MRI to examine whole brain functional networks in children and adults with TS.MethodsMultivariate classification methods were used to find patterns among functional connections that distinguish TS from controls separately for children and adults (total N = 202). We tested whether the patterns of connections that classify diagnosis in one age group (e.g., children) could classify diagnosis in another age group (e.g., adults). We also tested whether the developmental trajectory of these connections were altered in TS.ResultsPatterns of functional connections that distinguished TS from controls were generalizable to an age-matched independent test set, but not to other age groups. While diagnostic classification was successful in children and adults separately, the connections that best distinguished TS from controls were age-specific. When contextualized with typical development, some functional connections exhibited accelerated maturation in childhood TS, while others exhibited delayed maturation in adulthood TS.ConclusionsOur results demonstrate that brain networks are differentially altered in children and adults with TS, and that the developmental trajectory of affected connections is disrupted. These findings further our understanding of neurodevelopmental trajectories in TS and carry implications for future applications aimed at predicting the clinical course of TS in individuals over development.

scholarly journals Multivariate pattern classification of pediatric Tourette syndrome using functional connectivity MRI

2016 ◽  
Vol 19 (4) ◽  
pp. 581-598 ◽  
Author(s):  
Deanna J. Greene ◽  
Jessica A. Church ◽  
Nico U.F. Dosenbach ◽  
Ashley N. Nielsen ◽  
Babatunde Adeyemo ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Functional Connectivity ◽  
Tourette Syndrome ◽  
Pattern Classification ◽  
Multivariate Pattern ◽  
Functional Connectivity Mri

scholarly journals The effect of protein-calorie malnutrition on the composition of the human femur

1969 ◽  
Vol 23 (4) ◽  
pp. 917-924 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. W. T. Dickerson ◽  
P. M. V. John
Keyword(s):  
Age Groups ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Age Group ◽  
Total N ◽  
Turkish Children ◽  
Similar Composition ◽  
Human Femur ◽  
Protein Calorie Malnutrition ◽  
Malnourished Children ◽  
Significant Difference

1. A femur was analysed from each of the following malnourished children: five Turkish (4–7.5 months; marasmic), eight Jamaican (9–13 months; two marasmic, one marasmic with kwashiorkor, three with kwashiorkor, two ‘malnourished’) and two Ugandan (11 and 12 months; marasmic and with kwashiorkor respectively). These were matched with appropriate controls. Dry weight, fat, total nitrogen, collagen N, calcium and phosphorus were determined, and values are presented for them in the bone, with and without epiphyses, and in the epiphyses and cortex.2. The femurs of the Turkish children (4–7.5 months) showed greater deficits in length, Ca and P than did those of the Jamaican and Ugandan children (9–13 months). In both age-groups, regardless of the clinical condition, there was significantly less dry fat-free bone tissue than in control bones of similar ages. The concentration of fat in the bones was variable, but in the Turkish bones it was higher than in the controls.3. When the epiphyses were excluded, the femurs of the Jamaican and Ugandan children with kwashiorkor contained a lower concentration of total N per 100 g fat-free solids than did those of children with marasmus.4. The epiphyses of the malnourished children aged 4–7.5 months contained lower concentrations of total N, collagen N, Ca and P than those of controls. In the older age-group the only significant difference was a lower level of Ca.5. The cortex of all the malnourished children had a similar composition to that of the controls.

scholarly journals The Formation and Retrieval of Holistic Event Memories Across Development

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Emma James ◽  
Gabrielle Ong ◽  
Lisa Henderson ◽  
Aidan J Horner
Keyword(s):  
Age Groups ◽  
Choice Task ◽  
Developmental Differences ◽  
Developmental Trajectory ◽  
Object Location ◽  
Age Group ◽  
Pattern Completion ◽  
Statistical Dependency ◽  
Forced Choice Task ◽  
Constituent Elements

Event memories consist of associations between their constituent elements, leading to their holistic retrieval via the process of pattern completion. This holistic retrieval can occur, under specific conditions, when each within-event association is encoded in a separate temporal context: adults are able to integrate the information into a single coherent representation. In this study, we sought to replicate the holistic retrieval of simultaneously encoded event elements in children, and examine whether children can similarly integrate across separated encoding contexts. Children (aged 6-7 years; 9-10 years) and adults encoded two series of three-element “events” consisting of an animal, object, and location. In the simultaneous condition, they encountered all three event elements at once; in the separated condition, they encountered each pairwise association separately (animal-object, animal-location, object-location). After encoding, they were tested on the retrieval of each within-event association using a 4-alternative-forced-choice task. We inferred the presence of holistic retrieval using a measure of retrieval dependency—the statistical dependency between retrieval of within-event associations. Memory for the pairs improved across ages, but there were no developmental differences in retrieval dependency. In the simultaneous encoding condition, all three age groups showed retrieval dependency. However, counter to previous studies, retrieval dependency was not observed in any age group following separated encoding. The results from the simultaneous encoding condition support the idea that pattern completion processes are developed by early childhood. The absence of retrieval dependency in adults following separated encoding prevent conclusions regarding the developmental trajectory of mnemonic integration.

Hemispheric Asymmetry of Supplementary Motor Area Proper: A Functional Connectivity Study of the Motor Network

Motor Control ◽  
2016 ◽  
Vol 20 (1) ◽  
pp. 33-49 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mickael Dinomais ◽  
Eva Chinier ◽  
Isabelle Richard ◽  
Emmanuel Ricalens ◽  
Christophe Aubé ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Functional Connectivity ◽  
Hemispheric Asymmetry ◽  
Primary Motor Cortex ◽  
Supplementary Motor Area ◽  
Posterior Part ◽  
Motor Area ◽  
Resting State Functional Connectivity ◽  
Functional Connections ◽  
Motor Network ◽  
Functional Connectivity Mri

Cerebral asymmetry is a common feature of human functions. However, there are discrepancies in the literature about functional hemispheric asymmetries in the supplementary motor area (SMA), specifically in the posterior part (SMA-proper). We used resting state functional connectivity MRI to investigate the left-right asymmetries of the functional networks associated with primary motor cortex (M1) and SMA-proper using a “seed”-based correlation analysis in 30 healthy right-handed subjects. We showed that left M1 was more connected with areas involved in the motor system than right M1, and that right SMA-proper had more functional connections than its left counterpart. Our results are in agreement with a leftward asymmetry for M1 connectivity, whereas there is a rightward asymmetry of the SMA-proper connectivity.

scholarly journals Characterization of young and old adult brains: An EEG functional connectivity analysis

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bahar Moezzi ◽  
Latha Madhuri Pratti ◽  
Brenton Hordacre ◽  
Lynton Graetz ◽  
Carolyn Berryman ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Functional Connectivity ◽  
Resting State ◽  
Older Age ◽  
Support Vector ◽  
Functional Networks ◽  
Svm Classifier ◽  
Age Group ◽  
Beta Band ◽  
Machine Learning Classification ◽  
Functional Connections

Brain connectivity studies have reported that functional networks change with older age. We aim to (1) investigate whether electroencephalography (EEG) data can be used to distinguish between individual functional networks of young and old adults; and (2) identify the functional connections that contribute to this classification. Two eyes-open resting-state EEG recording sessions with 64 electrodes for each of 22 younger adults (19-37 years) and 22 older adults (63-85 years) were conducted. For each session, imaginary coherence matrices in theta, alpha, beta and gamma bands were computed. A range of machine learning classification methods were utilized to distinguish younger and older adult brains. A support vector machine (SVM) classifier was 94% accurate in classifying the brains by age group. We report decreased functional connectivity with older age in theta, alpha and gamma bands, and increased connectivity with older age in beta band. Most connections involving frontal, temporal, and parietal electrodes, and approximately two-thirds of connections involving occipital electrodes, showed decreased connectivity with older age. Just over half of the connections involving central electrodes showed increased connectivity with older age. Functional connections showing decreased strength with older age had significantly longer electrode-to-electrode distance than those that increased with older age. Most of the connections used by the classifier to distinguish participants by age group belonged to the alpha band. Findings suggest a decrease in connectivity in key networks and frequency bands associated with attention and awareness, and an increase in connectivity of the sensorimotor functional networks with ageing during a resting state.

scholarly journals Extracting Robust Biomarkers From Multichannel EEG Time Series Using Nonlinear Dimensionality Reduction Applied to Ordinal Pattern Statistics and Spectral Quantities

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 ◽  
Author(s):  
Inga Kottlarz ◽  
Sebastian Berg ◽  
Diana Toscano-Tejeida ◽  
Iris Steinmann ◽  
Mathias Bähr ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Functional Connectivity ◽  
Dimensionality Reduction ◽  
Pattern Analysis ◽  
Single Channel ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Nonlinear Dimensionality Reduction ◽  
Age Group ◽  
Group Separation ◽  
Characteristic Features ◽  
Ordinal Pattern

In this study, ordinal pattern analysis and classical frequency-based EEG analysis methods are used to differentiate between EEGs of different age groups as well as individuals. As characteristic features, functional connectivity as well as single-channel measures in both the time and frequency domain are considered. We compare the separation power of each feature set after nonlinear dimensionality reduction using t-distributed stochastic neighbor embedding and demonstrate that ordinal pattern-based measures yield results comparable to frequency-based measures applied to preprocessed data, and outperform them if applied to raw data. Our analysis yields no significant differences in performance between single-channel features and functional connectivity features regarding the question of age group separation.

The Effect of Collagen Mediated Platelet Release on Plasma Prekallikrein Activation

1984 ◽  
Vol 51 (01) ◽  
pp. 037-041 ◽  
Author(s):  
K M Weerasinghe ◽  
M F Scully ◽  
V V Kakkar
Keyword(s):  
Platelet Aggregation ◽  
Healthy Volunteers ◽  
Platelet Rich Plasma ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Inhibitory Effect ◽  
Age Group ◽  
Platelet Factor ◽  
Activated Platelets ◽  
Platelet Release ◽  
Collagen Treatment

SummaryCollagen mediated platelet aggregation caused -5.6 ± 6.7% inhibition and +39.1 ± 15.2% potentiation of prekallikrein activation in plasma from normal healthy volunteers between 20–40 and 50–65 years of age, respectively (n = 15, p <0.01). The amouns of platelet factor-four (PF4) released in the two groups were not significantly different. Collagen treatment in the presence of indomethacin caused +11.5 ± 3.6% and +59.6 ± 19.5% potentiation in the 20–40 and 50–65 age groups respectively (p <0.02). Adrenaline mediated platelet aggregation caused -55.2 ± 7.1% and -35.2 ± 8.3% inhibition in the 20–40 and 50–65 age groups, respectively. Collagen treatment of platelet-deficient-plasma and platelet-rich-plasma in EDTA also caused potentiation of prekallikrein activation.The results indicate that the observed degree of prekallikrein activation after platelet aggregation is a net result of the inhibitory effect of PF4 and the potentiatory effect of activated platelets. The potentiatory effect was greater after collagen treatment as compared to adrenaline treatment, and in the 50–65 age group as compared to the 20–40 age group.

Health and Nutritional Status of Orphan Children’s Living in Orphanages with Special Reference to District Anantnag of Jammu and Kashmir

2016 ◽  
Vol 3 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Mashkoor Ahmad Lone ◽  
Dr. P. Ganesan
Keyword(s):  
Age Groups ◽  
Indian Academy ◽  
Dental Enamel ◽  
Nutritional Intake ◽  
Age Group ◽  
Asian Countries ◽  
Jammu And Kashmir ◽  
Material Resources ◽  
Height For Age ◽  
Weight For Age

The practice of placing deprived children having least or no emotional and material resources, in orphanages has since long been prevailing in socio -economically poor Asian countries. A sample of 30 children residing in orphanage in district Anantnag in the age group of 13-18 years was selected for the present study. Most of the children were found socially and psychologically disturbed. As per Indian Academy Paediatrics (IAP) classification with respect to weight for age the condition was not bad that as approximately 67% percent of the children were found to be normal. In the same way height for age as per Waterloo’s classification shown that more than half of the children were normal. On clinical examination approximately 47% of children were normal, while as rest were suffering from dispigmentation of hair, moon face, xerosis of skin cheilosis, magenta tongue, spongy bleeding gums, oedema, conjuctival xerosis, and mottled dental enamel. The findings indicated that nutritional intake was deficient for all nutrients when compared to, Recommended Daily Allowances Chart (RDA) for all age groups which may be linked to poor planning of menus in orphanages.

COVID-19 Epigenetics and Implications for Public Health

Coronaviruses ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 01 ◽  
Author(s):  
Verda Tunalıgil ◽  
Gülsen Meral ◽  
Ahmet Katı ◽  
Dhrubajyoti Chattopadhyay ◽  
Amit Kumar Mandal
Keyword(s):  
Chronic Conditions ◽  
Empirical Investigation ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Infectious Agent ◽  
Well Being ◽  
Epigenetic Mechanisms ◽  
Age Group ◽  
Epigenetic Changes ◽  
Patient Groups ◽  
Epigenetic Processes

Abstract:: Epigenetic changes in COVID-19 host, a pandemic-causing infectious agent that globally incapacitated communities in varying complexities and capacities are discussed, proposing an analogy that epigenetic processes contribute to disease severity and elevate the risk for death from infection. Percentages of hospitalization, with and without intensive care, in the presence of diseases with increased ACE2 expression, were compared, based on the best available data. Further analysis compared two different age groups, 19-64 and ≥65 years of age. The COVID-19 disease is observed to be the most severe in the 65-and-higher-age group with preexisting chronic conditions. This observational study is a non-experimental empirical investigation of the outcomes of COVID-19 in different patient groups. Results are promising for conducting clinical trials with intervention groups. To ultimately succeed in disease prevention, researchers and clinicians must integrate epigenetic mechanisms to generate valid prescriptions for global well-being.

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