Chemical profile and antioxidant, antibacterial, and cytotoxic activities on Artemia salina from the essential oil of leaves and xylopodium of Cochlospermum regium

Cochlospermum regium is a shrub plant species from the Cerrado domain used in traditional medicine. This study aimed to evaluate the chemical profile and antioxidant, antibacterial and cytotoxic activities on Artemia salina from the essential oil of fresh leaves and xylopodium. Fresch leaves and xylopodium of C. regium were collected in an area of ​​Cerrado domain in Goiás State, Brazil, 2021. The essential oil was obtained by hydrodistillation, the yield was quantified and the chemical profile determined by gas chromatography with mass spectrometry (GC-MS). Physicochemical analyzes were carried out for organoleptic analysis (color and appearance), solubility, relative density (g mL-1), refractive index, optical rotation (αD), antioxidant activity in DPPH radical reduction (IC50 µL mL-1), antibacterial activity on Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, Enterococcus faecalis, Salmonella serovar Enteritidis and Salmonella serovar Thyphymurium by the disc method (mm), and cytotoxicity bioassay on Artemia salina (LC50 µg mL-1). The major compounds for the essential oil of fresh leaves were viridiflorol 10.21%, Copaen-4-α-ol <β>, longiborneol 9.07 and β-bisabolene 11.48%, and for the essential oil of xylopodium β-selinene 26.17%, aromadendrene 8.66 % and thujopsene 8.09%. The yield was 0.58 and 0.33%, color slightly yellow and yellow for fresh leaves and xylopodium, respectively. Positive solubility, refractive index of 1.3468 and 1.3347, optical rotation +48.8 and +21.5, relative density 0.932 and 0.936 g mL-1, antioxidant activity IC50 = 47.65 and 111.16 µL mL-1 for fresh leaves essential oil and xylopodium, respectively. The essential oil from fresh leaves showed high antibacterial potential for all strains, as well as for cytotoxic activity on A. salina with LC50 = 90.17 and 625.08 µg mL-1, respectively.

Effects of Climate Change on the Distribution of Key Native Dung Beetles in South American Grasslands

Climate change is a serious threat, and it is necessary to prepare for the future climate conditions of grazing areas. Dung beetle species can help mitigate global warming by contributing to intense nutrient cycling and reduction in greenhouse gas emissions caused by cattle farming. Additionally, dung beetles increase soil quality through bioturbation and reduce nematodes and hematophagous flies’ abundance in grasslands areas. There are several dung beetle species inhabiting South American pastures, however, the effects of climate change on their spatial distribution are still unknown. Here, we aimed to predict the potential effects of future climate change on the geographical spatial distribution of the four most important (“key”) pastureland dung beetle species that are native to South America. We used niche-based models and future climate simulations to predict species distribution through time. Our findings show radical reduction in the spatial range of dung beetle species, especially in recently opened areas, e.g., the Amazon region. We suggest that the consequences of these species’ spatial retraction will be correlated with ecosystem services depletion under future climate conditions, urgently necessitating pasture restoration and parasite control, as the introduction of new alien species is not encouraged.

The use of laser radiation to increase the efficiency of nitriding processes

In this study, the technology of laser processing is tested. This combined process of laser chemical-thermal treatment allows by modifying the structures of the surface layers of metal alloys to significantly increase the thickness range of high-quality nitrided layers with a radical reduction in time and energy consumption of the process, significantly expand their applications to increase wear resistance, corrosion resistance and other performance characteristics.

Creative Destruction and Circular Economy. The Concourse and the Attitude of Phd Scholars

The circular economy strategy is closely linked to the EU's efforts to achieve a radical reduction in the amount of waste going to landfills. It is wrong to think, that packaging waste should be used within the packaging industry, as many have suggested in the strict sense of producer responsibility. Schumpeter saw creative destruction as one ofthe preconditions for development. The circular economy should be offensive. The economy must be transformed from a stock economy to a flow economy to achieve significant improvements in productivity and material efficiency. The public discourse on the state of the environment is very diverse. I would like to show, through a short empirical study with the help of Q methodology, how PhD students have very different views on issues related to sustainable development and the circular economy.

Pengaruh Waktu Aging dan Metode Ekstraksi terhadap Aktivitas Antioksidan Black Garlic yang Dibandingkan dengan Bawang Putih (Allium sativum L.)

Antioxidant is a compound that could obstruct oxidation reaction through free radical binding. Garlic (Allium sativum L.) is a plant which has many benefits that could be used for traditional medication. Some of pharmacology effects which was discovered are antioxidant, anti-hypertensive, anti-cholesterol, and antimicrobial. Black garlic is the heating aging process which induces many chemical reactions of garlic such as non-enzymatically discoloration to be brown, Maillard reaction which produces antibacterial compound, caramelization, and phenol formation as antioxidant that causes discoloration from cream to dark brown or black. White and Black garlic were extracted through two methods, namely maceration (room temperature) and digestion (± 40°C) by using 96% ethanol solvent. The activity test of extract antioxidant is done using DPPH free radical reduction (2,2-difenil-1-pikrilhidrazil) with absorbance measurement uses UV-Vis spectrophotometry with DPPH maximum wavelength is 515 mm. Garlic maceration has value IC50 in the amount of 28.422 ppm, two weeks maceration of black garlic in the amount of 27.129 ppm and four weeks maceration of black garlic in the amount of 13.041 ppm. While garlic digestion in the amount of 28.524 ppm, two weeks digestion of black garlic in the amount of 28.086 ppm and four weeks digestion of black garlic in the amount of 15.160 ppm. Abstrak. Antioksidan merupakan senyawa yang dapat menghambat reaksi oksidasi, dengan cara mengikat radikal bebas. Bawang putih (Allium sativum L.) merupakan salah satu tanaman yang mempunyai banyak khasiat yang digunakan untuk pengobatan tradisional. Efek farmakologi yang telah diketahui salah satunya adalah antioksidan, anti-hipertensi, anti-kolesterol, anti-mikroba. Bawang hitam merupakan proses aging dengan pemanasan yang menginduksi banyak reaksi kimia pada bawang putih seperti perubahan warna menjadi coklat secara non-enzimatik, reaksi Maillard yang menghasilkan senyawa antibakteri, karamelisasi, dan pembentukan fenol sebagai antioksidan yang menyebabkan warnanya berubah dari putih kekuningan menjadi coklat tua atau hitam. Bawang putih dan bawang hitam diekstraksi menggunakan dua metode yaitu maserasi (suhu kamar) dan digesti (suhu ±40°C) dengan menggunakan pelarut etanol 96%. Uji aktivitas antioksidan ekstrak dilakukan dengan menggunakan metode peredaman radikal bebas DPPH (2,2-difenil-1-pikrilhidrazil) dengan pengukuran absorbansi menggunakan spektrofotometri UV–Vis pada panjang gelombang maksimal DPPH yaitu 515 nm. Pada bawang putih maserasi memiliki nilai IC50 sebesar 28,422 ppm, bawang hitam 2 minggu maserasi 27,129 ppm dan bawang hitam 4 minggu maserasi 13,041 ppm. Sedangkan pada bawang putih digesti 28,524 ppm, bawang hitam 2 minggu digesti 28,086 ppm dan bawang hitam 4 minggu digesti 15,160 ppm.

The Effect of Cream and Gel Vehicles on the Percutaneous Absorption and Skin Retention of a New Eugenol Derivative With Antioxidant Activity

The effect of cream and gel vehicles containing clove water on skin permeability was compared for a new eugenol derivative (eugenyl dichloroacetate—EDChA) with antioxidant activity. In vitro permeation experiments were conducted in a Franz cell with porcine skin. The cumulative mass and skin accumulation of EDChA were investigated and compared. The antioxidative capacity of the studied vehicles was determined by using the diphenylpicrylhydrazyl (DPPH) free radical reduction method. The antioxidant activity (evaluated with DPPH, ABTS, and the Folin–Ciocalteu methods) of the fluid that penetrated through the pig skin and of the fluid obtained after the skin extraction, were also determined. For comparison, eugenol was also tested. The results of this work could contribute to the development of vehicles with antioxidant potential estimated after 24 h of conducting the experiment, which indicates long-term protection against reactive oxygen species (ROS) in the deeper layers of the skin. The waste water from the clove buds steam distillation -contains several valuable biologically active compounds, and its use is environmentally friendly. We observed that gel vehicles were the best enhancer of skin permeation for both eugenol and its derivative. In most cases, -similar cumulative masses of eugenol and its ester were found in the acceptor fluid. The accumulation of EDChA was higher for cream vehicles in relation to the parent eugenol when applied onto the skin. The greatest amounts of eugenol were accumulated in the skin when these compounds were used in gel vehicles.

Trees as a solar control measure for southern-oriented street frontages. Analysis of a selected street model for a humid continental climate

The present study is aimed at the analysis of possibilities for shading southern frontage of street oriented along the E-W axis by the single row of trees, parallel to the southern elevations. The effectiveness of solar control shading was tested depending on the geometric relationships between trees and buildings. Numerical simulation analyses were conducted in Rhinoceros® program for the street located in humid continental climate in city Płock, Poland (52°32′50 “N 19°42’00 “E), for the day of the highest degree of total solar radiation in the year i.e. June 7th, during hours: 8.00a.m - 5.00 p.m. The analysis has proved that a row of 20–25 year old Sycamore Maple ‘Rotterdam’ in the street 30 m wide and 18 m high (H/W = 0.6), can provide solar protection for the southern frontage, especially when trees are located no more than 4 m away. Location of greenery within the range of 4 to 5 m from the buildings leads to a radical reduction in the possibility of shading the wall surfaces (at 5 m to 0%). Over 90% of the shading area of the ground floor façade walls was found when trees were within the distance 2 and 3 m away from the building.

Radical Reduction of Aircraft Fuel Consumption by Optimizing Aerofoil by New Evolutionary Algorithms

This work deals with aerofoil aerodynamic features optimization, not only to improve flight features, but also to improve economy, ecology and safety of parameters of flight technique. In cruise mission, occupying the most flight time, the most important parameter is aerodynamic drag, which directly influences the aeroplane operational economy of transportation. Drag reduction is adequately reflected in the fuel consumption reduction. Consumption reduction is also adequately reflected in the flight ecology. In take-off and landing mission, the safety is priority and directly influences the aerofoil geometry. For cruise mission the new modified evolutionary algorithms (EA) are used to parameters incoming to Bezier-PARSEC 3434 parametrization. Such aerofoil is processed and evaluated by the Xfoil program. The change of model parameters results to optimal aerofoil shape. The DCAG (Direct Control Aerofoil Geometry) is unique developed mechanical device, makes possible the change of curvature of aerofoil, and also aerofoil geometry. DCAG is based on the rotary principle, which makes it possible to define the curvature of aerofoil for every roll as well as defining the geometry in the variable parts of aerofoil. For take-off and landing mission the best combination of slots and flaps is choosed. To improve of laminarity and reduce turbulent flow the DCAG is used. The work results to optimization, which is 50 times faster in comparison to ordinary optimization, with minimum of input parameters (flight speed, chord length, range of angles of attack and fitness function). The optimized aerofoil can achieve savings in fuel consumption up to 44% in comparison with unoptimized aerofoil, the aerodynamic drag reduction up to 44%. The output was checked by ANSYS Fluent simulation.