scholarly journals Mid-Infrared Spectroscopic Analysis of Raw Milk to Predict the Blood Plasma Non-Esterified Fatty Acid Concentration in Dairy Cows

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ben Aernouts ◽  
Ines Adriaens ◽  
José Diaz-Olivares ◽  
Wouter Saeys ◽  
Päivi Mäntysaari ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Blood Plasma ◽  
Post Partum ◽  
Negative Energy ◽  
Energy Status ◽  
Nefa Concentration ◽  
Plasma Nefa ◽  
Mid Infrared ◽  
Milk Samples ◽  
Plasma Nefa Concentration ◽  
Mir Spectra

ABSTRACTIn high yielding dairy cattle, severe postpartum negative energy status is often associated with metabolic and infectious disorders that negatively affect production, fertility and welfare. Mobilization of adipose tissue associated with a negative energy status is reflected through an increased level of non-esterified fatty acids (NEFA) in the blood plasma. Earlier, identification of a negative energy status through the detection of increased blood plasma NEFA concentration required laborious and stressful blood sampling. More recently there have been attempts to predict blood NEFA concentration from milk samples. This study aimed to develop and validate a model to predict the blood plasma NEFA concentration using milk mid-infrared (MIR) spectra that are routinely measured in the context of milk recording. To this end, blood plasma and milk samples were collected in weeks 2, 3 and 20 post-partum for 192 lactations in 3 different herds. The blood plasma samples were taken in the morning, while representative milk samples were collected during the morning and evening milk session on the same day. To predict the blood plasma NEFA concentration from the milk MIR spectra, partial least squares regression models were trained on part of the observations from the first herd. The models were then thoroughly validated on all other observations of the first herd and on the observations of the two independent herds to explore their robustness and wide applicability. The final model can accurately predict blood plasma NEFA concentrations below 0.6 mmol/L with a root mean square error of prediction (RMSE) of less than 0.143 mmol/L. However, for blood plasma with more than 1.2 mmol/L NEFA, the model clearly underestimates the true level. Additionally, it was found that morning blood plasma NEFA levels were predicted with a significantly higher accuracy (p = 0.009) using MIR spectra of evening milk samples compared to morning samples, with RMSEP values of respectively 0.182 and 0.197 mmol/L and R2 values of 0.613 and 0.502. These results suggest a time delay between variations in blood plasma NEFA and related milk biomarkers. Based on the MIR spectra of evening milk samples, cows at risk for a negative energy status, indicated with detrimental morning blood plasma NEFA levels (> 0.6 mmol/L), could be identified with a sensitivity and specificity of respectively 0.831 and 0.800. As this model can be applied to millions of historical and future milk MIR spectra, it opens opportunities for regular metabolic screening and improved resilience phenotyping.

Seasonal Variation in Plasma Nonesterified Fatty Acids of Lake Sturgeon (Acipenser fulvescens) in the Vicinity of Hydroelectric Facilities

1993 ◽  
Vol 50 (11) ◽  
pp. 2440-2447 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. S. McKinley ◽  
T. D. Singer ◽  
J. S. Ballantyne ◽  
G. Power
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Fatty Acid ◽  
Lake Sturgeon ◽  
Acipenser Fulvescens ◽  
Total Plasma ◽  
Nefa Concentration ◽  
Plasma Nefa ◽  
Nonesterified Fatty Acids ◽  
Plasma Nefa Concentration ◽  
Fatty Acid Species

To establish the effects of hydroelectric generation on the health of lake sturgeon (Acipenser fulvescens), seasonal variations in plasma nonesterified fatty acids (NEFAs) upstream and downstream from hydroelectric stations were measured over a 2-yr period. Plasma NEFA profiles were also compared up- and downstream of the stations for differences in utilization of individual NEFA species as substrates for lipid oxidation. Significantly higher levels of total plasma NEFA were found in lake sturgeon upstream (2355 ± 395.9 nmol/mL) compared with those downstream (798 ± 133.5 nmol/mL) of the generating stations during the spring. The NEFA profiles for several key fatty acid species differed significantly among seasons up- and downstream of the facilities. In particular, during spring and summer, the levels of oleic acid (18:1n9) were highest upstream of the stations and levels of a polyunsaturated fatty acid, docosahexaenoic acid (22:6n3), were higher below rather than above the stations. The differences in plasma NEFA concentration may be attributed to altered nutritional status due to the varying flow regime located downstream of the hydroelectric stations.

URINARY CATECHOLAMINE EXCRETION AND PLASMA NEFA CONCENTRATION IN SMALL-FOR-DATE INFANTS

PEDIATRICS ◽  
1971 ◽  
Vol 47 (6) ◽  
pp. 1000-1009
Author(s):  
D. E. Anagnostakis ◽  
R. Lardinois
Keyword(s):  
Premature Infants ◽  
Full Term ◽  
Nefa Concentration ◽  
Urinary Catecholamine ◽  
Neonatal Hypoglycemia ◽  
Plasma Nefa ◽  
Nonesterified Fatty Acids ◽  
Catecholamine Excretion ◽  
Fat Stores ◽  
Plasma Nefa Concentration

Urinary catecholamine excretion, blood glucose, and plasma nonesterified fatty acids (NEFA) concentration were studied in five full-term, seven premature, and 22 small-for-date (SFD) babies (16 at term and six prematurely born) during the first 8 to 10 days of life. Episodes of hypoglycemia (arbitrarily designed as < 40 mg/100 ml for full term and < 30 mg/100 ml for premature infants) were observed between the second and fifth day of age in 12 SFD babies. During their low blood sugar period, these infants exhibited a significantly higher catecholamine excretion (three- to fourfold for norepinephrine and five- and sixfold for epinephrine) when compared to full term, premature, and "nonhypoglycemic" SFD babies. All SFD babies during the first 2 days of life showed a significantly higher plasma NEFA concentration than the other groups of neonates; among the former, the hypoglycemic ones had a tendency to maintain for a longer period a higher NEFA concentration than the nonhypoglycemic ones. These findings show that SFD babies are capable of reacting to an hypoglycemic stress by mobilizing their fat stores and by releasing catecholamine; therefore, adrenal medullary unresponsiveness cannot be considered as a cause of their transient neonatal hypoglycemia.

Changes in blood glucose and plasma non-esterified fatty acids (NEFA) in relation to body condition scores in periparturient purebred Sahiwal cows

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
V.N. Khune ◽  
Sharad Mishra ◽  
M.D. Bobade ◽  
V. Bhagat ◽  
Nishma Singh
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Blood Glucose ◽  
Body Condition ◽  
Transition Period ◽  
Post Partum ◽  
Nefa Concentration ◽  
Plasma Nefa ◽  
Esterified Fatty Acids ◽  
Sahiwal Cows ◽  
Body Condition Scores

The blood glucose and the plasma non-esterified fatty acids (NEFA) were estimated during extended transition period (56 days prepartum to 84 days postpartum) in relation to body condition scores in 26 purebred Sahiwal cows, 13 cows each from two farms i.e. the BMEF and CBF, Anjora, Durg, Chhattisgarh. BMEF herd concentrate was not fed to the animals during prepartum stage. In BMEF, the mean BCS at periodical intervals was significantly less than that of CBF herd throughout the transition period. The postpartum mean unit loss in BCS of the cows of BMEF herd (0.54±0.09) was significantly higher than that of CBF cows (0.52±0.09). The unit change in BCS was higher in magnitude till 42 days post partum in the cows of BMEF whereas it was lower in the cows of CBF. Non significantly higher mean blood glucose concentration was observed in the cows of BMEF (61.46±16 mg/dl) than the cows of CBF. The blood glucose level in both the herds was lower than as fore set range. The post partum mean NEFA concentration (0.138±0.015 mM/l) were significantly (P less than 0.01) higher than prepartum mean NEFA concentration (0.089±0.11mM/l) in BMEF cows however in CBF cows it remained same and differed non significantly. The overall mean plasma NEFA concentration in BMEF (0.116±0.010 mM/l) were significantly (P less than 0.01) higher than those of CBF (0.050±0.005 mM/l). In the cows of BMEF, NEFA value was higher than that of CBF and hence indicated a trend of reduction in BCS after calving. During prepartum period in BMEF and CBF cows, blodd glucose and plasma NEFA were negatively (with low “r”) correlated with BCS.

scholarly journals Milk fatty acid profile related to energy balance in dairy cows

2011 ◽  
Vol 78 (4) ◽  
pp. 479-488 ◽  
Author(s):  
Josef Gross ◽  
Hendrika A van Dorland ◽  
Rupert M Bruckmaier ◽  
Frieder J Schwarz
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acid ◽  
Energy Balance ◽  
Dairy Cows ◽  
De Novo ◽  
Post Partum ◽  
Negative Energy ◽  
Feed Restriction ◽  
Milk Fatty Acid ◽  
Early Lactation ◽  
Energy Status

Milk fatty acid (FA) profile is a dynamic pattern influenced by lactational stage, energy balance and dietary composition. In the first part of this study, effects of the energy balance during the proceeding lactation [weeks 1–21 post partum (pp)] on milk FA profile of 30 dairy cows were evaluated under a constant feeding regimen. In the second part, effects of a negative energy balance (NEB) induced by feed restriction on milk FA profile were studied in 40 multiparous dairy cows (20 feed-restricted and 20 control). Feed restriction (energy balance of −63 MJ NEL/d, restriction of 49 % of energy requirements) lasted 3 weeks starting at around 100 days in milk. Milk FA profile changed markedly from week 1 pp up to week 12 pp and remained unchanged thereafter. The proportion of saturated FA (predominantly 10:0, 12:0, 14:0 and 16:0) increased from week 1 pp up to week 12 pp, whereas monounsaturated FA, predominantly the proportion of 18:1,9c decreased as NEB in early lactation became less severe. During the induced NEB, milk FA profile showed a similarly directed pattern as during the NEB in early lactation, although changes were less marked for most FA. Milk FA composition changed rapidly within one week after initiation of feed restriction and tended to adjust to the initial composition despite maintenance of a high NEB. C18:1,9c was increased significantly during the induced NEB indicating mobilization of a considerable amount of adipose tissue. Besides 18:1,9c, changes in saturated FA, monounsaturated FA, de-novo synthesized and preformed FA (sum of FA >C16) reflected energy status in dairy cows and indicated the NEB in early lactation as well as the induced NEB by feed restriction.

scholarly journals Reduction of Plasma NEFA Concentration by Nicotinic Acid Enhances the Response to Insulin in Feed-Restricted Holstein Cows

2007 ◽  
Vol 90 (10) ◽  
pp. 4635-4642 ◽  
Author(s):  
J.A.A. Pires ◽  
J.B. Pescara ◽  
R.R. Grummer
Keyword(s):  
Nicotinic Acid ◽  
Holstein Cows ◽  
Nefa Concentration ◽  
Plasma Nefa ◽  
Plasma Nefa Concentration

EFFECTS OF FEEDING CANOLA-MEAL-PROTECTED-TALLOW OR SOYBEAN-MEAL-PROTECTED-TALLOW IN THE LOW-ROUGHAGE DIET OF DAIRY COWS IN EARLY LACTATION

1984 ◽  
Vol 64 (1) ◽  
pp. 81-91 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. R. VICENTE ◽  
J. A. SHELFORD ◽  
R. G. PETERSON ◽  
C. R. KRISHNAMURTI
Keyword(s):  
Soybean Meal ◽  
Milk Fat ◽  
Milk Protein ◽  
Milk Composition ◽  
Cow Milk ◽  
Canola Meal ◽  
Nefa Concentration ◽  
Plasma Nefa ◽  
Plasma Nefa Concentration ◽  
Diet Versus

Fifteen Holsteins and 12 Ayrshires were randomly assigned within breed and lactation category to one of three isonitrogenous concentrates containing 0% protected tallow (C), 8% soybean-meal-protected-tallow (SPT), or 8% canola-meal-protected-tallow (CPT) which they received during the first 15 wk of lactation. Concentrates and alfalfa hay cubes were offered ad libitum in the ratio 70:30. Statistical analyses compared the effects of diets containing protected tallow (PT) versus the control and secondly the effects of the SPT diet versus the CPT diet. When compared to the control, protected tallow diets significantly increased (P < 0.05) the yields of milk and milk fat and the gross efficiencies of conversion of energy and protein. Plasma NEFA concentration also was significantly higher with PT diets (P < 0.05) than in the control. PT diets significantly reduced milk protein percentage (P < 0.05). There were no significant differences between the SPT and CPT diets for any parameters measured except apparent digestibility of ether extract which was significantly higher for the canola-meal-protected-tallow diet (P < 0.01). Key words: Dairy, cow, milk, composition, protected, lipid, canola

scholarly journals Effect of pre-shipment preconditioning and injectable antioxidant trace elements (Cu, Mn, Se, Zn) and vitamins (A, E) on plasma metabolite and hormone concentrations and growth in weaned beef cattle

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Esteban M Galarza ◽  
Raul M Lizzarraga ◽  
Guillermo A Mattioli ◽  
Anthony J Parker ◽  
Alejandro E Relling
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Repeated Measures ◽  
Fixed Effects ◽  
Treatment Time ◽  
Average Daily Gain ◽  
Plasma Concentrations ◽  
High Stress ◽  
Nefa Concentration ◽  
Plasma Nefa ◽  
Plasma Nefa Concentration

Abstract Weaning and transport represent a high stress time for calves. Preconditioning (PC) by weaning before the transport separate these stressors. The stressors generate oxidative stress, which can be reduced by mineral and vitamin supplementation (MVS) with an antioxidant capacity. Our objective was to evaluate the effect of PC and MVS on performance of steers. The experiment used a 2 × 2 factorial arrangement design, considering a 26-d PC treatment from weaning to transport to the feedlot (d 0); and injectable MVS on d -45, -26, and 0. The MVS consisted of Cu, Zn, Mn, Se, vitamin E (0.2, 0.8, 0.2, 0.1, and 1 mg/kg body weight (BW), respectively), and vitamin A (1190 IU/kg). Sixty Angus-crossbred steers (186.4 ± 27.6 kg) were randomly assigned to the four treatments (MVS+PC; N+PC; MVS+N; N+N; n = 15/treatment). Body weight (BW) was recorded on d -45, -26, 0, 8, 15, and 29. On d 0, an additional BW was taken 30 minutes after the 5-hour transportation (d 0.5). Between d 0 to 29, dry matter intake (DMI) and average daily gain (ADG) to DMI ratio (G:F) were measured. Between d -26 to 29 plasma concentrations of glucose, free fatty acids (NEFA), cortisol, insulin, total antioxidant status (TAS), and thiobarbituric acid-reactive substances (TBARS) were evaluated. Data were analyzed using the MIXED procedure of SAS with repeated measures, using treatment, time, and treatment × time as fixed effects, and steer as a random effect. Between d -26 to 0, there was an interaction of MVS × PC (P ˂ 0.01) for ADG. From d -26 to 0, N+N and N+PC had the greatest and lesser ADG, respectively. On d 0.5, no-PC steers tended to lose BW while the PC steers tended to gain BW (P = 0.09). In the period d 0 to 8, there were no differences (P ≥ 0.27) in DMI, but the PC steers had greater G:F and ADG (P &lt; 0.01) compared with no-PC steers. Plasma NEFA concentration on d 0 was affected by MVS×PC (P &lt; 0.01), because MVS decreased plasma NEFA concentration in no-PC steers, but it increased in the PC steers. Plasma concentrations of glucose, insulin, and cortisol did not differ among treatments (P ≥ 0.23). There was a MVS×PC interaction (P = 0.09) for TAS on d 0; N+N had the greatest and MVS+N had the lowest TAS concentrations. In conclusion, a 26-d PC decreased steers BW compared with no-PC steers. The BW loss during preconditioning was not recovered 29-d after feedlot entry. Despite this BW loss, MVS treatment decreased BW loss in the steers allocated to PC treatment on the day of transport.

Life-time organisation and management of reproduction in the dairy cow

2001 ◽  
Vol 28 ◽  
pp. 59-69
Author(s):  
D. C. Wathes ◽  
D.E. Beever ◽  
Z. Cheng ◽  
P.G.A. Pushpakumara ◽  
V.J. Taylor
Keyword(s):  
Milk Production ◽  
Post Partum ◽  
Genetic Selection ◽  
Life Time ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Negative Energy ◽  
Early Embryo ◽  
Energy Status ◽  
Embryo Survival ◽  
The Individual

AbstractAchieving adequate fertility is essential in any dairy unit, but is compromised by genetic selection for increased yield. Selection has altered the somatotrophic axis and resulted in cows which mobilise more body tissue for milk production in early lactation, thus prolonging both the depth and duration of the post partum negative energy balance. Poor energy status is reflected in altered metabolic parameters including raised urea and decreased insulin-like growth factor-I (IGF-I) and insulin concentrations, which adversely affect ovarian cyclicity and early embryo survival. Attempts to optimise the diet in terms of energy and protein content have generally been aimed at increasing milk production further rather than improving fertility. Advances in biosensor technology now provide us with the opportunity to monitor production, fertility and health parameters of each cow. Integration of this information should improve the timing for inseminations and could assist in selecting diets more suited to the needs of the individual cow. Genetic selection may in future be used to produce cows optimised for a particular type of management system. In both cases we need a greater understanding of the rules governing nutrient partitioning at different stages of the cows' life cycle to ensure that diets selected are cost effective and achieve an appropriate balance in promoting production, reproduction and health.

Plasma NEFA concentration in ICU patients are not related to the fat/glucose based parenteral nutrition regime

2017 ◽  
Vol 263 ◽  
pp. e223
Author(s):  
Joao Fortunato ◽  
Pavel Skorepa ◽  
Vladimir Blaha ◽  
Lubos Sobotka ◽  
Jan Horacek
Keyword(s):  
Parenteral Nutrition ◽  
Nefa Concentration ◽  
Plasma Nefa ◽  
Icu Patients ◽  
Plasma Nefa Concentration

scholarly journals Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy of milk samples as a tool to estimate energy balance, energy- and dry matter intake in lactating dairy cows

2020 ◽  
pp. 1-8
Author(s):  
Amira Rachah ◽  
Olav Reksen ◽  
Nils Kristian Afseth ◽  
Valeria Tafintseva ◽  
Sabine Ferneborg ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Dairy Cows ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
External Validation ◽  
Ftir Spectra ◽  
Dry Matter Intake ◽  
Energy Status ◽  
Test Set ◽  
Milk Samples ◽  
External Test ◽  
Body Energy

Abstract The objective of the study was to evaluate the potential of Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) analysis of milk samples to predict body energy status and related traits (energy balance (EB), dry matter intake (DMI) and efficient energy intake (EEI)) in lactating dairy cows. The data included 2371 milk samples from 63 Norwegian Red dairy cows collected during the first 105 days in milk (DIM). To predict the body energy status traits, calibration models were developed using Partial Least Squares Regression (PLSR). Calibration models were established using split-sample (leave-one cow-out) cross-validation approach and validated using an external test set. The PLSR method was implemented using just the FTIR spectra or using the FTIR together with milk yield (MY) or concentrate intake (CONCTR) as predictors of traits. Analyses were conducted for the entire first 105 DIM and separately for the two lactation periods: 5 ≤ DIM ≤ 55 and 55 < DIM ≤ 105. To test the models, an external validation using an independent test set was performed. Predictions depending on the parity (1st, 2nd and 3rd-to 6th parities) in early lactation were also investigated. Accuracy of prediction (r) for both cross-validation and external test set was defined as the correlation between the predicted and observed values for body energy status traits. Analyzing FTIR in combination with MY by PLSR, resulted in relatively high r-values to estimate EB (r = 0.63), DMI (r = 0.83), EEI (r = 0.84) using an external validation. Only moderate correlations between FTIR spectra and traits like EB, EEI and dry matter intake (DMI) have so far been published. Our hypothesis was that improvements in the FTIR predictions of EB, EEI and DMI can be obtained by (1) stratification into different stages of lactations and different parities, or (2) by adding additional information on milking and feeding traits. Stratification of the lactation stages improved predictions compared with the analyses including all data 5 ≤ DIM ≤105. The accuracy was improved if additional data (MY or CONCTR) were included in the prediction model. Furthermore, stratification into parity groups, improved the predictions of body energy status. Our results show that FTIR spectral data combined with MY or CONCTR can be used to obtain improved estimation of body energy status compared to only using the FTIR spectra in Norwegian Red dairy cattle. The best prediction results were achieved using FTIR spectra together with MY for early lactation. The results obtained in the study suggest that the modeling approach used in this paper can be considered as a viable method for predicting an individual cow's energy status.

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