scholarly journals The influence of relationship closeness on default-mode network connectivity during social interactions

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dominic S. Fareri ◽  
David V. Smith ◽  
Mauricio R. Delgado
Keyword(s):  
Social Interactions ◽  
Social Preference ◽  
Computer Network ◽  
Interaction Analysis ◽  
Critical Role ◽  
Network Connectivity ◽  
Trust Game ◽  
Relationship Closeness ◽  
Social Closeness ◽  
Psychophysiological Interaction

AbstractReciprocated trust plays a critical role in forming and maintaining relationships, and has consistently been shown to implicate neural circuits involved in reward-related processing and social cognition. Less is known about neural network connectivity during social interactions involving trust, however, particularly as a function of closeness between an investor and a trustee. We examined network reactivity and connectivity in participants who played an economic trust game with close friends, strangers and a computer. Network reactivity analyses showed enhanced activation of the DMN to social relative to non-social outcomes. A novel network psychophysiological interaction analysis (nPPI) revealed enhanced connectivity between the DMN and the superior frontal gyrus and superior parietal lobule when experiencing reciprocated vs. violated trust from friends relative to strangers. Such connectivity tracked with differences in self-reported social closeness with these partners. Interestingly, reactivity of the executive control network (ECN), involved in decision processes, demonstrated no social vs. non-social preference, and ECN-ventral striatum (VS) connectivity did not track social closeness. Taken together, these novel findings suggest that DMN interacts with components of attention and control networks to signal the relative importance of positive experiences with close others vs. strangers.

scholarly journals The influence of relationship closeness on default-mode network connectivity during social interactions

2020 ◽  
Vol 15 (3) ◽  
pp. 261-271 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dominic S Fareri ◽  
David V Smith ◽  
Mauricio R Delgado
Keyword(s):  
Social Interactions ◽  
Default Mode Network ◽  
Social Preference ◽  
Computer Network ◽  
Critical Role ◽  
Network Connectivity ◽  
Trust Game ◽  
Default Mode ◽  
Social Closeness ◽  
Psychophysiological Interaction

Abstract Reciprocated trust plays a critical role in forming and maintaining relationships, and has consistently been shown to implicate neural circuits involved in reward-related processing and social cognition. Less is known about neural network connectivity during social interactions involving trust, however, particularly as a function of closeness between an investor and a trustee. We examined network reactivity and connectivity in participants who played an economic trust game with close friends, strangers and a computer. Network reactivity analyses showed enhanced activation of the default-mode network (DMN) to social relative to non-social outcomes. A novel network psychophysiological interaction (nPPI) analysis revealed enhanced connectivity between the DMN and the superior frontal gyrus and superior parietal lobule when experiencing reciprocated vs violated trust from friends relative to strangers. Such connectivity tracked with differences in self-reported social closeness with these partners. Interestingly, reactivity of the executive control network (ECN), involved in decision processes, demonstrated no social vs non-social preference, and ECN-ventral striatum connectivity did not track social closeness. Taken together, these novel findings suggest that DMN interacts with components of attention and control networks to signal the relative importance of positive experiences with close others vs strangers.

scholarly journals The Effects of Functionally Guided, Connectivity-Based rTMS on Amygdala Activation

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (4) ◽  
pp. 494
Author(s):  
Lysianne Beynel ◽  
Ethan Campbell ◽  
Maria Naclerio ◽  
Jeffrey T. Galla ◽  
Angikar Ghosal ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Functional Connectivity ◽  
Psychiatric Disorders ◽  
Interaction Analysis ◽  
Repetitive Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation ◽  
Preliminary Evidence ◽  
Therapeutic Effects ◽  
Subcortical Structures ◽  
Video Clips ◽  
Amygdala Activation ◽  
Psychophysiological Interaction

While repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) is widely used to treat psychiatric disorders, innovations are needed to improve its efficacy. An important limitation is that while psychiatric disorders are associated with fronto-limbic dysregulation, rTMS does not have sufficient depth penetration to modulate affected subcortical structures. Recent advances in task-related functional connectivity provide a means to better link superficial and deeper cortical sources with the possibility of increasing fronto-limbic modulation to induce stronger therapeutic effects. The objective of this pilot study was to test whether task-related, connectivity-based rTMS could modulate amygdala activation through its connectivity with the medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC). fMRI was collected to identify a node in the mPFC showing the strongest connectivity with the amygdala, as defined by psychophysiological interaction analysis. To promote Hebbian-like plasticity, and potentially stronger modulation, 5 Hz rTMS was applied while participants viewed frightening video-clips that engaged the fronto-limbic network. Significant increases in both the mPFC and amygdala were found for active rTMS compared to sham, offering promising preliminary evidence that functional connectivity-based targeting may provide a useful approach to treat network dysregulation. Further research is needed to better understand connectivity influences on rTMS effects to leverage this information to improve therapeutic applications.

Development of Federal telecommunication and computer infrastructure for research and education

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
А.А. Гончар ◽  
А.П. Овсянников ◽  
А.А. Сорокин ◽  
Б.М. Шабанов ◽  
А.В. Юрченко
Keyword(s):  
Russian Federation ◽  
Computer Network ◽  
Far East ◽  
Service Level Agreement ◽  
Network Connectivity ◽  
Service Level ◽  
Network Nodes ◽  
Telecommunications Network ◽  
The Russian Federation ◽  
Research And Education

Развитие национальной телекоммуникационной сети науки и образования играет ключевую роль в проведении научных исследований в современных условиях. В 2019 г. создана Национальная исследовательская компьютерная сеть (НИКС) телекоммуникационная сеть федерального масштаба, которая должна представлять национальную сеть науки и образования на международной арене. Планы развития НИКС включают организацию магистральной кольцевой инфраструктуры на территории Сибирского и Дальневосточного федеральных округов, расширение взаимодействия с региональными сетями, развитие сетевых сервисов, в том числе передачи данных с заданными требованиями по уровню обслуживания. Реализация планов позволит существенно расширить возможности информационно-телекоммуникационной инфраструктуры сферы науки и образования для проектов мегасайенс, высокопроизводительных и распределенных вычислений, искусственного интеллекта. National research and educational network (NREN) is a key factor for modern research and education. The article considers the prospects and directions of the NREN development in the Russian Federation. In 2019, as a result of the merging of the departmental research and educational networks RUNNet and RASNet, a federal scale telecommunications network called the National research computer network (NRCN) was created. It should play the role of a NREN for the international cooperation projects. The concept of NRCN was approved at the Meeting of the Council of the Ministry of Science and Higher Education of the Russian Federation on information and telecommunication infrastructure, information security and supercomputer technologies. NRCN development plans include setting up the circle backbone infrastructure as well as deploying the federal network nodes in the Siberia and the Far East and providing effective interconnection to the present regional network nodes. The plan is intended to optimize network connectivity and to improve the quality of the data transmission as well as to implement Service Level Agreement (SLA) and variety network services for research and education. The implementation of the considered plans will significantly improve the reliability of the backbone and regional components of the NRCN, expand the potential of the IT infrastructure for research and education, focused on the MegaScience, highperformance and distributed computing, Big Data, Deep Learning and AI.

scholarly journals Neural correlates of interpersonal space permeability and flexibility in autism spectrum disorder

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Claudia Massaccesi ◽  
Alexander Groessing ◽  
Lisa A. Rosenberger ◽  
Helena Hartmann ◽  
Michela Candini ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Autism Spectrum Disorder ◽  
Social Interactions ◽  
Effective Connectivity ◽  
Adult Population ◽  
Autism Spectrum ◽  
Spectrum Disorder ◽  
Trust Game ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Adults With Asd ◽  
Interpersonal Space

AbstractInterpersonal space can be defined as a safety zone immediately surrounding our body, which allows us to feel comfortable during social interactions. Previous studies indicate that the size of interpersonal space at which the other is perceived as intrusive (permeability) and the ability to adapt interpersonal distance based on contextual factors (flexibility) are altered in children and adults with Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD). The present fMRI study aimed at extending the previous findings by investigating the behavioral and neurophysiological underpinnings of interpersonal space permeability and flexibility in adults with ASD.Individuals with ASD and matched controls (CTR) performed a modified version of the stop-distance paradigm for measuring interpersonal space preferences. Participants observed prerecorded videos of two confederates moving towards them and rated their comfort to the observed distance. The assessment of interpersonal space preferences was performed before and after engaging in cooperative and non-cooperative social interactions with the confederates, experimentally induced by means of a repeated trust game.We observed general lower comfort in response to an approaching confederate in the ASD group compared to the CTR group, indicating preference for larger interpersonal space in autism (altered permeability). This preference was accompanied by reduced activity in bilateral dorsal intraparietal sulcus (dIPS) and left fusiform face area (FFA), regions previously shown to be involved in interpersonal space regulation. Furthermore, we observed differences in effective connectivity among dIPS, FFA, and amygdala in ASDs compared to CTRs, depending on the level of experienced comfort. No differences between ASDs and CTRs were observed in the adaptation of interpersonal space following a cooperative and non-cooperative social interaction, suggesting preserved interpersonal space flexibility in the ASD adult population.The present study provides evidence for impaired permeability of interpersonal space in adults with ASD. The findings suggest that a dysregulation of the activity and connectivity of brain areas involved in the processing of interpersonal space may contribute to preference for larger distance and avoidance of physical proximity in ASDs. Future research is needed to examine whether the observed alteration of interpersonal space processing is an effect of or a contributing factor to the social disabilities characterizing autism.

scholarly journals Despite Appearances: Comparing Emotion Recognition in Abstract and Humanoid Avatars Using Nonverbal Behavior in Social Virtual Reality

2021 ◽  
Vol 2 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yilu Sun ◽  
Andrea Stevenson Won
Keyword(s):  
Virtual Reality ◽  
Social Interactions ◽  
Social Presence ◽  
Nonverbal Behavior ◽  
Emotional States ◽  
Face To Face ◽  
Social Closeness ◽  
Similar Information ◽  
Individual Measure ◽  
And Behavior

The ability to perceive emotional states is a critical part of social interactions, shaping how people understand and respond to each other. In face-to-face communication, people perceive others’ emotions through observing their appearance and behavior. In virtual reality, how appearance and behavior are rendered must be designed. In this study, we asked whether people conversing in immersive virtual reality (VR) would perceive emotion more accurately depending on whether they and their partner were represented by realistic or abstract avatars. In both cases, participants got similar information about the tracked movement of their partners’ heads and hands, though how this information was expressed varied. We collected participants’ self-reported emotional state ratings of themselves and their ratings of their conversational partners’ emotional states after a conversation in VR. Participants’ ratings of their partners’ emotional states correlated to their partners’ self-reported ratings regardless of which of the avatar conditions they experienced. We then explored how these states were reflected in their nonverbal behavior, using a dyadic measure of nonverbal behavior (proximity between conversational partners) and an individual measure (expansiveness of gesture). We discuss how this relates to measures of social presence and social closeness.

Neocortical pathological high-frequency oscillations are associated with frequency-dependent alterations in functional network topology

2013 ◽  
Vol 110 (10) ◽  
pp. 2475-2483 ◽  
Author(s):  
George M. Ibrahim ◽  
Ryan Anderson ◽  
Tomoyuki Akiyama ◽  
Ayako Ochi ◽  
Hiroshi Otsubo ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Functional Connectivity ◽  
High Frequency ◽  
Phase Locking ◽  
Critical Role ◽  
Intractable Epilepsy ◽  
Network Connectivity ◽  
Relative Increase ◽  
High Frequencies ◽  
High Frequency Oscillations ◽  
Cortical Regions

Synchronization of neural oscillations is thought to integrate distributed neural populations into functional cell assemblies. Epilepsy is widely regarded as a disorder of neural synchrony. Knowledge is scant, however, regarding whether ictal changes in synchrony involving epileptogenic cortex are expressed similarly across various frequency ranges. Cortical regions involved in epileptic networks also exhibit pathological high-frequency oscillations (pHFOs, >80 Hz), which are increasingly utilized as biomarkers of epileptogenic tissue. It is uncertain how pHFO amplitudes are related to epileptic network connectivity. By calculating phase-locking values among intracranial electrodes implanted in children with intractable epilepsy, we constructed ictal connectivity networks and performed graph theoretical analysis to characterize their network properties at distinct frequency bands. Ictal data from 17 children were analyzed with a hierarchical mixed-effects model adjusting for patient-level covariates. Epileptogenic cortex was defined in two ways: 1) a hypothesis-driven method using the visually defined seizure-onset zone and 2) a data-agnostic method using the high-frequency amplitude of each electrode. Epileptogenic cortex exhibited a logarithmic decrease in interregional functional connectivity at high frequencies (>30 Hz) during seizure initiation and propagation but not at termination. At slower frequencies, conversely, epileptogenic cortex expressed a relative increase in functional connectivity. Our findings suggest that pHFOs reflect epileptogenic network interactions, yielding theoretical support for their utility in the presurgical evaluation of intractable epilepsy. The view that abnormal network synchronization plays a critical role in ictogenesis and seizure dynamics is supported by the observation that functional isolation of epileptogenic cortex at high frequencies is absent at seizure termination.

scholarly journals Stable distribution of reciprocity motives in a population

2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Jeroen M. van Baar ◽  
Felix H. Klaassen ◽  
Filippo Ricci ◽  
Luke J. Chang ◽  
Alan G. Sanfey
Keyword(s):  
Individual Differences ◽  
Stable Distribution ◽  
Subjective Experience ◽  
Social Preference ◽  
Game Studies ◽  
Trust Game ◽  
Social Motives ◽  
Psychological Mechanisms ◽  
Modeling Analysis ◽  
Relative Prevalence

Abstract Evolutionary models show that human cooperation can arise through direct reciprocity relationships. However, it remains unclear which psychological mechanisms proximally motivate individuals to reciprocate. Recent evidence suggests that the psychological motives for choosing to reciprocate trust differ between individuals, which raises the question whether these differences have a stable distribution in a population or are rather an artifact of the experimental task. Here, we combine data from three independent trust game studies to find that the relative prevalence of different reciprocity motives is highly stable across participant samples. Furthermore, the distribution of motives is relatively unaffected by changes to the salient features of the experimental paradigm. Finally, the motive classification assigned by our computational modeling analysis corresponds to the participants’ own subjective experience of their psychological decision process, and no existing models of social preference can account for the observed individual differences in reciprocity motives. These findings support the view that reciprocal decision-making is not just regulated by individual differences in 'pro-social’ versus ‘pro-self’ tendencies, but also by trait-like differences across several alternative pro-social motives, whose distribution in a population is stable.

Social Trust and Reciprocity Among Adolescent Girls Exposed to Interpersonal Violence

2019 ◽  
pp. 088626051988152
Author(s):  
Kyrie Sellnow ◽  
Karyn Esbensen ◽  
Josh M. Cisler
Keyword(s):  
Social Behavior ◽  
Social Interactions ◽  
Interpersonal Violence ◽  
Social Trust ◽  
Adolescent Females ◽  
Trust Game ◽  
Trauma Research ◽  
The Social ◽  
Trust And Reciprocity ◽  
And Control

Trauma research has traditionally focused on altered emotion regulation and its role in psychopathology, whereas mechanisms of social behavior remain comparatively unexplored, particularly among adolescents. It has been previously reported that adolescents with histories of interpersonal violence (IV) demonstrate disrupted social learning, and the degree to which they are impaired during social interactions requiring trustful behaviors may be associated with their levels of anxiety. In the present study, 52 adolescent females ( n = 26 control; n = 26 IV-exposed) between ages of 11 and 17 completed a multi-round adaptation of the Trust Game in which they interacted with a confederate peer run by a computer program, alternating between the roles of investor and investee. The task was designed to operationalize the social behaviors of trust and trust reciprocity, where the magnitude of the participants’ monetary investment in the confederate during the investor role represented trust while the proportion of investment returned to the confederate in the investee role represented trust reciprocity. IV-exposed and control participants did not differ in trust (i.e., as investors); however, IV-exposed participants without anxiety diagnoses demonstrated lower trust than those with anxiety diagnoses. For trust reciprocity (i.e., as investees), there were again no differences between IV-exposed participants and controls; however, IV-exposed participants with anxiety diagnoses had increased trust reciprocity compared with both other groups. Similarly, caregiver-reported anxiety symptoms were associated with trust reciprocity behaviors among the IV-exposed adolescents. Findings suggest that IV exposure and associated anxiety impacts adolescents’ trust behaviors, demonstrating potential mechanisms for maladaptive social behavior among trauma-exposed youth.

The Role of the Cerebellum in Sub- and Supraliminal Error Correction during Sensorimotor Synchronization: Evidence from fMRI and TMS

2011 ◽  
Vol 23 (5) ◽  
pp. 1100-1112 ◽  
Author(s):  
Janine D. Bijsterbosch ◽  
Kwang-Hyuk Lee ◽  
Michael D. Hunter ◽  
Daniel T. Tsoi ◽  
Sudheer Lankappa ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Error Correction ◽  
Interaction Analysis ◽  
Phase Shifts ◽  
Sensorimotor Synchronization ◽  
Psychophysiological Interaction ◽  
Temporal Coupling ◽  
Sensory Cortices ◽  
Cerebellar Dentate Nucleus ◽  
The Right

Our ability to interact physically with objects in the external world critically depends on temporal coupling between perception and movement (sensorimotor timing) and swift behavioral adjustment to changes in the environment (error correction). In this study, we investigated the neural correlates of the correction of subliminal and supraliminal phase shifts during a sensorimotor synchronization task. In particular, we focused on the role of the cerebellum because this structure has been shown to play a role in both motor timing and error correction. Experiment 1 used fMRI to show that the right cerebellar dentate nucleus and primary motor and sensory cortices were activated during regular timing and during the correction of subliminal errors. The correction of supraliminal phase shifts led to additional activations in the left cerebellum and right inferior parietal and frontal areas. Furthermore, a psychophysiological interaction analysis revealed that supraliminal error correction was associated with enhanced connectivity of the left cerebellum with frontal, auditory, and sensory cortices and with the right cerebellum. Experiment 2 showed that suppression of the left but not the right cerebellum with theta burst TMS significantly affected supraliminal error correction. These findings provide evidence that the left lateral cerebellum is essential for supraliminal error correction during sensorimotor synchronization.

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