scholarly journals Individual differences in model-based planning are linked to the ability to infer latent structure

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Milena Rmus ◽  
Harrison Ritz ◽  
Lindsay E Hunter ◽  
Aaron M Bornstein ◽  
Amitai Shenhav
Keyword(s):  
Individual Differences ◽  
Cognitive Model ◽  
Graph Structure ◽  
Underlying Graph ◽  
Underlying Factor ◽  
Model Based ◽  
Future State ◽  
Component Processes ◽  
The Relationship

AbstractTo behave adaptively, people must choose actions that maximize their expected future rewards. Engaging in such goal-directed decision-making in turn requires the capacity to (1) develop an internal model of one’s environment (i.e., representing the relationship between current and future states; structure inference), and (2) navigate this cognitive model to determine the action(s) that will lead to the most rewarding future state (model-based planning). While previous work has identified putative mechanisms underlying these two processes, it has yet to test the prediction that one’s ability to infer structure should constrain their ability to engage in model-based planning. Here we test this prediction using a novel task we developed to specifically isolate individual differences in structure inference ability. Participants (N=77) viewed a series of object pairs. Unbeknownst to them, each pair was drawn at random from adjacent nodes in an underlying graph. They then performed two tasks that measured the extent to which participants were able to infer the graph structure from these disjointed pairs: (1) judging the relative distances of sets of three nodes, (2) constructing the graph. We identified a single underlying factor that captured variability in performance across these tasks, and showed that this variability in this measure of structure inference ability was selectively associated with the extent to which participants exhibited model-based planning in the two-step task (Daw et al., 2011), a well-characterized assay of such behavior. Our work validates a new method for isolating one’s capacity for structure inference, and confirms that individuals who are more limited in this capacity are less likely to engage in model-based planning. These findings bridge separate areas of research that examine goal-directed planning and its component processes. They further provide a path towards better understanding deficits in these component processes, and how they constrain one’s ability to achieve long-term goals.

scholarly journals Cognitive models of social integration processes

2020 ◽  
Vol 210 ◽  
pp. 15010
Author(s):  
Mikhail Rozin ◽  
Valery Svechkarev ◽  
Zhanna Tumakova ◽  
Olga Popkova
Keyword(s):  
Social Integration ◽  
Social Cohesion ◽  
Social Reproduction ◽  
Cognitive Model ◽  
Growth Cycle ◽  
Social Solidarity ◽  
Long Term Effect ◽  
The Social ◽  
The Relationship

This article provides an overview of the rationale behind the social integration processes research. It identifies analytical advantages of the cognitive modelling that are based on the conceptual connections existing in the model architecture and convey dynamics of its operation through their causality. This article demonstrates that the cognitive model of the vertical and horizontal social integration ensures consistent social solidarity, however, it does not allow to accelerate the pace of the social integration processes and thus maintains societal anomie in the process of social reproduction. We propose the cognitive model of sustainable development of social reproduction based on empathy and social cohesion accelerators. Integration procedures in this model result from structural organization of the relationship between the primary social reproduction circuit and auxiliary circuits as well as from activating the mechanisms of dynamic interference between the named circuits. Each auxiliary circuit with positive feedback (growth cycle) is fitted with the social cohesion accelerator (growth factor) that ensures targeted amplification of the empathic potential in a given cycle, while all cycles together contribute to a continued long-term effect of the empathic potential amplification required for stable social reproduction in society.

scholarly journals Znaczenie determinacji w nauce języka angielskiego jako obcego na poziomie zaawansowanym

Neofilolog ◽  
2021 ◽  
pp. 9-22
Author(s):  
Mirosław Pawlak ◽  
Joanna Zawodniak ◽  
Mariusz Kruk
Keyword(s):  
Individual Differences ◽  
Second Language Acquisition ◽  
Personality Trait ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Structured Interviews ◽  
Research Directions ◽  
Related Research ◽  
Future Research Directions ◽  
The Relationship

Second language acquisition (SLA) researchers have long been engaged in investigating the effect of a range of learner individual differences (IDs, e.g., motivation, anxiety and aptitude) on L2 learning and achievement. At the same time, there are no more than a few studies focusing of on learner personality and its place in SLA and the relationship between personality traits and other ID variables. One such underappreciated and thus poorly recognized personality trait is grit, understood as a combination of perseverance and passion for long-term goals. The present paper reports a study in which grit was investigated among advanced university students majoring in English with the help of a language-specific grit scale and semi-structured interviews. The empirical considerations are preceded by a small number of theoretical comments on the nature of grit and related research that was conducted to date. The paper ends with the discussion of future research directions and possible pedagogical implications.

scholarly journals Individual differences in dopamine function underlying the balance between model-based and model-free control

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ying Lee ◽  
Lorenz Deserno ◽  
Nils B. Kroemer ◽  
Shakoor Pooseh ◽  
Liane Oehme ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Individual Differences ◽  
Control Individual ◽  
General Notion ◽  
Sequential Decision ◽  
Model Based ◽  
Model Free ◽  
Positron Emission ◽  
Model Free Control ◽  
Induced Changes ◽  
The Relationship

AbstractReinforcement learning involves a balance between model-free (MF) and model-based (MB) systems. Recent studies suggest that individuals with either pharmacologically enhanced levels of dopamine (DA) or higher baseline levels of DA exhibit more MB control. However, it remains unknown whether such pharmacological effects depend on baseline DA.Here, we investigated whether effects of L-DOPA on the balance of MB/MF control depend on ventral striatal baseline DA. Sixty participants had two functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) scans while performing a two-stage sequential decision-making task under 150 mg L-DOPA or placebo (counterbalanced), followed by a 4-hour 18F-DOPA positron emission tomography (PET) scan (on a separate occasion).We found an interaction between baseline DA levels and L-DOPA induced changes in MB control. Individuals with higher baseline DA levels showed a greater L-DOPA induced enhancement in MB control. Surprisingly, we found a corresponding drug-by-baseline DA interaction on MF, but not MB learning signals in the ventromedial prefrontal cortex. We did not find a significant interaction between baseline DA levels and L-DOPA effects on MF control or MB/MF balance.In sum, our findings point to a baseline dependency of L-DOPA effects on differential aspects of MB and MF control. Individual differences in DA washout may be an important moderator of L-DOPA effects. Overall, our findings complement the general notion where higher DA levels is related to a greater reliance on MB control. Although the relationship between phasic DA firing and MF learning is conventionally assumed in the animal literature, the relationship between DA and MF control is not as straightforward and requires further clarification.

The Need to Belong and the Relationship Between Loneliness and Health

2014 ◽  
Vol 22 (4) ◽  
pp. 194-201 ◽  
Author(s):  
Freda-Marie Hartung ◽  
Britta Renner
Keyword(s):  
Individual Differences ◽  
Social Isolation ◽  
Social Situation ◽  
First Year ◽  
Health State ◽  
Need To Belong ◽  
First Year University ◽  
Perceived Social Isolation ◽  
The Impact ◽  
The Relationship

Humans are social animals; consequently, a lack of social ties affects individuals’ health negatively. However, the desire to belong differs between individuals, raising the question of whether individual differences in the need to belong moderate the impact of perceived social isolation on health. In the present study, 77 first-year university students rated their loneliness and health every 6 weeks for 18 weeks. Individual differences in the need to belong were found to moderate the relationship between loneliness and current health state. Specifically, lonely students with a high need to belong reported more days of illness than those with a low need to belong. In contrast, the strength of the need to belong had no effect on students who did not feel lonely. Thus, people who have a strong need to belong appear to suffer from loneliness and become ill more often, whereas people with a weak need to belong appear to stand loneliness better and are comparatively healthy. The study implies that social isolation does not impact all individuals identically; instead, the fit between the social situation and an individual’s need appears to be crucial for an individual’s functioning.

Attachment and Field Dependence: Individual Differences in Information Processing

2004 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 43-55 ◽  
Author(s):  
Patrizia Vermigli ◽  
Alessandro Toni
Keyword(s):  
Information Processing ◽  
Individual Differences ◽  
Field Dependence ◽  
Attachment Styles ◽  
Close Relationships ◽  
Adult Age ◽  
Males And Females ◽  
Figure Test ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Measure Field

The present research analyzes the relationship between attachment styles at an adult age and field dependence in order to identify possible individual differences in information processing. The “Experience in Close Relationships” test of Brennan et al. was administered to a sample of 380 individuals (160 males, 220 females), while a subsample of 122 subjects was given the Embedded Figure Test to measure field dependence. Confirming the starting hypothesis, the results have shown that individuals with different attachment styles have a different way of perceiving the figure against the background. Ambivalent and avoidant individuals lie at the two extremes of the same dimension while secure individuals occupy the central part. Significant differences also emerged between males and females.

Vivid Imagers Are Better at Detecting Salient Changes

2006 ◽  
Vol 27 (4) ◽  
pp. 218-228 ◽  
Author(s):  
Paul Rodway ◽  
Karen Gillies ◽  
Astrid Schepman
Keyword(s):  
Individual Differences ◽  
Change Detection ◽  
Visual Imagery ◽  
Detection Task ◽  
Level Of Detail ◽  
Detection Accuracy ◽  
Change Detection Task ◽  
Term Change ◽  
High Level

This study examined whether individual differences in the vividness of visual imagery influenced performance on a novel long-term change detection task. Participants were presented with a sequence of pictures, with each picture and its title displayed for 17  s, and then presented with changed or unchanged versions of those pictures and asked to detect whether the picture had been changed. Cuing the retrieval of the picture's image, by presenting the picture's title before the arrival of the changed picture, facilitated change detection accuracy. This suggests that the retrieval of the picture's representation immunizes it against overwriting by the arrival of the changed picture. The high and low vividness participants did not differ in overall levels of change detection accuracy. However, in replication of Gur and Hilgard (1975) , high vividness participants were significantly more accurate at detecting salient changes to pictures compared to low vividness participants. The results suggest that vivid images are not characterised by a high level of detail and that vivid imagery enhances memory for the salient aspects of a scene but not all of the details of a scene. Possible causes of this difference, and how they may lead to an understanding of individual differences in change detection, are considered.

Individual Differences in Students' Preferences for Lecturers' Personalities

2005 ◽  
Vol 26 (4) ◽  
pp. 176-184 ◽  
Author(s):  
Adrian Furnham ◽  
Tomas Chamorro-Premuzic
Keyword(s):  
Individual Differences ◽  
Personality Traits ◽  
Big Five ◽  
Student Ratings ◽  
Descriptive Statistics ◽  
Personality Profile ◽  
Similarity Effect ◽  
Intelligence Scores ◽  
The Relationship

Abstract. This study examines the relationship between students' personality and intelligence scores with their preferences for the personality profile of their lecturers. Student ratings (N = 136) of 30 lecturer trait characteristics were coded into an internally reliable Big Five taxonomy ( Costa & McCrae, 1992 ). Descriptive statistics showed that, overall, students tended to prefer conscientious, open, and stable lecturers, though correlations revealed that these preferences were largely a function of students' own personality traits. Thus, open students preferred open lecturers, while agreeable students preferred agreeable lecturers. There was evidence of a similarity effect for both Agreeableness and Openness. In addition, less intelligent students were more likely to prefer agreeable lecturers than their more intelligent counterparts were. A series of regressions showed that individual differences are particularly good predictors of preferences for agreeable lecturers, and modest, albeit significant, predictors of preferences for open and neurotic lecturers. Educational and vocational implications are considered.

Investment Traits and Intelligence in Adulthood

2013 ◽  
Vol 34 (2) ◽  
pp. 82-89 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sophie von Stumm
Keyword(s):  
Individual Differences ◽  
Personality Traits ◽  
Fluid Intelligence ◽  
Need For Cognition ◽  
Openness To Experience ◽  
Intelligence Tests ◽  
Crystallized Intelligence ◽  
New Knowledge ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Over Time

Intelligence-as-knowledge in adulthood is influenced by individual differences in intelligence-as-process (i.e., fluid intelligence) and in personality traits that determine when, where, and how people invest their intelligence over time. Here, the relationship between two investment traits (i.e., Openness to Experience and Need for Cognition), intelligence-as-process and intelligence-as-knowledge, as assessed by a battery of crystallized intelligence tests and a new knowledge measure, was examined. The results showed that (1) both investment traits were positively associated with intelligence-as-knowledge; (2) this effect was stronger for Openness to Experience than for Need for Cognition; and (3) associations between investment and intelligence-as-knowledge reduced when adjusting for intelligence-as-process but remained mostly significant.

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