scholarly journals Multi-scale spatial genetic structure of a vector-borne plant pathogen in orchards and wild habitat

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Véronique Marie-Jeanne ◽  
François Bonnot ◽  
Gaël Thébaud ◽  
Jean Peccoud ◽  
Gérard Labonne ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Structure ◽  
Plant Pathogens ◽  
Multiple Scales ◽  
Spatial Genetic Structure ◽  
Fruit Production ◽  
Stone Fruit ◽  
Planting Material ◽  
Cacopsylla Pruni ◽  
Vector Borne ◽  
Production Areas

ABSTRACTInferring the dispersal processes of vector-borne plant pathogens is a great challenge because the plausible epidemiological scenarios often involve complex spread patterns at multiple scales. European stone fruit yellows (ESFY), a disease caused by ‘Candidatus Phytoplasma prunorum’ and disseminated via planting material and vectors belonging to the species Cacopsylla pruni, is a major threat for stone fruit production throughout Europe. The spatial genetic structure of the pathogen was investigated at multiple scales by the application of a combination of statistical approaches to a large dataset obtained through the intensive sampling of the three ecological compartments hosting the pathogen (psyllids, wild and cultivated Prunus) in three Prunus-growing regions in France. This work revealed new haplotypes of ‘Ca. P. prunorum’, and showed that the prevalence of the different haplotypes of this pathogen is highly uneven between all regions, and within two of them. In addition, we identified a significant clustering of similar haplotypes within a radius of at most 50 km, but not between nearby wild and cultivated Prunus. We also provide evidence that the two species of the C. pruni complex are unevenly distributed but can spread the pathogen, and that infected plants are transferred between production areas. Altogether, this work supports a main epidemiological scenario where ‘Ca. P. prunorum’ is endemic in, and mostly acquired from, wild Prunus by immature C. pruni (of both species) who then migrate to “shelter plants” that epidemiologically connect sites less than 50 km apart by later providing infectious mature C. pruni to their “migration basins”, which differ in their haplotypic composition. We argue that such multiscale studies would be very useful for other pathosystems.

scholarly journals Selection of Restoration Material for Abies koreana Based on Its Genetic Diversity on Mt. Hallasan

Forests ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (1) ◽  
pp. 24
Author(s):  
Seung-Beom Chae ◽  
Hyo-In Lim ◽  
Yong-Yul Kim
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Diversity ◽  
Genetic Structure ◽  
Environmental Changes ◽  
Spatial Genetic Structure ◽  
Population Level ◽  
Target Distance ◽  
Planting Material ◽  
Abies Koreana ◽  
Declining Populations ◽  
The Republic

The restoration of damaged or disrupted forests with genetically appropriate restoration planting material that can adapt to future environmental conditions will ensure the conservation of forest genetic resources. Abies koreana is endemic to the Republic of Korea, with declining populations under current environmental changes. In this study, we examined the genetic diversity of its largest population growing on Mt. Hallasan to determine the sampling size of planting material from the population that will ensure 95% coverage of alleles in the population. We evaluated the genetic diversity and spatial genetic structure of three subpopulations of A. koreana on Mt. Hallasan. A total of 456 samples were evaluated using 10 microsatellites. The observed heterozygosity and expected heterozygosity were 0.538 and 0.614 at the population level, respectively. The differences among the subpopulations accounted for 4% of the total variance. Intervals between individuals of the sample to be extracted were based on the two-target distance (5 and 10 m) inferred from the spatial genetic structure. Through random sampling methods considering the target distance, we showed that genetic diversity can be captured by obtaining at least 35 individuals in the population of A. koreana on Mt. Hallasan.

Spatial distribution of Monilinia fructicola and M. laxa in stone fruit production areas in Western Australia

2017 ◽  
Vol 46 (4) ◽  
pp. 339-349 ◽  
Author(s):  
T. T. Tran ◽  
Hua Li ◽  
D. Q. Nguyen ◽  
K. Sivasithamparam ◽  
M. G. K. Jones ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Spatial Distribution ◽  
Western Australia ◽  
Fruit Production ◽  
Stone Fruit ◽  
Monilinia Fructicola ◽  
Production Areas

scholarly journals Multi-scale spatial genetic structure of the vector-borne pathogen ‘Candidatus Phytoplasma prunorum’ in orchards and in wild habitats

2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Véronique Marie-Jeanne ◽  
François Bonnot ◽  
Gaël Thébaud ◽  
Jean Peccoud ◽  
Gérard Labonne ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Structure ◽  
Spatial Genetic Structure ◽  
Multi Scale ◽  
Vector Borne ◽  
Candidatus Phytoplasma Prunorum

scholarly journals Spatial Genetic Structure of a Vector-Borne Generalist Pathogen

2011 ◽  
Vol 77 (8) ◽  
pp. 2596-2601 ◽  
Author(s):  
Helvécio D. Coletta-Filho ◽  
Leonora S. Bittleston ◽  
Rodrigo P. P. Almeida
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Structure ◽  
Riparian Vegetation ◽  
Diversity Index ◽  
Gene Diversity ◽  
Isolation By Distance ◽  
Spatial Genetic Structure ◽  
Genotypic Diversity ◽  
Mantel Test ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Vector Borne

ABSTRACTVector-borne generalist pathogens colonize several reservoir species and are usually dependent on polyphagous arthropods for dispersal; however, their spatial genetic structure is generally poorly understood. Using fast-evolving genetic markers (20 simple sequence repeat loci, resulting in a total of 119 alleles), we studied the genetic structure of the vector-borne plant-pathogenic bacteriumXylella fastidiosain Napa Valley, CA, where it causes Pierce's disease when it is transmitted to grapevines from reservoir plants in adjacent riparian vegetation. Eighty-three differentX. fastidiosamultilocus microsatellite genotypes were found in 93 isolates obtained from five vineyards, resulting in an index of clonal fraction closer to 0 and a Simpson's genotypic diversity index (D) closer to a maximum value of 1. Moderate values of Nei's gene diversity (HNei; averageHNei= 0.41) were observed for most of theX. fastidiosapopulations. The low Wright's index of genetic diversity among populations calculated by the FSTAT software (Wright'sFSTindex) among population pairs (0.0096 to 0.1080) indicated a weak or absent genetic structure among the five populations; a panmictic population was inferred by Bayesian analyses (with the STRUCTURE and BAPS programs). Furthermore, a Mantel test showed no significant genetic isolation by distance when both Nei (r= −0.3459,P= 0.268) and linearized θ (r= −0.3106,P= 0.269) indices were used. These results suggest that the riparian vegetation from which vectors acquire the pathogen prior to inoculation of grapevines supports a diverse population ofX. fastidiosa.

scholarly journals Temporal and Spatial Scaling of the Genetic Structure of a Vector-Borne Plant Pathogen

2014 ◽  
Vol 104 (2) ◽  
pp. 120-125 ◽  
Author(s):  
Helvécio D. Coletta-Filho ◽  
Carolina S. Francisco ◽  
Rodrigo P. P. Almeida
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Structure ◽  
Plant Pathogen ◽  
Plant Pathogens ◽  
Management Practices ◽  
Multiple Scales ◽  
Spatial Scales ◽  
Infected Plant ◽  
Human Movement ◽  
Dna Repeats ◽  
Disease Epidemiology

The ecology of plant pathogens of perennial crops is affected by the long-lived nature of their immobile hosts. In addition, changes to the genetic structure of pathogen populations may affect disease epidemiology and management practices; examples include local adaptation of more fit genotypes or introduction of novel genotypes from geographically distant areas via human movement of infected plant material or insect vectors. We studied the genetic structure of Xylella fastidiosa populations causing disease in sweet orange plants in Brazil at multiple scales using fast-evolving molecular markers (simple-sequence DNA repeats). Results show that populations of X. fastidiosa were regionally isolated, and that isolation was maintained for populations analyzed a decade apart from each other. However, despite such geographic isolation, local populations present in year 2000 were largely replaced by novel genotypes in 2009 but not as a result of migration. At a smaller spatial scale (individual trees), results suggest that isolates within plants originated from a shared common ancestor. In summary, new insights on the ecology of this economically important plant pathogen were obtained by sampling populations at different spatial scales and two different time points.

scholarly journals Ideas on the European stone fruit yellows – as an entomologist can see them

2014 ◽  
pp. 30-34
Author(s):  
András Bozsik
Keyword(s):  
Population Dynamics ◽  
Fruit Trees ◽  
Fruit Production ◽  
Stone Fruit ◽  
Mediterranean Countries ◽  
Main Host ◽  
Cacopsylla Pruni ◽  
Prunus Spp ◽  
Propagation Material

The European stone fruit yellows (ESFY) is an important endemic disease in Europe which causes in both, the Mediterranean countries and Central Europe serious damage. Its pathogen is the ‘Candidatus Phytoplasma prunorum’. The treatment and healing of the diseased trees and plantations with chemicals do not promise success. Thus, prevention may be the only solution. The transmission and spread of the pathogen happen by infected propagation material (grafting) or a vector (the psyllid, Cacopsylla pruni). Mechanism of the pathogen’s transmission and population dynamics of the vector have been extensively investigated in several European countries, which may allow by the control of C. pruni even to hold back the disease. Diseased stone fruit trees and wild Prunus spp. as main host species play an important role in maintaining and spreading the pathogen. C. pruni collects the pathogen by feeding on these plants and it carries persistently ‘Ca. P prunorum’. Researchers in Hungary have been characterized the disease only in terms of plant pathology, but neither the significance of the vector nor the role of wild Prunus spp. have been studied. This summary intends to give clues to these researches, that not only axe and saw should be the instruments of national control, but knowing the role and population dynamics of the vector the stone fruit production should be more successful.

scholarly journals Patterns of spatial genetic structures in Aedes albopictus (Diptera: Culicidae) populations in China

2019 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Yong Wei ◽  
Jiatian Wang ◽  
Zhangyao Song ◽  
Yulan He ◽  
Zihao Zheng ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Diversity ◽  
Population Structure ◽  
Gene Flow ◽  
Genetic Structure ◽  
Genetic Differentiation ◽  
Population Genetic ◽  
Spatial Genetic Structure ◽  
Vector Borne Diseases ◽  
Vector Borne ◽  
Genetic Structures

Abstract Background The Asian tiger mosquito, Aedes albopictus, is one of the 100 worst invasive species in the world and the vector for several arboviruses including dengue, Zika and chikungunya viruses. Understanding the population spatial genetic structure, migration, and gene flow of vector species is critical to effectively preventing and controlling vector-borne diseases. Little is known about the population structure and genetic differentiation of native Ae. albopictus in China. The aim of this study was to examine the patterns of the spatial genetic structures of native Ae. albopictus populations, and their relationship to dengue incidence, on a large geographical scale. Methods During 2016–2018, adult female Ae. albopictus mosquitoes were collected by human landing catch (HLC) or human-bait sweep-net collections in 34 localities across China. Thirteen microsatellite markers were used to examine the patterns of genetic diversity, population structure, and gene flow among native Ae. albopictus populations. The correlation between population genetic indices and dengue incidence was also examined. Results A total of 153 distinct alleles were identified at the 13 microsatellite loci in the tested populations. All loci were polymorphic, with the number of distinct alleles ranging from eight to sixteen. Genetic parameters such as PIC, heterozygosity, allelic richness and fixation index (FST) revealed highly polymorphic markers, high genetic diversity, and low population genetic differentiation. In addition, Bayesian analysis of population structure showed two distinct genetic groups in southern-western and eastern-central-northern China. The Mantel test indicated a positive correlation between genetic distance and geographical distance (R2 = 0.245, P = 0.01). STRUCTURE analysis, PCoA and GLS interpolation analysis indicated that Ae. albopictus populations in China were regionally clustered. Gene flow and relatedness estimates were generally high between populations. We observed no correlation between population genetic indices of microsatellite loci in Ae. albopictus populations and dengue incidence. Conclusion Strong gene flow probably assisted by human activities inhibited population differentiation and promoted genetic diversity among populations of Ae. albopictus. This may represent a potential risk of rapid spread of mosquito-borne diseases. The spatial genetic structure, coupled with the association between genetic indices and dengue incidence, may have important implications for understanding the epidemiology, prevention, and control of vector-borne diseases.

scholarly journals Genus Monilinia on pome and stone fruit species

2012 ◽  
Vol 27 (4) ◽  
pp. 283-297 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jovana Hrustic ◽  
Milica Mihajlovic ◽  
Mila Grahovac ◽  
Goran Delibasic ◽  
Aleksandra Bulajic ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Plant Pathogens ◽  
Cultural Practices ◽  
Fruit Production ◽  
Control Measures ◽  
Stone Fruit ◽  
Economic Losses ◽  
Quarantine Pest ◽  
Disease Epidemiology ◽  
Host Interactions ◽  
Fruit Species

Different species of the genus Monilinia are common plant pathogens that endanger pome and stone fruit production worldwide. In Serbia, two species of this genus are widely distributed - M. laxa and M. fructigena, while M. fructicola, which is officially on the A2 EPPO List of quarantine pest organisms in Europe and on the 1A part I List of quarantine pest organisms in Serbia, has so far been detected only on stored apple and nectarine fruits. The most important control measures against these pathogens include chemical control in combination with adequate cultural practices, particularly under favourable conditions for disease development. Concerning that species of this genus can cause significant economic losses, knowledge of the pathogen biology, disease epidemiology and pathogen-host interactions is a necessary prerequisite for stable and profitable production of pome and stone fruits.

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