scholarly journals A novel mesocosm set-up reveals strong methane emission reduction in submerged peat moss Sphagnum cuspidatum by tightly associated methanotrophs

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Martine A. R. Kox ◽  
Alfons J. P. Smolders ◽  
Daan R. Speth ◽  
Leon P. M. Lamers ◽  
Huub J. M. Op den Camp ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Emission Reduction ◽  
Peat Moss ◽  
Wetland Plant ◽  
Natural Conditions ◽  
Natural Sources ◽  
Precise Control ◽  
Soluble Methane Monooxygenase ◽  
Moss Layer ◽  
Set Up ◽  
Moss Community

AbstractWetlands present the largest natural sources of methane (CH4) and their potential CH4 emissions greatly vary due to the activity of CH4-oxidizing bacteria associated with wetland plant species. In this study, the association of CH4-oxidizing bacteria with submerged Sphagnum peat mosses was studied, followed by the development of a novel mesocosm set-up. This set-up enabled the precise control of CH4 input and allowed for monitoring the dissolved CH4 in a Sphagnum moss layer while mimicking natural conditions. Two mesocosm set-ups were used in parallel: one containing a Sphagnum moss layer in peat water, and a control only containing peat water. Moss-associated CH4 oxidizers in the field could reduce net CH4 emission up to 93%, and in the mesocosm set-up up to 31%. Furthermore, CH4 oxidation was only associated with Sphagnum, and did not occur in peat water. Especially methanotrophs containing a soluble methane monooxygenase enzyme were significantly enriched during the 32 day mesocosm incubations. Together these findings showed the new mesocosm setup is very suited to study CH4 cycling in submerged Sphagnum moss community under controlled conditions. Furthermore, the tight associated between Sphagnum peat mosses and methanotrophs can significantly reduce CH4 emissions in submerged peatlands.

Studies of House Leaving and Outside Resting of Anopheles gambiae Giles and Anopheles funestus Giles in East Africa. I.—The Outside Resting Population

1954 ◽  
Vol 45 (2) ◽  
pp. 361-373 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. T. Gillies
Keyword(s):  
Anopheles Gambiae ◽  
Anopheles Funestus ◽  
Drastic Reduction ◽  
Natural Conditions ◽  
Resting Sites ◽  
Lowland Area ◽  
Set Up ◽  
Anopheles Gambiae Giles ◽  
Gravid Females ◽  
Periodic Examination

The behaviour of Anopheles gambiae Giles and A. funestus Giles was studied under natural conditions in a lowland area of Tanganyika.Studies on the outside resting population were carried out by direct searching for natural resting sites, and by the use of artificial box shelters partly buried in the ground in shaded localities. Catches in these give a valid sample when set up at some distance from houses.Fed and gravid females comprised 67 per cent. of the outside resting gambiae population, the latter group being between 12 and 4·5 times as numerous as the former. Rather less than half the funestus females caught were unfed, the remainder of the population being mainly composed of gravid females.Precipitin tests on the small numbers of fed females caught outside were nearly all positive for man.The identification of gravid funestus females was confirmed by periodic examination of the eggs.Entry of females into outside shelters did not occur solely in the period around sunrise. An appreciable number of funestus females did not enter before 07.00 hours and this was particularly so in shaded shelters.The building of a hut in the vicinity of a box shelter caused a drastic reduction in the numbers of mosquitos resting in the latter.Outside biting activity in these two species is of negligible importance as a source of females resting outside.

Precise Set-Point Control of Temperature for Coral Bleaching Experiments

2002 ◽  
Vol 36 (1) ◽  
pp. 70-75 ◽  
Author(s):  
Phil Turner ◽  
Ray Berkelmans ◽  
Matt Brodie
Keyword(s):  
Temperature Control ◽  
Control Technology ◽  
Experimental Conditions ◽  
Set Point ◽  
Testing Environment ◽  
Precise Control ◽  
Precision Temperature ◽  
Control Technologies ◽  
Set Up ◽  
Better Than

Experimental research into the upper thermal limits of corals is underpinned by the need for precise control of water temperature in the testing environment, with evidence that temperature differences of as little as 0.1°C can be a significant factor in whether coral bleaches or not. Off-the-shelf temperature control equipment is generally unsuitable for high precision temperature experiment because the realized accuracy of temperature control is typically less than 0.5°C, even from state-of-the-art proportional, integral, derivative (PID) control technology. However, high temperature resolution and accuracy is achievable using simple control technology. This paper reviews the principles behind two temperature control technologies and describes a system capable of controlling temperature in actual experimental conditions to better than ±0.05°C over a 24-hr period and typically better than ±0.1°C over a 12-day period. This result is obtained through appropriate design of the experimental tank set-up and the use of “on-off” temperature control technology with very small hysteresis. Accuracy of set-point temperature is maintained by calibration against a reference temperature. Sensor drift, resulting from ambient temperature fluctuations, is avoided by immersing the circuitry in the temperature-controlled water.

scholarly journals Le rôle des corvées dans le système des redevances acquittées par les habitants des villages de ius Valachicum en Petite-Pologne et en Ruthénie de la Couronne aux XVe et XVIe siècles

2020 ◽  
Vol 26 ◽  
pp. 249-267
Author(s):  
Grzegorz Jawor
Keyword(s):  
Large Scale ◽  
Legal Status ◽  
Source Material ◽  
Mountainous Area ◽  
Common Belief ◽  
Natural Conditions ◽  
Widespread Implementation ◽  
The Common ◽  
Set Up

The Role of Serfdoms in the Obligation System of the Inhabitants of Villages on the Wallachian Law in Lesser Poland (Małopolska) and Crown Ruthenia (15th-16th century). The aim of the article is an attempt to define a role of serfdoms in the system of obligations provided by the population living in the settlements established on the Wallachian law. On the basis of a critical analysis of a relatively numerous sources preserved from the region in question (in particular, the documents associated with the rights given to individual villages, inventories, and royal domain), an attempt was made to verify the common belief in the scholarship on this topic about the lack of, or at least the minimum, share of the serfdoms for the owners in the obligation system of the inhabitants. As a result, a specific feature of the Wallachian law was indicated, which was the obligation – elsewhere unknown or occurring only in minute traces – of performing small errands a few times in a year for the benefit of the dukes (kniaź). It was recorded throughout the entire studied period and in all of the areas partaking in the Wallachian colonisation. In contrast, there are many more doubts regarding the conviction about a complete lack of serfdoms for the owners of villages. The presented source material indicates that there were indeed settlements to which this duty did not apply (and perhaps this situation was even dominating), but in other places the older and usually less strenuous forms of labours were present (annual works, duties “under the order”, ect.), while the attempts to impose weekly serfdoms date back to the 1530s and 1540s. Its widespread implementation in the areas outside of mountains is strictly linked to the development of a grange, set up for the production of grain. For the Wallachian settlements this meant a limitation, and then a thorough disposal of their privileged legal status. It is not a matter of coincidence that this colonising tendency was clearly restrained at the turn of the 16th and 17th century. This fate was avoided only be the villages situated in a typically mountainous area where the natural conditions prevented the production of crops on a large scale. Populations living therein – that were ruled by the Wallachian law – lasted longer and the processes of assimilation and integration with the local surroundings took place more slowly.

scholarly journals Identification and analysis of factors influencing climate change in terms of CO2 emissions

2021 ◽  
Vol 332 ◽  
pp. 01002
Author(s):  
Jan Gutsche ◽  
Łukasz Muślewski ◽  
Anna Dzioba ◽  
Sergiy Matyukh
Keyword(s):  
Natural Environment ◽  
Emission Reduction ◽  
Motor Vehicle ◽  
Carbon Dioxide Emission ◽  
Global Scale ◽  
Emission Sources ◽  
Natural Sources ◽  
Natural Origin ◽  
Factors Influencing ◽  
Harmful Substances

It is commonly known that transport means release exhaust gases into the atmosphere which poses a threat to the natural environment. Therefore, new requirements and stricter regulations on emissions of C2 and other harmful substances are being introduced. This study presents an analysis of different emission sources of anthropogenic and natural origin. The analysis is supposed to show a real impact of transport related C2 emissions on the natural environment. The work includes results of tests concerning application of biocomponents in motor vehicle fuels and their impact on the value of C2 emission. Having in mind the analysis, it can be said that, as compared to other branches of economy and its natural sources, transport is not the major source of C2 emission and application of biofuels is not a factor that is likely to significantly contribute to carbon dioxide emission reduction on a global scale.

scholarly journals Odpowiedzialność człowieka za przyrodę w perspektywie kryzysu ekologicznego

2007 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
pp. 115-124
Author(s):  
Aleksandra Kuzior
Keyword(s):  
Sustainable Development ◽  
Ecological Crisis ◽  
The Other ◽  
Future Generations ◽  
Natural Sources ◽  
The Sustainable Development ◽  
Radical Reduction ◽  
Set Up ◽  
The Individual

The article takes up the issues connected to the ecological crisis, causes of which refer to uncontrolled scientifically-technical development, predatory administration of the natural sources of Earth and disrespect of the nature, following from the anthropocentric axiology, the analysis of the Stockholm’s Declaration, the Declaration from Rio and the declaration from Johannesburg, as documents forming the idea of the sustainable development, active that care and respect of nature and preventing degratation of natural environment make a basis of the agricultural and social development and the only rational way to get out of the ecological crisis without radical reduction the quality of human’s life. In discussed declarations they point out the individual, collective and institutional responsibility. It’s set up that the basis of the responsibility figured out like that - for the other human, for present and future generations, for the nature, for the global human’s society, for other communities of alive creatures, for the planet - should be ecophilosophy and systematic sozology. Basing on this two sciences we can make a socio-economical and ecological order indicated in the sustainable development conception.

Non-local universal gates generated within a resonant magnetic cavity

2018 ◽  
Vol 18 (13&14) ◽  
pp. 1081-1094
Author(s):  
Francisco Delgado
Keyword(s):  
Information Processing ◽  
Quantum Information ◽  
Quantum Information Processing ◽  
Complex Dynamics ◽  
Time Dependent ◽  
Quantum Evolution ◽  
Basic Block ◽  
Precise Control ◽  
Universal Quantum ◽  
Set Up

Quantum Information is a quantum resource being advised as a useful tool to set up information processing. Despite physical components being considered are normally two-level systems, still the combination of some of them together with their entangling interactions (another key property in the quantum information processing) become in a complex dynamics needing be addressed and modeled under precise control to set programmed quantum processing tasks. Universal quantum gates are simple controlled evolutions resembling some classical computation gates. Despite their simple forms, not always become easy fit the quantum evolution to them. SU(2) decomposition is a mechanism to reduce the dynamics on SU(2) operations in composed quantum processing systems. It lets an easier control of evolution into the structure required by those gates by the adequate election of the basis for the computation grammar. In this arena, SU(2) decomposition has been studied under piecewise magnetic field pulses. Despite, it is completely applicable for time-dependent pulses, which are more affordable technologically, could be continuous and then possibly free of resonant effects. In this work, we combine the SU(2) reduction with linear and quadratic numerical approaches in the solving of time-dependent Schr\"odinger equation to model and to solve the controlled dynamics for two-qubits, the basic block for composite quantum systems being analyzed under the SU(2) reduction. A comparative benchmark of both approaches is presented together with some useful outcomes for the dynamics in the context of quantum information processing operations.

scholarly journals SARS-CoV and SARS-CoV-2 are transmitted through the air between ferrets over more than one meter distance

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Jasmin S. Kutter ◽  
Dennis de Meulder ◽  
Theo M. Bestebroer ◽  
Pascal Lexmond ◽  
Ard Mulders ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Influenza Virus ◽  
Tract Infection ◽  
Respiratory Tract ◽  
Respiratory Tract Infection ◽  
Virus Transmission ◽  
H1n1 Influenza ◽  
H1n1 Influenza Virus ◽  
Natural Conditions ◽  
Set Up

AbstractSARS-CoV-2 emerged in late 2019 and caused a pandemic, whereas the closely related SARS-CoV was contained rapidly in 2003. Here, an experimental set-up is used to study transmission of SARS-CoV and SARS-CoV-2 through the air between ferrets over more than a meter distance. Both viruses cause a robust productive respiratory tract infection resulting in transmission of SARS-CoV-2 to two of four indirect recipient ferrets and SARS-CoV to all four. A control pandemic A/H1N1 influenza virus also transmits efficiently. Serological assays confirm all virus transmission events. Although the experiments do not discriminate between transmission via small aerosols, large droplets and fomites, these results demonstrate that SARS-CoV and SARS-CoV-2 can remain infectious while traveling through the air. Efficient virus transmission between ferrets is in agreement with frequent SARS-CoV-2 outbreaks in mink farms. Although the evidence for virus transmission via the air between humans under natural conditions is absent or weak for SARS-CoV and SARS-CoV-2, ferrets may represent a sensitive model to study interventions aimed at preventing virus transmission.

scholarly journals Le débourrement des bourgeons de la vigne : méthode de prévision et principes d'établissement d'une échelle de précocité de débourrement

OENO One ◽  
1988 ◽  
Vol 22 (2) ◽  
pp. 105 ◽  
Author(s):  
Roger Pouget
Keyword(s):  
Linear Relation ◽  
Precise Estimate ◽  
Physiological Status ◽  
Natural Conditions ◽  
Set Up

<p style="text-align: justify;">La vitesse de débourrement des bourgeons de la Vigne (V) varie en fonction de la température (t) suivant une loi de nature logarithmique entre 5 et 25°C (V = K.t<sup>c</sup>). Les coefficients K et c sont reliés entre eux par une relation linéaire, ce qui permet de caractériser chaque variété par un seul coefficient variétal de précocité de débourrement (c). Dans les conditions naturelles, les températures journalières exercent sur chaque variété une action spécifique cumulative (a<sub>j</sub> = V<sub>t</sub> = K.t<sup>c</sup>) qui fait progresser l'état physiologique de bourgeons dormants d'une manière différentielle durant la période qui précède le débourrement. En faisant la somme (S) des actions journalières (a<sub>j</sub>) il est possible de proposer une méthode de prévision de l'époque approximative du débourrement de la vigne dans les conditions naturelles. Elle est basée sur une évaluation précise de l'état physiologique des bourgeons latents de variétés de référence en fonction de la température, durant la phase de pré-débourrement. Le développement de cette méthode a permis d'établir une échelle de précocité de débourrement pour 22 cépages et de déterminer les paramètres variétaux qui caractérisent chacun d'entre eux (somme S des actions des températures journalières, coefficient variétal de précocité de débourrement c, seuil de croissance apparente ou température de débourrement c, seuil de croissance apparente ou température de débourrement). Grâce à cette méthodologie, il est possible de déterminer ces paramètres pour de nombreux cépages et d'établir une échelle précise de précocité de débourrement.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">+++</p><p style="text-align: justify;">The variation of the rate of grapevine budburst (V) in relation to temperature (t) is a logarithme form (V = K.t<sup>c</sup>) between 5 and 25°C. The coefficients K and C are connected by a linear relation, so this makes possible to express earch variery by a single coefficient or varietal coefficient of budburst earliness (c). Under natural conditions, the daily temperatures exert on each variety a specific and cumulative action (a<sub>j</sub> = V<sub>t</sub> = K.t<sup>c</sup>) which makes the pysiological status of dormant buds to progress in a differential way during the period of pre-bursting. Thanks to the sum (S) of the daily actions (a<sub>j</sub>), it is possible to propose a methode of forecasting the time of grapevine budburst under natural conditions. It is founded on a precise estimate of the physiological status of dormant buds as a function of temperatures for reference varieties, during the period of pre-bursting. So it is possible with this methode to set up a budburst scale for 22 varieties and to calculate the varietal parameters which characterize every one (sum S of the daily temprature actions, varietal coefficient of budburst earliness c, threshold of apparent growth or budburst temperature). Thanks to this methodology, it is possible to determine these parameters for any variety and to set up a precise scale of budburst.</p>

scholarly journals A Bio-Inspired Model for Precise Control of Nozzle End of a Fire Hose Through Remote Controlled Operation

2019 ◽  
Vol 8 (4) ◽  
pp. 11524-11528
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Power Source ◽  
Fire Fighting ◽  
Raspberry Pi ◽  
Live Video ◽  
Precise Control ◽  
Autonomous Decision ◽  
Video Feed ◽  
Set Up ◽  
Fire Hose

Today, there are a few autonomous fire-fighting robots but the absolute autonomous decision making in places that involve discrete thinking is still unresolved. With remotely operated fire-fighting robots, this problem can be solved to an extent. The project involves use of a remote power source to reduce the weight of the robot and a bio-inspired design of the fire hose manipulator mimicking the elephant’s trunk using which the hose tip could be moved precisely up to 5° on every direction. The hose can be manipulated to direct the water towards the fire, using the live video feed from a camera and raspberry pi set up that are on board. The movement of the robot and the fire hose manipulator can be remotely operated using GUI interface. The response of the robot for various intensities of flame, the angular freedom of the manipulator and the projectile of water-flow were studied and calibrated for better performance.

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