scholarly journals The interaction between elapsed time and decision accuracy differs between humans and rats

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Carly A Shevinsky ◽  
Pamela Reinagel
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Reaction Time ◽  
Visual Motion ◽  
Reaction Times ◽  
Local Analysis ◽  
Decision Strategy ◽  
Motion Discrimination ◽  
Motion Coherence ◽  
The Many ◽  
The Individual

AbstractA stochastic visual motion discrimination task is widely used to study rapid decision-making in humans and animals. Among trials of the same sensory difficulty within a block of fixed decision strategy, humans and monkeys are widely reported to make more errors in the individual trials with longer reaction times. This finding has posed a challenge for the drift-diffusion model of sensory decision-making, which in its basic form predicts that errors and correct responses should have the same reaction time distributions. We previously reported that rats also violate this model prediction, but in the opposite direction: for rats, motion discrimination accuracy was highest in the trials with the longest reaction times. To rule out task differences as the cause of our divergent finding in rats, the present study tested humans and rats using the same task and analyzed their data identically. We confirmed that rats’ accuracy increased with reaction time, whereas humans’ accuracy decreased with reaction time in the same task. These results were further verified using a new temporally-local analysis method, ruling out that the observed trend was an artifact of non-stationarity in the data of either species. The main effect was found whether the signal strength (motion coherence) was varied in randomly interleaved trials or held constant within a block. The magnitude of the effects increased with motion coherence. These results provide new constraints useful for refining and discriminating among the many alternative mathematical theories of decision-making.

scholarly journals Decision-related perturbations of decision-irrelevant eye movements

2016 ◽  
Vol 113 (7) ◽  
pp. 1925-1930 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sung Jun Joo ◽  
Leor N. Katz ◽  
Alexander C. Huk
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Eye Movements ◽  
Visual Motion ◽  
Visual Stimulation ◽  
Reaction Times ◽  
Oculomotor System ◽  
Button Press ◽  
Motor Action ◽  
Brain Circuits ◽  
Oculomotor Function

It is well established that ongoing cognitive functions affect the trajectories of limb movements mediated by corticospinal circuits, suggesting an interaction between cognition and motor action. Although there are also many demonstrations that decision formation is reflected in the ongoing neural activity in oculomotor brain circuits, it is not known whether the decision-related activity in those oculomotor structures interacts with eye movements that are decision irrelevant. Here we tested for an interaction between decisions and instructed saccades unrelated to the perceptual decision. Observers performed a direction-discrimination decision-making task, but made decision-irrelevant saccades before registering their motion decision with a button press. Probing the oculomotor circuits with these decision-irrelevant saccades during decision making revealed that saccade reaction times and peak velocities were influenced in proportion to motion strength, and depended on the directional congruence between decisions about visual motion and decision-irrelevant saccades. These interactions disappeared when observers passively viewed the motion stimulus but still made the same instructed saccades, and when manual reaction times were measured instead of saccade reaction times, confirming that these interactions result from decision formation as opposed to visual stimulation, and are specific to the oculomotor system. Our results demonstrate that oculomotor function can be affected by decision formation, even when decisions are communicated without eye movements, and that this interaction has a directionally specific component. These results not only imply a continuous and interactive mixture of motor and decision signals in oculomotor structures, but also suggest nonmotor recruitment of oculomotor machinery in decision making.

scholarly journals A competition of critics in human decision-making

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Enkhzaya Enkhtaivan ◽  
Joel Nishimura ◽  
Cheng Ly ◽  
Amy Louise Cochran
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Reaction Time ◽  
Recent Experiment ◽  
Two Dimensions ◽  
Learning Systems ◽  
Learning System ◽  
Temporal Difference ◽  
New Model ◽  
Human Decision ◽  
The Individual

Recent experiments and theories of human decision-making suggest positive and negative errors are processed and encoded differently by serotonin and dopamine, with serotonin possibly serving to oppose dopamine and protect against risky decisions. We introduce a temporal difference (TD) model of human decision-making to account for these features. Our model involves two opposing counsels, an optimistic learning system and a pessimistic learning system, whose predictions are integrated in time to control how potential decisions compete to be selected. Our model predicts that human decision-making can be decomposed along two dimensions: the degree to which the individual is sensitive to (1) risk and (2) uncertainty. In addition, we demonstrate that the model can learn about reward expectations and uncertainty, and provide information about reaction time despite not modeling these variables directly. Lastly, we simulate a recent experiment to show how updates of the two learning systems could relate to dopamine and serotonin transients, thereby providing a mathematical formalism to serotonin's hypothesized role as an opponent to dopamine. This new model should be useful for future experiments on human decision-making.

scholarly journals Executive control by fronto-parietal activity explains counterintuitive decision behavior in complex value-based decision-making

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Teppei Matsui ◽  
Yoshiki Hattori ◽  
Kaho Tsumura ◽  
Ryuta Aoki ◽  
Masaki Takeda ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Reaction Time ◽  
Cognitive Control ◽  
Meta Analysis ◽  
Real Life ◽  
Reaction Times ◽  
Behavioral Effect ◽  
Control Mechanisms ◽  
Probabilistic Uncertainty ◽  
Task Conditions

In real life, humans make decisions by taking into account multiple independent factors, such as delay and probability. Cognitive psychology suggests that cognitive control mechanisms play a key role when facing such complex task conditions. However, in value-based decision-making, it still remains unclear to what extent cognitive control mechanisms become essential when the task condition is complex. In this study, we investigated decision-making behaviors and underlying neural mechanisms using a multifactor gambling task where participants simultaneously considered probability and delay. Decision-making behavior in the multifactor task was modulated by both probability and delay. The behavioral effect of probability was stronger than delay, consistent with previous studies. Furthermore, in a subset of conditions that recruited fronto-parietal activations, reaction times were paradoxically elongated despite lower probabilistic uncertainty. Notably, such a reaction time elongation did not occur in control tasks involving single factors. Meta-analysis of brain activations suggested an association between the paradoxical increase of reaction time and strategy switching. Together, these results suggest a novel aspect of complex value-based decision-makings that is strongly influenced by fronto-parietal cognitive control.

GIS and Decision-Making in Business

2011 ◽  
pp. 20-35
Author(s):  
Esperanza Huerta ◽  
Celene Navarrete ◽  
Terry Ryan
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Information Science ◽  
Empirical Work ◽  
Decision Makers ◽  
Extensive Literature ◽  
Decision Strategy ◽  
Decision Performance ◽  
The Individual ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Published Research

This chapter synthesizes empirical research from multiple disciplines about the use of GIS for decision-making in business settings. Todd & Benbasat’s model (2000) was used as a theoretical framework to identify the variables that have been studied on decision-making at the individual and collaborative level. An extensive literature review in the fields of Information Science, GIS and Decision Science from 1990 to 2002 was conducted with a total of nine studies identified in six journals and two conferences. The scarcity of published research suggests that the impact of GIS on the decision-making process has not been extensively investigated. Moreover, researchers have paid more attention to the study of GIS to support individual decision makers. The effects of variables like desired effort and decision strategy remain unexplored. More empirical work is needed to understand the impact of DSS capabilities, decision maker, task, and decision strategy on decision performance.

scholarly journals Human Reaction Times: Linking Individual and Collective Behaviour Through Physics Modeling

Symmetry ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (3) ◽  
pp. 451
Author(s):  
Juan Carlos Castro-Palacio ◽  
Pedro Fernández-de-Córdoba ◽  
J. M. Isidro ◽  
Sarira Sahu ◽  
Esperanza Navarro-Pardo
Keyword(s):  
Reaction Time ◽  
Gaussian Function ◽  
Visual Stimuli ◽  
Reaction Times ◽  
Cognitive Disorders ◽  
Reaction Time Data ◽  
Ideal Gas ◽  
Time Data ◽  
Physics Modeling ◽  
The Individual

An individual’s reaction time data to visual stimuli have usually been represented in Experimental Psychology by means of an ex-Gaussian function. In most previous works, researchers have mainly aimed at finding a meaning for the parameters of the ex-Gaussian function which are known to correlate with cognitive disorders. Based on the recent evidence of correlations between the reaction time series to visual stimuli produced by different individuals within a group, we go beyond and propose a Physics-inspired model to represent the reaction time data of a coetaneous group of individuals. In doing so, a Maxwell–Boltzmann-like distribution appeared, the same distribution as for the velocities of the molecules in an Ideal Gas model. We describe step by step the methodology we use to go from the individual reaction times to the distribution of the individuals response within the coetaneous group. In practical terms, by means of this model we also provide a simple entropy-based methodology for the classification of the individuals within the collective they belong to with no need for an external reference which can be applicable in diverse areas of social sciences.

scholarly journals No Myth far and wide:

2018 ◽  
Vol 2 ◽  
Author(s):  
Joachim Hüffmeier ◽  
Stefan Krumm
Keyword(s):  
Reaction Time ◽  
Reaction Times ◽  
Reaction Time Data ◽  
Stopping Rule ◽  
Time Estimate ◽  
Time Data ◽  
Methodological Choices ◽  
Time Correction ◽  
The Individual ◽  
High Chance

Skorski, Extebarria, and Thompson (2016) aim at our article on relay swimmers (Hüffmeier, Krumm, Kanthak, & Hertel, 2012). We have shown that professional freestyle swimmers at relay positions 2 to 4 swam faster in the relay than in the individual competition if they had a high chance to win a relay medal. After applying a reaction-time correction that controls for different starting procedures in relay and individual competitions, Skorski et al. (2016) conclude that swimmers in relays do not swim faster. At first sight, their results appear to show this very pattern. However, we argue that the authors’ findings and conclusion—that our finding is a myth—are not warranted. First, we have also controlled for quicker reaction times in the relay competition. Our correction has been based on the swimmers’ own reaction time data rather than on a constant reaction time estimate and is, thus, more precise than theirs. Second, Skorski et al. treat data from international and national competitions equally although national relay competitions are less attractive for the swimmers than national individual competitions. This difference likely biases their data towards slower relay times. Third, the authors select a small and arbitrary sample without explicit power considerations or a clear stopping rule. Fourth, they unfavorably aggregate their data. We conclude that the reported results are most likely due to the methodological choices by Skorski et al. and do not invalidate our findings.

scholarly journals Stereoscopic Visual Perceptual Learning in Seniors

Geriatrics ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 6 (3) ◽  
pp. 94
Author(s):  
Sabine Erbes ◽  
Georg Michelson
Keyword(s):  
Reaction Time ◽  
Cortical Plasticity ◽  
Training Session ◽  
Reaction Times ◽  
Stereoscopic Vision ◽  
Training Methods ◽  
Static Test ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Training Apparatus ◽  
The Individual

Background: We showed that seniors can improve their stereoscopic ability (stereoacuity) and corresponding reaction time with repetitive training and, furthermore, that these improvements through training are still present even after a longer period of time without training. Methods: Eleven seniors (average age: 85.90 years) trained twice a week for six weeks with dynamic stereoscopic perception training using a vision training apparatus (c-Digital Vision Trainer®). Stereoscopic training was performed in 12 training session (n = 3072) of visual tasks. The task was to identify and select one of four figures (stereoscopic stimuli) that was of a different disparity using a controller. The tests included a dynamic training (showing rotating balls) and a static test (showing plates without movement). Before and after training, the stereoacuity and the corresponding reaction times were identified with the static stereotest in order to determine the individual training success. The changes in respect to reaction time of stereoscopic stimuli with decreasing disparity were calculated. Results: After 6 weeks of training, reaction time improved in the median from 936 arcsec to 511 arcsec. Stereoscopic vision improved from 138 arcsec to 69 arcsec, which is an improvement of two levels of difficulty. After 6 months without training, the improvement, achieved by training, remained stable. Conclusions: In older people, visual training leads to a significant, long-lasting improvement in stereoscopic vision and the corresponding reaction time in seniors. This indicates cortical plasticity even in old age.

scholarly journals The neural basis for response latency in a sensory-motor behavior

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Joonyeol Lee ◽  
Timothy R. Darlington ◽  
Stephen G. Lisberger
Keyword(s):  
Reaction Time ◽  
Eye Movement ◽  
Smooth Pursuit ◽  
Visual Motion ◽  
Threshold Model ◽  
Field Potential ◽  
Reaction Times ◽  
Neural Basis ◽  
Sensory Motor ◽  
Preparatory Activity

AbstractWe seek a neural circuit explanation for sensory-motor reaction times. We have found evidence that two of three possible mechanisms could contribute to reaction times in smooth pursuit eye movements. In the smooth eye movement region of the frontal eye fields (FEFSEM), an area that causally affects the initiation of smooth pursuit eye movement, neural and behavioral latencies have significant trial-by-trial correlations that can account for 40% to 100% of the variation in behavioral latency. The amplitude of preparatory activity, which represents the motor system’s expectations for target motion, shows negative trial-by-trial correlations with behavioral latency and could contribute to the neural computation of reaction time. In contrast, the traditional “ramp-to-threshold” model is contradicted by the responses of many, but not all FEFSEM neurons. As evidence of neural processing that determines reaction time, the local field potential in FEFSEM includes a brief wave in the 5-15 Hz frequency range that precedes pursuit initiation and whose phase is correlated with the latency of pursuit in individual trials. We suggest that the latency of the incoming visual motion signals combines with the state of preparatory activity to determine the latency of the transient response that drives eye movement.

scholarly journals Field Dependence / Field Independence as a Factor of Financial Decision Making With Varying Degrees of Risk Among Students

2020 ◽  
Vol 8 (Special issue) ◽  
pp. 113-120
Author(s):  
Tatiana Belykh ◽  
Zinchenko Ekaterina Mikhailovna
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Decision Strategy ◽  
Field Independence ◽  
Financial Decision Making ◽  
Interdisciplinary Field ◽  
Financial Decision ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Financial Behaviour ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Oculomotor Activity

Currently, a new interdisciplinary field of research – financial behaviour-is rapidly developing. Psychological characteristics of the subject of financial behaviour can have a significant impact on the decision-making process in this field. Cognitive style, as an individual way of processing the information perceived by the subject, is one of the factors determining such procedural features of financial decision-making as: the time spent on decision – making, the speed of decision-making, the emotional state of the individual during decision-making, the nature of perceptual information processing (especially oculomotor activity), as well as the type of decision strategy - rational, irrational or marginal.

scholarly journals Confidence in subjective pain is predicted by reaction time during decision making

2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Troy C. Dildine ◽  
Elizabeth A. Necka ◽  
Lauren Y. Atlas
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Reaction Time ◽  
Reaction Times ◽  
Self Report ◽  
Pain Rating ◽  
Perceptual Decision Making ◽  
Perceptual Decision ◽  
Thermal Pain ◽  
Pain Ratings ◽  
Subjective Pain

AbstractSelf-report is the gold standard for measuring pain. However, decisions about pain can vary substantially within and between individuals. We measured whether self-reported pain is accompanied by metacognition and variations in confidence, similar to perceptual decision-making in other modalities. Eighty healthy volunteers underwent acute thermal pain and provided pain ratings followed by confidence judgments on continuous visual analogue scales. We investigated whether eye fixations and reaction time during pain rating might serve as implicit markers of confidence. Confidence varied across trials and increased confidence was associated with faster pain rating reaction times. The association between confidence and fixations varied across individuals as a function of the reliability of individuals’ association between temperature and pain. Taken together, this work indicates that individuals can provide metacognitive judgments of pain and extends research on confidence in perceptual decision-making to pain.

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