scholarly journals Preliminary evidence for altered interoceptive processing in smokers

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jennifer Todd ◽  
Farah Hina ◽  
Jane E Aspell
Keyword(s):  
Time Estimation ◽  
Preliminary Evidence ◽  
Nicotine Addiction ◽  
Tracking Task ◽  
Self Report ◽  
Interoceptive Awareness ◽  
Time Interval ◽  
Behavioral Differences ◽  
Addiction Severity ◽  
Bodily States

AbstractBackgroundNeuroimaging evidence suggests that interoceptive processing might be altered in nicotine addiction, however this has not yet been confirmed with behavioral measures. Therefore, we investigated the perception of internal bodily states in smokers (49) and people who had never smoked (n=51), by measuring interoceptive sensitivity (IS) and interoceptive awareness (IA).MethodsIS was measured with a heartbeat tracking task and a heartbeat discrimination task. Performance on the heartbeat tracking task may be influenced by one's ability to estimate an elapsed time interval so this was controlled by a time-estimation (TE) task. IA was measured using two sub-scales from the Multidimensional Assessment of Interoceptive Awareness (MAIA). Participants in the ‘addiction’ group completed the Revised Fagerström Test for Nicotine Dependence (FTND-R) to measure addiction severity.ResultsIndependent-samples t-tests revealed that non-smokers performed significantly better than smokers on the heartbeat tracking task (p = 0.007, d = 0.22). There were no group differences observed for the remaining variables. Furthermore, none of the variables predicted addiction severity.ConclusionsThis is the first demonstration of behavioral differences in interoception in participants with nicotine addiction. When considered in the context of previous research, these findings support the hypothesis that interoceptive processing may be disturbed in addiction. These data also support the hypothesis that behavioral and self-report measures of interoception assess two separate constructs.

scholarly journals Some Compliments (and Insults) Are More Heartfelt

2020 ◽  
Vol 34 (1) ◽  
pp. 50-59
Author(s):  
Erik M. Benau ◽  
Ruth Ann Atchley
Keyword(s):  
Individual Differences ◽  
Preliminary Evidence ◽  
The Body ◽  
Interoceptive Awareness ◽  
Emotional Stimuli ◽  
Increased Sensitivity ◽  
Bodily States ◽  
Electroencephalogram Eeg ◽  
Cardiac Awareness ◽  
Negative Stimuli

Abstract. Previous research suggests that individuals with increased awareness of internal bodily states (i.e., high interoceptive awareness) are more sensitive to emotional stimuli, particularly stimuli that are negative or threatening. Concurrently, there is increasing evidence that words that are more body-referent (e.g., bonehead) are processed faster, perceived more accurately, and generate larger neuroelectrical signals than those that are less body-referent (e.g., idiot). The present study examined individual differences in interoceptive awareness (IA) to these more embodied words. While electroencephalogram (EEG) was recorded, participants passively viewed insults, compliments, and neutral stimuli, half of which were more embodied (e.g., bonehead, beautiful) and half of which were less embodied (e.g., idiot, friendly). Results showed that the high perceivers generated a larger P2 to embodied compliments than less embodied compliments while average perceivers generated a larger P2 to embodied insults than to less embodied insults. The results provide preliminary evidence that good cardiac awareness is not only associated with increased sensitivity to negative stimuli, but to stimuli pertaining to the body itself.

Individual Differences in Self-Rated Impulsivity Modulate the Estimation of Time in a Real Waiting Situation

2018 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
pp. 71-89 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tijana Jokic ◽  
Dan Zakay ◽  
Marc Wittmann
Keyword(s):  
Individual Differences ◽  
Time Perspective ◽  
Future Orientation ◽  
Time Estimation ◽  
Self Report ◽  
Time Interval ◽  
Positive Feeling ◽  
Path Analyses ◽  
Individual Traits ◽  
Experience Of Time

In this study we investigated how individual differences regarding impulsivity and time perspective predict the experience of waiting during a time interval without distraction. Each participant (N = 82) filled out self-report questionnaires on impulsiveness (Barratt Impulsiveness Scale) and time perspective (Zimbardo Time Perspective Inventory). Participants were individually shut into an empty room for exactly 7.5 minutes and afterwards asked to report their subjective impressions regarding the experience of time, self and affective reactions. Correlation analyses showed that being more relaxed and having a positive feeling was related to shorter duration estimates and a perceived faster passage of time. Individual traits of impulsivity, present-hedonistic and present-fatalistic time orientation were associated with relative overestimation of duration and a perceived slower passage of time; future orientation was related to an underestimation of duration and a perceived faster passage of time. Multiple regression models show that impulsivity alone predicts the variance related to time estimation of the waiting period. Multiple path analyses reveal that individuals who are more impulsive are less relaxed while waiting and accordingly overestimate duration and feel a slower passage of time. Negative affect and an impulsive present orientation are related to an overestimation of duration and the feeling of a slower passage of time while waiting.

Too Much to Bear

Crisis ◽  
2016 ◽  
Vol 37 (1) ◽  
pp. 59-67 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nicole J. Peak ◽  
James C. Overholser ◽  
Josephine Ridley ◽  
Abby Braden ◽  
Lauren Fisher ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Suicidal Ideation ◽  
Concurrent Validity ◽  
Medical Center ◽  
Psychiatric Patients ◽  
Preliminary Evidence ◽  
Diagnostic Interview ◽  
Veterans Affairs ◽  
Self Report ◽  
Perceived Burdensomeness ◽  
Scale Method

Abstract. Background: People who feel they have become a burden on others may become susceptible to suicidal ideation. When people no longer feel capable or productive, they may assume that friends and family members would be better off without them. Aim: The present study was designed to assess preliminary psychometric properties of a new measure, the Perceived Burdensomeness (PBS) Scale. Method: Depressed psychiatric patients (N = 173) were recruited from a veterans affairs medical center. Patients were assessed with a structured diagnostic interview and self-report measures assessing perceived burdensomeness, depression severity, hopelessness, and suicidal ideation. Results: The present study supported preliminary evidence of reliability and concurrent validity of the PBS. Additionally, perceived burdensomeness was significantly associated with higher levels of hopelessness and suicidal ideation. Conclusion: It is hoped that with the aid of the PBS clinicians may be able to intervene more specifically in the treatment of suicidality.

scholarly journals The Parent Version of the Sensitivity to Pain Traumatization Scale (SPTS-P): A Preliminary Validation

Children ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 8 (7) ◽  
pp. 537
Author(s):  
Jaimie K. Beveridge ◽  
Maria Pavlova ◽  
Joel Katz ◽  
Melanie Noel
Keyword(s):  
Chronic Pain ◽  
Psychometric Properties ◽  
Preliminary Evidence ◽  
Self Report ◽  
Good Reliability ◽  
Stress Symptoms ◽  
Preliminary Validation ◽  
Sensitivity To Pain ◽  
Report Measure ◽  
Parent Version

Sensitivity to pain traumatization (SPT) is defined as the propensity to develop responses to pain that resemble a traumatic stress reaction. To date, SPT has been assessed in adults with a self-report measure (Sensitivity to Pain Traumatization Scale (SPTS-12)). SPT may also be relevant in the context of parenting a child with chronic pain, as many of these parents report clinically elevated posttraumatic stress symptoms (PTSS). This study aimed to develop and validate a measure of parent SPT by adapting the SPTS-12 and evaluating its psychometric properties in a sample of parents whose children have chronic pain. In total, 170 parents (90.6% female) and children (aged 10–18 years, 71.2% female) were recruited from a tertiary chronic pain program. Parents completed the parent version of the SPTS-12 (SPTS-P) and measures of PTSS, depression, and parenting behaviors. Youth completed measures of pain. Consistent with the SPTS-12, the SPTS-P demonstrated a one-factor structure that accounted for 45% of the variance, adequate to good reliability and moderate construct validity. Parent SPT was positively related to their protective and monitoring behaviors but was unrelated to youth pain intensity, unpleasantness, and interference. These results provide preliminary evidence for the psychometric properties of the SPTS-P and highlight the interaction between parent distress about child pain and parent responses to child pain.

#3083 Fibromyalgia and myalgic encephalomyelitis/chronic fatigue syndrome (ME/CFS): an interoceptive predictive coding model of pain and fatigue expression

2021 ◽  
Vol 92 (8) ◽  
pp. A3.3-A4
Author(s):  
Harriet Sharp ◽  
Kristy Themelis ◽  
Marisa Amato ◽  
Andrew Barritt ◽  
Kevin Davies ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Prediction Error ◽  
Predictive Coding ◽  
Chronic Fatigue ◽  
Self Report ◽  
Subjective Experiences ◽  
Double Blind ◽  
Pain Thresholds ◽  
Pressure Pain Thresholds ◽  
Interoceptive Accuracy ◽  
Bodily States

IntroductionThe aetiology and pathophysiology of fibromyalgia and ME/CFS are poorly characterised but altered inflammatory, autonomic and interoceptive processes have been implicated. Interoception has been conceptualised as a predictive coding process; where top-down prediction signals compare to bottom-up afferents, resulting in prediction error signals indicating mismatch between expected and actual bodily states. Chronic dyshomeostasis and elevated interoceptive prediction error signals have been theorised to contribute to the expression of pain and fatigue in fibromyalgia and ME/CFS.Objectives/AimsTo investigate how altered interoception and prediction error relates to baseline expression of pain and fatigue in fibromyalgia and ME/CFS and in response to an inflammatory challenge.MethodsSixty-five patients with fibromyalgia and/or ME/CFS diagnosis and 26 matched controls underwent baseline assessment: self-report questionnaires assessing subjective pain and fatigue and objective measurements of pressure-pain thresholds. Participants received injections of typhoid (inflammatory challenge) or saline (placebo) in a randomised, double-blind, crossover design, then completed heartbeat tracking task (assessing interoceptive accuracy). Porges Body Questionnaire assessed interoceptive sensibility. Interoceptive prediction error (IPE) was calculated as discrepancy between objective accuracy and subjective sensibility.ResultsPatients with fibromyalgia and ME/CFS had significantly higher IPE (suggesting tendency to over-estimate interoceptive ability) and interoceptive sensibility, despite no differences in interoceptive accuracy. IPE and sensibility correlated positively with all self-report fatigue and pain measures, and negatively with pain thresholds. Following inflammatory challenge, IPE correlated negatively with the mismatch between subjective and objective measures of pain induced by inflammation.ConclusionsThis is the first study to reveal altered interoception processes in patients with fibromyalgia and ME/CFS, who are known to have dysregulated autonomic function. Notably, we found elevated IPE in patients, correlating with their subjective experiences of pain and fatigue. We hypothesise a predictive coding model, where mismatch between expected and actual internal bodily states (linked to autonomic dysregulation) results in prediction error signalling which could be metacognitively interpreted as chronic pain and fatigue. Our results demonstrate potential for further exploration of interoceptive processing in patients with fibromyalgia and ME/CFS, aiding understanding of these poorly defined conditions and providing potential new targets for diagnostic and therapeutic intervention.

Time Estimation Performance Before, during and after Physical Activity

1988 ◽  
Vol 32 (15) ◽  
pp. 985-989 ◽  
Author(s):  
T. Mihaly ◽  
P.A. Hancock ◽  
M. Vercruyssen ◽  
M. Rahimi
Keyword(s):  
Interval Estimation ◽  
Time Estimation ◽  
Cycle Ergometer ◽  
Estimation Accuracy ◽  
Physical Work ◽  
Time Interval ◽  
Individual Subject ◽  
Knowledge Of Results ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Experimental Findings

An experiment is reported which evaluated performance on a 10-sec time interval estimation task before, during and after physical work on cycle ergometer at intensities of 30 and 60% VO2max, as scaled to the individual subject. Results from the eleven subjects tested indicate a significant increase in variability of estimates during exercise compared to non-exercise phases. Such a trend was also seen in the mean of estimates, where subjects significantly underestimated the target interval (10 seconds) during exercise. Subjects also performed more accurately with information feedback than without knowledge of results, but they were still not able to overcome the effects of exercise. As suggested by the experimental findings, decreased estimation accuracy and increased variability can be expected during physical work and is part of a body of evidence which indicates that exercise and its severity has a substantive impact on perceptual and cognitive performance.

Failures to Imagine

2016 ◽  
Vol 36 (3) ◽  
pp. 270-300 ◽  
Author(s):  
Reed Maxwell ◽  
Steven Jay Lynn ◽  
Scott Lilienfeld
Keyword(s):  
Borderline Personality Disorder ◽  
Personality Disorder ◽  
Mental Imagery ◽  
Emotional Regulation ◽  
Preliminary Evidence ◽  
Borderline Personality ◽  
Self Report ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Visual Mental Imagery

Although interest in the relationship between mental imagery and psychopathology has increased greatly over the last decade, few publications to date have examined relationships between personality-related psychopathology and mental imagery use, abilities, or both. However, we have reason to expect that substantive relationships may exist. For example, studies have consistently linked psychopathy and borderline personality disorder to problems in emotion experience and emotion regulation, and a growing number of studies indicate that deficits in visual mental imagery use and ability in particular may contribute to such problems. Using correlational data from multiple self-report measures of normal and pathological personality functioning and visual mental imagery, our study presents preliminary evidence for lower levels of self-reported visual mental imagery use, abilities, or both among noncriminal individuals with higher levels of self-reported psychopathy and individuals with greater emotional regulation difficulties, a core feature of borderline personality disorder. We also found significant relationships among self-reported visual mental imagery use, ability, or both, and personality variables shown to strongly predict psychopathy and emotional regulation difficulties. Limitations of the study, especially its reliance on a correlational, cross-sectional design, are discussed, and implications for future research are explored.

Take my advice: Intrinsic emotion regulation is more effective under external guidance.

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nicola Ngombe ◽  
Klaus Kessler ◽  
Daniel J Shaw
Keyword(s):  
Emotion Regulation ◽  
Emotion Dysregulation ◽  
Electrodermal Activity ◽  
Preliminary Evidence ◽  
Emotional Reactions ◽  
Self Report ◽  
Affective Reactions ◽  
Subjective Ratings ◽  
Potential Therapeutic Application ◽  
Within Subjects

Traditionally, research into emotion regulation (ER) has focused primarily on the intra-personal processes through which we regulate our own emotions intrinsically. More recently, however, studies have begun to explore the inter-personal nature of intrinsic ER – that is, how we regulate our emotions under the guidance of others. Preliminary evidence suggests that the ER is more effective when implemented inter- rather than intra-personally, but these findings are based exclusively on subjective ratings that capture only the experience of emotions. The current study therefore investigated whether this apparent superiority of inter-personal intrinsic ER could be replicated and extended to physiological measures of affective reactions – namely, metrics of electrodermal activity. In addition, we administered several self-report instruments to measure behavioural phenotypes associated with individual differences in intrinsic ER to identify groups that might benefit maximally from inter-personal guidance. In a within-subjects design, a large sample (N=146) were required to down-regulate their emotional reactions to negatively valenced images using an ER strategy they had chosen themselves intra-personally or one that had been recommended to them inter-personally. Subjective ratings and physiological responses converged to demonstrate the greater effectiveness of inter- over intra-personal ER in decreasing negative affective reactions, illustrating its potential therapeutic application for conditions characterised by emotion dysregulation. Interestingly, though, data from the self-report instruments did not reveal patterns of behaviour associated with its efficacy, and so it remains to be seen if and how the benefits of inter-personal ER extend to clinical populations.

scholarly journals An automatic estimation of the rest-interval for MotionWatch8© using uniaxial movement and lux data

2020 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Daniel Backhouse ◽  
Ryan Stanley Falck ◽  
Teresa Liu-Ambrose
Keyword(s):  
Older Adults ◽  
Sleep Duration ◽  
Light Exposure ◽  
Objective Measure ◽  
Self Report ◽  
Time Interval ◽  
Poor Sleep ◽  
Rest Interval ◽  
Scoring Method ◽  
Field Methods

Abstract Background Poor sleep is linked with chronic conditions common in older adults, including diabetes, heart disease, and dementia. Valid and reliable field methods to objectively measure sleep are thus greatly needed to examine how poor sleep impacts older adults. Wrist-worn actigraphy (WWA) is a common objective measure of sleep that uses motion and illuminance data to estimate sleep. The rest-interval marks the time interval between when an individual attempts to sleep and the time they get out of bed to start their day. Traditionally, the rest-interval is scored manually by trained technicians, however algorithms currently exist which automatically score WWA data, saving time and providing consistency from user-to-user. However, these algorithms ignore illuminance data and only considered motion in their estimation of the rest-interval. This study therefore examines a novel algorithm that uses illuminance data to supplement the approximation of the rest-interval from motion data. Methods We examined a total of 1086 days of data of 129 participants who wore the MotionWatch8© WWA for ≥14 nights of observation. Resultant sleep measures from three different parameter settings were compared to sleep measures derived following a standard scoring protocol and self-report times. Results The algorithm showed the strongest correlation to the standard protocol (r = 0.92 for sleep duration). There were no significant differences in sleep duration, sleep efficiency and fragmentation index estimates compared to the standard scoring protocol. Conclusion These results suggest that an automated rest-interval scoring method using both light exposure and acceleration data provides comparable accuracy to the standard scoring method.

Psychiatric Comorbidity and Addiction Severity Differences in Patients With ADHD Seeking Treatment for Cannabis or Cocaine Use Disorders

2019 ◽  
pp. 108705471987578 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nieves Martínez-Luna ◽  
Constanza Daigre ◽  
Felipe Palma-Álvarez ◽  
Marta Perea-Ortueta ◽  
Lara Grau-López ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Psychiatric Comorbidity ◽  
Rating Scale ◽  
Age At Onset ◽  
Addiction Severity Index ◽  
Cannabis Use ◽  
Self Report ◽  
Cocaine Use ◽  
Addiction Severity ◽  
Polysubstance Use ◽  
Younger Age

Objective: The objective of this study was to compare psychiatric comorbidity and consumption-related variables in ADHD patients seeking treatment for cocaine, cannabis, or both. Method: Assessment was conducted using European Addiction Severity Index (EuropASI), Conners’ Adult ADHD Diagnostic Interview (CAADID), Structured Clinical Interview for DSM Disorders (SCID), Adult Self-Report Scale (ASRS), Wender Utah Rating Scale (WURS), Barratt Impulsiveness Scale-11 (BIS-11), and FIDI, with statistical analyses of analysis of variance (ANOVA), Student’s t test, chi-square test, and multinomial regression model. Results: In total, 1,538 patients with substance use disorder (SUD) were evaluated for ADHD; 239 (15.5%) had ADHD, with cannabis 41, cannabis/cocaine 36, and cocaine 74. Men represented 80%, with mean age of 32.9 ± 10 years. Significant variables were—in bivariate analysis—more years of cannabis use in cannabis group and younger age for cocaine use disorder in cannabis/cocaine group, and—in multivariate analysis—lifetime anxiety disorder and younger age at onset of any SUD in cannabis group and working affected scale in cannabis and polysubstance use in cannabis/cocaine group. Conclusion: Groups with cannabis use had higher severity. ADHD features were similar in all groups. The assessment of ADHD and comorbid disorders is important.

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