scholarly journals Adult Drosophila Muscle Morphometry through MicroCT reveals dynamics during aging

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dhananjay Chaturvedi ◽  
Sunil Prabhakar ◽  
Aman Aggarwal ◽  
K VijayRaghavan
Keyword(s):  
Muscle Development ◽  
Imaging Techniques ◽  
Power Stroke ◽  
Tissue Preparation ◽  
Accurate Analysis ◽  
Muscle Morphology ◽  
Adult Muscle ◽  
Flight Muscles ◽  
And Function ◽  
Adult Drosophila

AbstractIndirect Flight Muscles (IFMs) in adult Drosophila have served as a valuable model for studying muscle development. In terms of function, they provide the key power stroke in adult insect flight. Variability in their architecture including of fiber numbers, shape and arrangement may provide insightful clues into adult muscle function. Conventional histological preparations in imaging techniques severely limit exact morphometric analysis of flight muscles, thereby impeding causal or correlative studies between muscle morphology and function. In this study we employ MicroCT scanning on a tissue preparation that retains muscle morphology under homeostatic conditions. We use this method to deliver precise measurements of a subset of IFMs, the Direct Longitudinal Muscles’ (DLMs) size and shape, in male and female Drosophila and changes therein, with age. Our findings reveal several unexpected characteristics of muscle fibers. We also demonstrate application to other insect species making it a valuable tool for histological analysis of insect biodiversity.Significance StatementAdult Drosophila muscles serve as models of homeostatic muscles. Accurate analysis of their form and function is key to understanding affects of genetic and physiological states on them. Recording adult muscle shape and volume has so far depended on protocols that inevitably distort tissue. Here, we use a MicroCT scanning based method that delivers changes in shape, size and organization between males and females, with time. This method is a significant step forward in recording muscle structure in situ with applications across species.

scholarly journals Adult Drosophila muscle morphometry through microCT reveals dynamics during ageing

Open Biology ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (6) ◽  
pp. 190087 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dhananjay Chaturvedi ◽  
Sunil Prabhakar ◽  
Aman Aggarwal ◽  
Krishan B. Atreya ◽  
K. VijayRaghavan
Keyword(s):  
Muscle Development ◽  
Imaging Techniques ◽  
Power Stroke ◽  
Tissue Preparation ◽  
Dependent Manner ◽  
Form And Function ◽  
Insect Biodiversity ◽  
Flight Muscles ◽  
And Function ◽  
Longitudinal Muscles

Indirect flight muscles (IFMs) in adult Drosophila provide the key power stroke for wing beating. They also serve as a valuable model for studying muscle development. An age-dependent decline in Drosophila free flight has been documented, but its relation to gross muscle structure has not yet been explored satisfactorily. Such analyses are impeded by conventional histological preparations and imaging techniques that limit exact morphometry of flight muscles. In this study, we employ microCT scanning on a tissue preparation that retains muscle morphology under homeostatic conditions. Focusing on a subset of IFMs called the dorsal longitudinal muscles (DLMs), we find that DLM volumes increase with age, partially due to the increased separation between myofibrillar fascicles, in a sex-dependent manner. We have uncovered and quantified asymmetry in the size of these muscles on either side of the longitudinal midline. Measurements of this resolution and scale make substantive studies that test the connection between form and function possible. We also demonstrate the application of this method to other insect species making it a valuable tool for histological analysis of insect biodiversity.

scholarly journals Indirect flight muscles in Drosophila melanogaster as a tractable model to study muscle development and disease

2020 ◽  
Vol 64 (1-2-3) ◽  
pp. 167-173
Author(s):  
Saroj Jawkar ◽  
Upendra Nongthomba
Keyword(s):  
Drosophila Melanogaster ◽  
Muscle Development ◽  
Myoblast Fusion ◽  
Successful Development ◽  
Adult Muscle ◽  
Attachment Sites ◽  
Flight Muscles ◽  
And Function

Myogenesis is a complex multifactorial process leading to the formation of the adult muscle. An amalgamation of autonomous processes including myoblast fusion and myofibrillogenesis, as well as non-autonomous processes, such as innervations from neurons and precise connections with attachment sites, are responsible for successful development and function of muscles. In this review, we describe the development of the indirect flight muscles (IFMs) in Drosophila melanogaster, and highlight the use of the IFMs as a model for studying muscle development and disease, based on recent studies on the development and function of IFMs.

scholarly journals A single-cell transcriptome atlas of the adult muscle precursors uncovers early events in fiber-type divergence in Drosophila

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Maria Paula Zappia ◽  
Lucia de Castro ◽  
Majd M. Ariss ◽  
Abul B.M.M.K. Islam ◽  
Maxim V Frolov
Keyword(s):  
Single Cell ◽  
Muscle Development ◽  
Fiber Type ◽  
Wing Disc ◽  
Adult Muscle ◽  
Direct Flight ◽  
A Cell ◽  
Flight Muscles ◽  
Cell Transcriptome ◽  
Single Cell Transcriptome

SummaryIn Drosophila, the wing disc-associated adult muscle precursors (AMPs) give rise to the fibrillar indirect flight muscles (IFM) and the tubular direct flight muscles (DFM). To understand early transcriptional events underlying this muscle diversification, we performed single cell RNA-sequencing experiments and built a cell atlas of AMPs associated with third instar larval wing disc. Our analysis identified distinct transcriptional signatures for IFM and DFM precursors that underlie the molecular basis of their divergence. The atlas further revealed various states of differentiation of AMPs, thus illustrating previously unappreciated spatial and temporal heterogeneity among them. We identified and validated novel markers for both IFM and DFM precursors at various states of differentiation by immunofluorescence and genetic tracing experiments. Finally, we performed a systematic genetic screen using a panel of markers from the reference cell atlas as an entry point and found a novel gene, Ama, which is functionally important in muscle development. Thus, our work provides a framework of leveraging scRNA-seq for gene discovery and therefore, this strategy can be applied to other scRNA-seq datasets.

scholarly journals Age-Related Changes of Gene Expression Profiles in Drosophila

Genes ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (12) ◽  
pp. 1982
Author(s):  
Guillaume Bordet ◽  
Niraj Lodhi ◽  
Andrew Kossenkov ◽  
Alexei Tulin
Keyword(s):  
Gene Expression ◽  
Muscle Development ◽  
Expression Profiles ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Gene Expression Profiles ◽  
Age Related ◽  
Profile Changes ◽  
Flight Muscles ◽  
And Function ◽  
Different Levels

An individual’s gene expression profile changes throughout their life. This change in gene expression is shaped by differences in physiological needs and functions between the younger and older organism. Despite intensive studies, the aging process is not fully understood, and several genes involved in this process may remain to be identified. Here we report a transcriptomic analysis of Drosophila melanogaster using microarrays. We compared the expression profiles of two-day-old female adult flies with those of 45-day-old flies. We identified 1184 genes with pronounced differences in expression level between young and old age groups. Most genes involved in muscle development/maintenance that display different levels of expression with age were downregulated in older flies. Many of these genes contributed to sarcomere formation and function. Several of these genes were functionally related to direct and indirect flight muscles; some of them were exclusively expressed in these muscles. Conversely, several genes involved in apoptosis processes were upregulated in aging flies. In addition, several genes involved in resistance to toxic chemicals were upregulated in aging flies, which is consistent with a global upregulation of the defense response system in aging flies. Finally, we randomly selected 12 genes among 232 genes with unknown function and generated transgenic flies expressing recombinant proteins fused with GFP protein to determine their subcellular expression. We also found that the knockdown of some of those 12 genes can affect the lifespan of flies.

Normal ageing and the brain

1998 ◽  
Vol 15 (1) ◽  
pp. 26-28
Author(s):  
CS Breathnach
Keyword(s):  
Cerebral Cortex ◽  
Imaging Techniques ◽  
Structure And Function ◽  
Ageing Population ◽  
Cell Shrinkage ◽  
Ageing Processes ◽  
Normal Ageing ◽  
And Function ◽  
Ageing Brain ◽  
The Brain

AbstractInterest in the psychiatric aspects of old age predated the institution of geriatrics as a clinical discipline, but the systematic study of the ageing brain only began in the second half of this century when an ageing population presented a global numerical challenge to society. In the senescent cerebral cortex, though the number of neurons is not reduced, cell shrinkage results in synaptic impoverishment with consequent cognitive impairment. Recent advances in imaging techniques, combined with burgeoning knowledge of neurobiological structure and function, have increased our understanding of the ageing processes in the human brain and permit an optimistic approach in the application of the newer insights into neuropsychology and geriatric psychiatry.

Skin‐ny deeping: Uncovering immune cell behavior and function through imaging techniques*

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yingrou Tan ◽  
Hong Liang Tey ◽  
Shu Zhen Chong ◽  
Lai Guan Ng
Keyword(s):  
Immune Cell ◽  
Imaging Techniques ◽  
Cell Behavior ◽  
And Function

Respiratory muscle imaging by ultrasound and MRI in neuromuscular disorders

2021 ◽  
pp. 2100137
Author(s):  
Jeroen L.M. van Doorn ◽  
Francesca Pennati ◽  
Hendrik H.G. Hansen ◽  
Baziel G.M. van Engelen ◽  
Andrea Aliverti ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Respiratory Muscle ◽  
Imaging Techniques ◽  
Neuromuscular Disorders ◽  
Respiratory Muscles ◽  
Daily Practice ◽  
Structure And Function ◽  
Muscle Structure ◽  
Respiratory Management ◽  
Technological Developments ◽  
And Function

Respiratory muscle weakness is common in neuromuscular disorders and leads to significant respiratory difficulties. Therefore, reliable and easy assessment of respiratory muscle structure and function in neuromuscular disorders is crucial. In the last decade, ultrasound and MRI emerged as promising imaging techniques to assess respiratory muscle structure and function. Respiratory muscle imaging directly measures the respiratory muscles and, in contrast to pulmonary function testing, is independent of patient effort. This makes respiratory muscle imaging suitable to use as tool in clinical respiratory management and as outcome parameter in upcoming drug trials for neuromuscular disorders, particularly in children. In this narrative review, we discuss the latest studies and technological developments in imaging of the respiratory muscles by US and MR, and its clinical application and limitations. We aim to increase understanding of respiratory muscle imaging and facilitate its use as outcome measure in daily practice and clinical trials.

scholarly journals 16th Meeting of the Interuniversity Institute of Myology (IIM) - Assisi (Italy), October 17-20, 2019: Foreword, Program and Abstracts

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Davide Gabellini ◽  
Antonio Musarò
Keyword(s):  
Muscle Development ◽  
Therapeutic Approaches ◽  
Poster Sessions ◽  
Muscle Research ◽  
Muscle Biology ◽  
October 17 ◽  
And Function ◽  
Cross Fertilization ◽  
Selection Of ◽  
Scientific Collaborations

The 16th Meeting of the Interuniversity Institute of Myology (IIM), October 17-20, 2019, Assisi, Italy brought together scientists, pharma and patient organization representatives discussing new results on muscle research. Internationally renowned Keynote speakers presented advances on muscle development, homeostasis, metabolism, and disease. Speakers selected among submitted abstracts presented their new, unpublished data in seven scientific sessions. The remaining abstracts were showcased in two poster sessions. Young trainees where directly involved in the selection of keynote speakers, the organizing scientific sessions and roundtables discussions tailored to the interests of their peers. A broad Italian, European and North-American audience participated to the different initiatives. The meeting allowed muscle biology researchers to discuss ideas and scientific collaborations aimed at better understanding the mechanisms underlaying muscle diseases in order to develop better therapeutic strategies. The active participation of young trainees was facilitated by the friendly and inclusive atmosphere, which fostered lively discussions identifying emerging areas of myology research and stimulated scientific cross-fertilization. The meeting was a success and the IIM community will continue to bring forward significant contributions to the understanding of muscle development and function, the pathogenesis of muscular diseases and the development of novel therapeutic approaches. Here, we report abstracts of the meeting illustrating novel results of basic, translational, and clinical research, which confirms that the Myology field is strong and healthy.

Abstract 142: Defining the Non-Myocyte Compartment is Key for Enhanced Maturation of Human Engineered Heart Muscle

2014 ◽  
Vol 115 (suppl_1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Malte Tiburcy ◽  
James E Hudson ◽  
Dirk Ziebolz ◽  
Wolfram H Zimmermann
Keyword(s):  
Heart Muscle ◽  
Muscle Development ◽  
Disease Modeling ◽  
Cardiac Differentiation ◽  
Inotropic Response ◽  
Double Positive ◽  
Human Cardiomyocytes ◽  
Functional Maturation ◽  
And Function

Background: Tissue engineering of heart muscle from human pluripotent stem cells holds great potential for in vitro studies, disease modeling, and cardiac replacement therapy. A number of variables may however affect maturation and function of human cardiomyocytes (CM) in tissue engineered heart muscle (EHM). Here, we hypothesized that defined non-myocyte (NM) populations support structural and functional maturation of EHM. Methods and Results: To investigate the role of non-myocytes (NM) for heart muscle assembly in vitro we generated EHM from purified CM (93±1.5% actinin+) and a mixture of CM and NM (70/30%). Notably, only the NM-supplemented EHM generated measurable forces (0.8±0.1 mN, n=9) with anisotropically aligned cardiomyocytes. Depending on pluripotent stem cell line and differentiation protocol the NM compartment may vary considerably. To further define the influence of the NM compartment we generated EHM from HES2-derived CM with undefined NM, i.e the NM typically derived during cardiac differentiation, and defined NM (fibroblasts). Defined EHM were more mature with higher forces and lower variability between experimental series (defined: 9.8±0.9 nN/CM, undefined: 4.7±1.4 nN/CM, n=10/9), higher EC50 for calcium, and enhanced inotropic response to isoprenaline despite comparable CM:NM composition of 1:1. Increased actinin protein per CM, a reduction of MLC2V/2A double positive CM, and evidence of CM cycle withdrawal indicated enhanced ventricular maturation in defined EHM. Next, we tested whether defining cell composition and NM in iPS-derived EHM will yield a comparable functional phenotype to HES2-EHM. In agreement with the above data, defined iPS-EHM displayed advanced functional maturation with high specific forces, comparable calcium EC50, and inotropic response to isoprenaline. Summary and Conclusions: Here we demonstrate that defining the NM compartment is essential for optimized human heart muscle formation and maturation in vitro. Moreover, our data provide (1) evidence for the applicability of EHM in modelling of heart muscle development and (2) a strong rationale for the need to define CM and NM compartments in tissue engineered myocardium to reduce variability in applications such as disease modelling.

Myocardial perfusion and function by MR imaging techniques

1996 ◽  
pp. 485-497
Author(s):  
Albert de Roos ◽  
Ernst E. van der Wall ◽  
Rob van der Geest ◽  
Johan H. C. Reiber
Keyword(s):  
Myocardial Perfusion ◽  
Mr Imaging ◽  
Imaging Techniques ◽  
And Function
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