scholarly journals Inter-organ growth coordination is mediated by the Xrp1/Dilp8 axis in Drosophila

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Laura Boulan ◽  
Ditte Andersen ◽  
Julien Colombani ◽  
Emilie Boone ◽  
Pierre Léopold
Keyword(s):  
Transcription Factor ◽  
Imaginal Disc ◽  
Growth Response ◽  
Ribosomal Subunit ◽  
Body Parts ◽  
Organ Growth ◽  
Growth Status ◽  
Disc Model ◽  
Regulatory Module ◽  
Ribosomal Subunit Protein

ABSTRACTHow organs scale with other body parts is not mechanistically understood. We have addressed this question using the Drosophila imaginal disc model. When growth of one disc domain is perturbed, other parts of the disc and other discs slow down their growth, maintaining proper inter-disc and intra-disc proportions. We show here that the relaxin-like Dilp8 is required for this inter-organ coordination. Our work also reveals that the stress-response transcription factor Xrp1 plays a key role upstream of dilp8 in linking organ growth status with non-autonomous/systemic growth response. In addition, we show that the small ribosomal subunit protein RpS12 is required to trigger Xrp1-dependent non-autonomous response. Our work demonstrates that RpS12, Xrp1 and Dilp8 constitute a new, independent regulatory module that ensures intra- and inter-organ growth coordination during development.

scholarly journals Exon Shuffling Played a Decisive Role in the Evolution of the Genetic Toolkit for the Multicellular Body Plan of Metazoa

Genes ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (3) ◽  
pp. 382
Author(s):  
Laszlo Patthy
Keyword(s):  
Transcription Factor ◽  
Decisive Role ◽  
Cell Types ◽  
Body Plan ◽  
Exon Shuffling ◽  
Body Parts ◽  
Multidomain Proteins ◽  
Cellular Phenotypes ◽  
Cell Matrix Interactions ◽  
Genetic Toolkit

Division of labor and establishment of the spatial pattern of different cell types of multicellular organisms require cell type-specific transcription factor modules that control cellular phenotypes and proteins that mediate the interactions of cells with other cells. Recent studies indicate that, although constituent protein domains of numerous components of the genetic toolkit of the multicellular body plan of Metazoa were present in the unicellular ancestor of animals, the repertoire of multidomain proteins that are indispensable for the arrangement of distinct body parts in a reproducible manner evolved only in Metazoa. We have shown that the majority of the multidomain proteins involved in cell–cell and cell–matrix interactions of Metazoa have been assembled by exon shuffling, but there is no evidence for a similar role of exon shuffling in the evolution of proteins of metazoan transcription factor modules. A possible explanation for this difference in the intracellular and intercellular toolkits is that evolution of the transcription factor modules preceded the burst of exon shuffling that led to the creation of the proteins controlling spatial patterning in Metazoa. This explanation is in harmony with the temporal-to-spatial transition hypothesis of multicellularity that proposes that cell differentiation may have predated spatial segregation of cell types in animal ancestors.

On the Nature of Hereditary Size Limitation

1929 ◽  
Vol 6 (4) ◽  
pp. 311-324
Author(s):  
R. CUMMING ROBB
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Body Mass ◽  
Physical Significance ◽  
Body Parts ◽  
Total Body Mass ◽  
Organ Growth ◽  
Submaxillary Glands ◽  
Size Limitation ◽  
Similar Association ◽  
Total Body

1. Throughout post-natal life the relative weights of the pituitary body, thyroid, thymus and adrenals in the rabbit may be expressed by the equation y = axk + c. 2. A similar association is indicated in the rat for the weights of eyeballs, liver, pancreas, hypophysis, thyroid, adrenals, submaxillary glands, kidney and fresh skeleton (data from Donaldson, 1924). 3. In giant and pigmy rabbits, the ultimate proportions of body parts are not the same, but (for any given body weight) corresponding tissues in the two groups tend to exhibit an identical relation to total body mass. 4. The adrenals and testes of the Polish rabbits are relatively much larger than those of the Flemish. But in each case the growth of the adrenal approximates to a constant power function of body weight. Moreover, in these two groups and in their hybrids, the growth of the testes adheres to a simple association with adrenal weight identical for each. 5. These data suggest the generalisation that in a growing organism the magnitude of any part tends to be a specific function of the total body mass or of some portion so related to the whole. 6. These associations may be explained by surmising that each tissue is in equilibrium with the internal milieu with regard to the distribution of nutrient growth essentials; that in each case the equilibrium point would be determined by the nature of the cell and after differentiation would tend to remain constant; and that the relative enlargement of each tissue is limited by the excess of the equilibrium value over the katabolic expenditure. 7. According to the above hypothesis of organ growth, the equation y = axk + c may possess a physical significance. Eight types of growth relationships may thus exist, differing because of the apparent inactivity of one or more constants in this equation.

scholarly journals Differential Effects of ReplacingEscherichiacoli Ribosomal Protein L27 with Its Homologue from Aquifexaeolicus

2001 ◽  
Vol 183 (22) ◽  
pp. 6565-6572 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bruce A. Maguire ◽  
Anton V. Manuilov ◽  
Robert A. Zimmermann
Keyword(s):  
Growth Rate ◽  
Nuclear Magnetic Resonance ◽  
Magnetic Resonance ◽  
Ribosomal Subunit ◽  
Proton Nuclear Magnetic Resonance ◽  
Resonance Spectroscopy ◽  
Extreme Thermophile ◽  
Ribosomal Subunit Protein ◽  
And Function ◽  
Structure In Solution

ABSTRACT The rpmA gene, which encodes 50S ribosomal subunit protein L27, was cloned from the extreme thermophileAquifex aeolicus, and the protein was overexpressed and purified. Comparison of the A.aeolicus protein with its homologue fromEscherichia coli by circular dichroism analysis and proton nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy showed that it readily adopts some structure in solution that is very stable, whereas the E. coli protein is unstructured under the same conditions. A mutant of E.coli that lacks L27 was found earlier to be impaired in the assembly and function of the 50S subunit; both defects could be corrected by expression of E. coliL27 from an extrachromosomal copy of the rpmA gene. WhenA. aeolicus L27 was expressed in the same mutant, an increase in the growth rate occurred and the “foreign” L27 protein was incorporated into E. coliribosomes. However, the presence of A.aeolicus L27 did not promote 50S subunit assembly. Thus, while the A. aeolicus protein can apparently replace its E. coli homologue functionally in completed ribosomes, it does not assist in the assembly of E. coli ribosomes that otherwise lack L27. Possible explanations for this paradoxical behavior are discussed.

scholarly journals The male sterility-associated pcf gene and the normal atp9-1 gene in Petunia are located on different mitochondrial DNA molecules.

Genetics ◽  
1991 ◽  
Vol 129 (3) ◽  
pp. 885-895
Author(s):  
O Folkerts ◽  
M R Hanson
Keyword(s):  
Mitochondrial Dna ◽  
Male Sterility ◽  
Nadh Dehydrogenase ◽  
Ribosomal Subunit ◽  
Cms Line ◽  
Ribosomal Subunit Protein ◽  
Mtdna Organization ◽  
Relationship Of ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Functional Copy

Abstract A mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) region termed the S-pcf locus has previously been correlated with cytoplasmic male sterility (CMS) in Petunia. In order to understand the relationship of the S-pcf locus to homologous sequences found elsewhere in mtDNAs of both CMS and fertile lines, the structure of the mitochondrial genome of CMS Petunia line 3688 was determined by cosmid walking. The S-pcf locus, which includes the only copies of genes for NADH dehydrogenase subunit 3 (nad3) and small ribosomal subunit protein 12 (rps12) was found to be located on a circular map of 396 kb, while a second almost identical circular map of 407 kb carries the only copies of the genes for 18S and 5S rRNA (rrn18 and rrn5), the only copy of a conserved unidentified gene (orf25), and the only known functional copy of atp9. Three different copies of a recombination repeat were found in six genomic environments, predicting sub-genomic circles of 277, 266 and 130 kb. The ratio of atp9 to S-pcf mtDNA sequences was approximately 1.5 to 1, indicating that sub-genomic molecules carrying these genes differ in abundance. Comparison of the mtDNA organization of the CMS line with that of the master circle of fertile Petunia line 3704 reveals numerous changes in order and orientation of ten different sectors.

scholarly journals Fertility of Pedicellate Spikelets in Sorghum is Controlled by a Jasmonic Acid Regulatory Module

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nicholas Gladman ◽  
Yinping Jiao ◽  
Young Koung Lee ◽  
Lifang Zhang ◽  
Ratan Chopra ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Transcription Factor ◽  
Jasmonic Acid ◽  
Sorghum Bicolor ◽  
Spikelet Fertility ◽  
Cereal Crops ◽  
Grain Number ◽  
Regulatory Module ◽  
Induced Module ◽  
Acid Pathway ◽  
Floral Meristems

AbstractAs in other cereal crops, the panicles of sorghum (Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench) comprise two types of floral spikelets (grass flowers). Only sessile spikelets (SSs) are capable of producing viable grains, whereas pedicellate spikelets (PSs) cease development after initiation and eventually abort. Consequently, grain number per panicle (GNP) is lower than the total number of flowers produced per panicle. The mechanism underlying this differential fertility is not well understood. To investigate this issue, we isolated a series of EMS-induced multiseeded (msd) mutants that result in full spikelet fertility, effectively doubling GNP. Previously, we showed that MSD1 is a TCP (Teosinte branched/Cycloidea/PCF) transcription factor that regulates jasmonic acid (JA) biosynthesis, and ultimately floral sex organ development. Here, we show that MSD2 encodes a lipoxygenase (LOX) that catalyzes the first committed step of JA biosynthesis. Further, we demonstrate that MSD1 binds to the promoters of MSD2 and other JA pathway genes. Together, these results show that a JA-induced module regulates sorghum panicle development and spikelet fertility. The findings advance our understanding of inflorescence development and could lead to new strategies for increasing GNP and grain yield in sorghum and other cereal crops.SignificanceThrough a single base pair mutation, grain number can be increased by ~200% in the globally important crop Sorghum bicolor. This mutation affects the expression of an enzyme, MSD2, that catalyzes the jasmonic acid pathway in developing floral meristems. The global gene expression profile in this enzymatic mutant is similar to that of a transcription factor mutant, msd1, indicating that disturbing any component of this regulatory module disrupts a positive feedback loop that occurs normally due to regular developmental perception of jasmonic acid. Additionally, the MSD1 transcription factor is able to regulate MSD2 in addition to other jasmonic acid pathway genes, suggesting that it is a primary transcriptional regulator of this hormone signaling pathway in floral meristems.

scholarly journals Toxoplasma gondii Rhoptry Discharge Correlates with Activation of the Early Growth Response 2 Host Cell Transcription Factor

2008 ◽  
Vol 76 (10) ◽  
pp. 4703-4712 ◽  
Author(s):  
Eric D. Phelps ◽  
Kristin R. Sweeney ◽  
Ira J. Blader
Keyword(s):  
Transcription Factor ◽  
Toxoplasma Gondii ◽  
Host Cell ◽  
Growth Response ◽  
Neospora Caninum ◽  
Early Growth ◽  
Apicomplexan Parasite ◽  
Host Cells ◽  
Early Growth Response ◽  
Cell Extracts

ABSTRACT Toxoplasma gondii is a ubiquitous apicomplexan parasite that can cause severe disease in fetuses and immune-compromised patients. Rhoptries, micronemes, and dense granules, which are secretory organelles unique to Toxoplasma and other apicomplexan parasites, play critical roles in parasite growth and virulence. To understand how these organelles modulate infected host cells, we sought to identify host cell transcription factors triggered by their release. Early growth response 2 (EGR2) is a host cell transcription factor that is rapidly upregulated and activated in Toxoplasma-infected cells but not in cells infected with the closely related apicomplexan parasite Neospora caninum. EGR2 upregulation occurred only when live parasites were in direct contact with the host cell and not from exposure to cell extracts that contain dense granule or micronemal proteins. When microneme-mediated attachment was blocked by pretreating parasites with a calcium chelator, EGR2 expression was significantly reduced. In contrast, when host cells were infected with parasites in the presence of cytochalasin D, which allows rhoptry secretion but prevents parasite invasion, EGR2 was activated. Finally, we demonstrate that Toxoplasma activation of host p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase is necessary but not sufficient for EGR2 activation. Collectively, these data indicate that EGR2 is specifically upregulated by a parasite-derived secreted factor that is most likely a resident rhoptry protein.

scholarly journals Transcription Factor Early Growth Response 3 Is Associated with the TGF-β1 Expression and the Regulatory Activity of CD4-Positive T Cells In Vivo

2013 ◽  
Vol 191 (5) ◽  
pp. 2351-2359 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shuji Sumitomo ◽  
Keishi Fujio ◽  
Tomohisa Okamura ◽  
Kaoru Morita ◽  
Kazuyoshi Ishigaki ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
T Cells ◽  
Transcription Factor ◽  
Growth Response ◽  
Early Growth ◽  
Regulatory Activity ◽  
Early Growth Response ◽  
Tgf Β1

The differential expression of the blood group P1 -A4GALT and P2 -A4GALT alleles is stimulated by the transcription factor early growth response 1

Transfusion ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 58 (4) ◽  
pp. 1054-1064 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chih-Chun Yeh ◽  
Ching-Jin Chang ◽  
Yuh-Ching Twu ◽  
Shu-Ting Hung ◽  
Yi-Jui Tsai ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Transcription Factor ◽  
Differential Expression ◽  
Blood Group ◽  
Growth Response ◽  
Early Growth ◽  
Early Growth Response ◽  
Early Growth Response 1
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