scholarly journals Bipartite functional fractionation within the default network supports disparate forms of internally oriented cognition

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rocco Chiou ◽  
Gina F. Humphreys ◽  
Matthew A. Lambon Ralph
Keyword(s):  
Meta Analysis ◽  
Active Role ◽  
Resting State Fmri ◽  
Default Network ◽  
Frontoparietal Network ◽  
Gradient Representation ◽  
Macro Scale ◽  
Visuospatial Tasks ◽  
Situational Demands ◽  
The Mind

AbstractThe ‘default network’ (DN) becomes active when the mind is steered internally towards self-generated thoughts but turns dormant when the mind is directed externally towards the outside world. While hypotheses have been proposed to characterise the association and dissociation between different component areas of the DN, it remains unclear how they coalesce into a unitary network and fractionate into different sub-networks. Here we identified two distinct subsystems within the DN – while both subsystems show common disinterest in externally-oriented visuospatial tasks, their functional profiles differ strikingly according to the preferred contents of thoughts, preferred modes of task requirement, and causative neural dynamics among network nodes. Specifically, one subsystem comprises key nodes of the frontotemporal semantic regions. This network shows moderate dislike to visuospatial tasks, shows proclivity for task-contexts with restraints on thoughts and responses, and prefers thoughts that are focused on other people. By contrast, the other subsystem comprises the cortical midline structure and angular gyri. This network shows strong aversion to visuospatial tasks, favours task-contexts allowing free self-generated thoughts without constraints, and prefers thoughts that are focused on self. Furthermore, causative connectivity reveals that task-contexts systematically alter the dynamics within and between subsystems, suggesting flexible adaption to situational demands. This ‘self/inward vs. others/outward’ separation within the broad DN resembles recent discoveries regarding a dyadic structure within the frontoparietal network that comprises regions controlling memories/thoughts vs. regions controlling sensory-motoric processes, and echoes burgeoning views that the brain is organised with a spectrum-like architecture along gradational changes of ‘inward vs. outward’ preferences.SignificanceRather than construing the default network (DN) as ‘task-negative’ regions that passively react to off-task mind-wandering, researchers have begun to acknowledge the active role of the DN in supporting internally-directed cognition. Here we found a striking dichotomy within the DN in terms of the subsystems’ task-driven functional and connectivity profiles, extending beyond previous inferences using meta-analysis and resting-state fMRI. This dichotomy reflects a local manifestation of a macro-scale gradient representation spanning across the broad cerebral cortex. This cortical gradient increases its representational complexity, from primitive sensory and motoric processing, through lexical-semantic codes for language tasks, to abstract self-generated thoughts in task-free contexts. These findings enable a framework where the separate yet related literatures of semantic cognition and default-mode processes converge.

scholarly journals “Resting-state fMRI in Parkinson's disease patients with cognitive impairment: A meta-analysis”: Answer to Wang and colleagues

2019 ◽  
Vol 66 ◽  
pp. 253-254
Author(s):  
Amée F. Wolters ◽  
Sjors C.F. van de Weijer ◽  
Albert F.G. Leentjens ◽  
Annelien A. Duits ◽  
Heidi I.L. Jacobs ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Parkinson’S Disease ◽  
Parkinson's Disease ◽  
Cognitive Impairment ◽  
Resting State ◽  
Meta Analysis ◽  
Resting State Fmri

scholarly journals What executive function network is that? An image-based meta-analysis of network labels

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Suzanne T. Witt ◽  
Helene van Ettinger-Veenstra ◽  
Taylor Salo ◽  
Michael C. Riedel ◽  
Angela R. Laird
Keyword(s):  
Neural Networks ◽  
Executive Function ◽  
Meta Analysis ◽  
Control Network ◽  
Attention Network ◽  
Frontoparietal Network ◽  
Current State ◽  
The Neural Networks ◽  
Task Positive Network ◽  
Spatial Topography

AbstractThe current state of label conventions used to describe brain networks related to executive functions is highly inconsistent, leading to confusion among researchers regarding network labels. Visually similar networks are referred to by different labels, yet these same labels are used to distinguish networks within studies. We performed a literature review of fMRI studies and identified nine frequently-used labels that are used to describe topographically or functionally similar neural networks: central executive network (CEN), cognitive control network (CCN), dorsal attention network (DAN), executive control network (ECN), executive network (EN), frontoparietal network (FPN), working memory network (WMN), task positive network (TPN), and ventral attention network (VAN). Our aim was to meta-analytically determine consistency of network topography within and across these labels. We hypothesized finding considerable overlap in the spatial topography among the neural networks associated with these labels. An image-based meta-analysis was performed on 166 individual statistical maps (SPMs) received from authors of 72 papers listed on PubMed. Our results indicated that there was very little consistency in the SPMs labeled with a given network name. We identified four clusters of SPMs representing four spatially distinct executive function networks. We provide recommendations regarding label nomenclature and propose that authors looking to assign labels to executive function networks adopt this template set for labeling networks.

scholarly journals Multimodal multilayer network centrality relates to executive functioning

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lucas C. Breedt ◽  
Fernando A.N. Santos ◽  
Arjan Hillebrand ◽  
Liesbeth Reneman ◽  
Anne-Fleur van Rootselaar ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Executive Functioning ◽  
Positive Association ◽  
Resting State Fmri ◽  
Brain Network ◽  
Network Organization ◽  
Eigenvector Centrality ◽  
Multilayer Network ◽  
Network Analyses ◽  
Frontoparietal Network ◽  
Structural Networks

Executive functioning is a higher-order cognitive process that is thought to depend on a brain network organization facilitating network integration across specialized subnetworks. The frontoparietal network (FPN), a subnetwork that has diverse connections to other brain modules, seems pivotal to this integration, and a more central role of regions in the FPN has been related to better executive functioning. Brain networks can be constructed using different modalities: diffusion MRI (dMRI) can be used to reconstruct structural networks, while resting-state fMRI (rsfMRI) and magnetoencephalography (MEG) yield functional networks. These networks are often studied in a unimodal way, which cannot capture potential complementary or synergistic modal information. The multilayer framework is a relatively new approach that allows for the integration of different modalities into one 'network of networks'. It has already yielded promising results in the field of neuroscience, having been related to e.g. cognitive dysfunction in Alzheimer's disease. Multilayer analyses thus have the potential to help us better understand the relation between brain network organization and executive functioning. Here, we hypothesized a positive association between centrality of the FPN and executive functioning, and we expected that multimodal multilayer centrality would supersede unilayer centrality in explaining executive functioning. We used dMRI, rsfMRI, MEG, and neuropsychological data obtained from 33 healthy adults (age range 22-70 years) to construct eight modality-specific unilayer networks (dMRI, fMRI, and six MEG frequency bands), as well as a multilayer network comprising all unilayer networks. Interlayer links in the multilayer network were present only between a node's counterpart across layers. We then computed and averaged eigenvector centrality of the nodes within the FPN for every uni- and multilayer network and used multiple regression models to examine the relation between uni- or multilayer centrality and executive functioning. We found that higher multilayer FPN centrality, but not unilayer FPN centrality, was related to better executive functioning. To further validate multilayer FPN centrality as a relevant measure, we assessed its relation with age. Network organization has been shown to change across the life span, becoming increasingly efficient up to middle age and regressing to a more segregated topology at higher age. Indeed, the relation between age and multilayer centrality followed an inverted-U shape. These results show the importance of FPN integration for executive functioning as well as the value of a multilayer framework in network analyses of the brain. Multilayer network analysis may particularly advance our understanding of the interplay between different brain network aspects in clinical populations, where network alterations differ across modalities.

scholarly journals Graph Ricci Curvatures Reveal Disease-related Changes in Autism Spectrum Disorder

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Pavithra Elumalai ◽  
Yasharth Yadav ◽  
Nitin Williams ◽  
Emil Saucan ◽  
Jürgen Jost ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Autism Spectrum Disorder ◽  
Resting State ◽  
Neurodevelopmental Disorders ◽  
Data Exchange ◽  
Meta Analysis ◽  
Resting State Fmri ◽  
Brain Regions ◽  
Autism Spectrum ◽  
Spectrum Disorder ◽  
The Brain

Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) is a set of neurodevelopmental disorders that pose a significant global health burden. Measures from graph theory have been used to characterise ASD-related changes in resting-state fMRI functional connectivity networks (FCNs), but recently developed geometry-inspired measures have not been applied so far. In this study, we applied geometry-inspired graph Ricci curvatures to investigate ASD-related changes in resting-state fMRI FCNs. To do this, we applied Forman-Ricci and Ollivier-Ricci curvatures to compare networks of ASD and healthy controls (N = 1112) from the Autism Brain Imaging Data Exchange I (ABIDE-I) dataset. We performed these comparisons at the brain-wide level as well as at the level of individual brain regions, and further, determined the behavioral relevance of region-specific differences with Neurosynth meta-analysis decoding. We found brain-wide ASD-related differences for both Forman-Ricci and Ollivier-Ricci curvatures. For Forman-Ricci curvature, these differences were distributed across 83 of the 200 brain regions studied, and concentrated within the Default Mode, Somatomotor and Ventral Attention Network. Meta-analysis decoding identified the brain regions showing curvature differences as involved in social cognition, memory, language and movement. Notably, comparison with results from previous non-invasive stimulation (TMS/tDCS) experiments revealed that the set of brain regions showing curvature differences overlapped with the set of brain regions whose stimulation resulted in positive cognitive or behavioural outcomes in ASD patients. These results underscore the utility of geometry-inspired graph Ricci curvatures in characterising disease-related changes in ASD, and possibly, other neurodevelopmental disorders.

scholarly journals KRITIK IMMANUEL KANT TERHADAP FAHAM RASIONALISME DAN EMPIRISME

2016 ◽  
Vol 8 (02) ◽  
Author(s):  
Jauhan Budiwan
Keyword(s):  
Immanuel Kant ◽  
Active Role ◽  
Western Philosophy ◽  
Pure Reason ◽  
Critique Of Pure Reason ◽  
Profound Impact ◽  
Philosophical Movement ◽  
Philosophical Background ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Mind

Immanuel Kant is one of the most influential philosophers in the history of Western philosophy. His contributions to metaphysics, epistemology, ethics, and aesthetics have had a profound impact on almost every philosophical movement that followed him. This portion will focus on his metaphysics and epistemology in one of his most important works. The Critique of Pure Reason, A large part of Kant’s work addresses the question “What can we know?” The answer, if it can be stated simply, is that our knowledge is constrained to mathematics and the science of the -natural, empirical world. It is impossible, Kant argues, to extend knowledge to the supersensible realm of speculative metaphysics. The reason that knowledge has these constraints, Kant argues, is that the mind plays an active role in constituting the features of experience and limiting the mind's access to the empirical realm of space and time. In order to understand Kant's position, we must understand the philosophical background that he was reacting to. First, 1 will present a brief overview of his predecessor's positions with a brief statement of Kant's objections, then I will return to a more detailed exposition of Kant's arguments. There are two major historical movements in the early modem period of philosophy that had a significant impact on Kant; Empiricism and Rationalism,

scholarly journals Information Needs of Cancer Patients are Influenced by Time Since Diagnosis, Stage of Cancer, Patients’ Age, and Preferred Role in Treatment-related Decisions

2006 ◽  
Vol 1 (3) ◽  
pp. 80 ◽  
Author(s):  
John Loy
Keyword(s):  
Cancer Patients ◽  
Information Seeking ◽  
Information Needs ◽  
English Language ◽  
Meta Analysis ◽  
Active Role ◽  
Post Treatment ◽  
Inclusion Criteria ◽  
Information Need ◽  
Need For Information

A review of: Kalyani, Ankem. “Factors Influencing Information Needs Among Cancer Patients: A Meta-Analysis.” Library & Information Science Research; 28.1 (2006) 7-23. Objective – The author aims to study the aggregate influence of demographic and situational variables on the information needs of cancer patients, in order to inform the provision of information to those patients. Design – Meta-analysis. Setting – Research articles published in the MEDLINE and CINAHL databases. Subjects – English language studies published between 1993 and 2003. An initial search set of 196 studies from MEDLINE and 283 studies from CINAHL were identified. Following rigorous assessment, 12 studies met the inclusion criteria. Methods – A comprehensive search of the databases was conducted, initially combining “neoplasm” with “cancer patients” using the Boolean “or”. These results were then combined with five separate searches using the following terms; information need(s), information seeking, information seeking behaviour, information source(s) and information resource(s). This identified in total 479 English language articles. Based on a review of titles and abstracts, 110 articles were found covering information resources or the information needs of cancer patients. These articles were then subjected to the further inclusion criteria and limited to studies which included: analysis of information needs and/or information sources of cancer patients; adults as subjects of the research; and application of quantitative research methods and relevant statistics. This eliminated a further 35 papers. Twelve of the remaining 75 studies were selected for meta-analysis based on their use of the same variables measured consistently in comparable units. The final 12 studies included various forms of cancer, and no distinction was made among them. All 12 studies appeared in peer-reviewed journals. Main results – The meta-analysis found there was consistently no difference between the information needs of men and women. Five subsets were identified within the meta-analysis, and findings for each can be stated as follows: The younger the age of the patient, the greater their overall need for information was likely to be. During treatment, the time elapsed from the diagnosis to the information need was not significant. Once identified, the information need remained constant. During treatment and post-treatment phases, the time elapsed from the diagnosis to the information need made no significant difference, with the information need remaining constant and continuing into the post-treatment phase. The stage of cancer made no difference to the need for information. Those patients in the advanced stages of cancer required an equal amount of information to those in the early stages of cancer. The individual patient’s preferred role in treatment-related decisions made a difference to the information need. Patients who took an active role in treatment-related decisions had a greater need for information than those who did not take an active role. Conclusion – Findings from this meta-analysis can be used to guide information provision to cancer patients, specifically taking patient age and preferred role in treatment decision-making into consideration. Further research into the reasons behind the lower information needs among older patients is called for by the author.

scholarly journals Resting States and Memory Consolidation: A Preregistered Replication and Meta-Analysis

2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Graelyn B. Humiston ◽  
Matthew A. Tucker ◽  
Theodore Summer ◽  
Erin J. Wamsley
Keyword(s):  
Memory Consolidation ◽  
Verbal Memory ◽  
Declarative Memory ◽  
Meta Analysis ◽  
Significant Benefit ◽  
Distractor Task ◽  
Memory Retention ◽  
Eyes Closed ◽  
Spontaneous Thought ◽  
The Mind

AbstractWhile several recent studies have found that a post-encoding period of quiet, eyes-closed waking rest benefits memory consolidation, others have reported null effects. To more precisely estimate this effect, we conducted a quasi-exact behavioural replication of a recent study from our lab, which found that post-training eyes-closed waking rest improved declarative memory relative to a distractor task. Contrary to our hypothesis, the observed effect was not significant; however, it did fall within the 95% confidence interval of our previous finding. Furthermore, a meta-analytic effect summarizing n = 10 similar studies indicates a moderately sized and significant benefit of waking rest for verbal memory (d = 0.38, p < 0.001). We argue that the apparently conflicting results in this literature are most parsimoniously explained by variability due to sampling and/or measurement error, in a group of studies often underpowered to detect a smaller-than-expected effect of rest. Additionally, exploratory analyses revealed that increased trait daydreaming frequency negatively correlated with memory retention during eyes-closed rest. Together with our replication and meta-analysis, these studies suggest that waking rest confers a small but significant benefit on memory consolidation, and that this benefit requires the mind to be free from attention to either external tasks or spontaneous thought.

scholarly journals Compulsivity is linked to reduced adolescent development of goal-directed control and frontostriatal functional connectivity

2020 ◽  
Vol 117 (41) ◽  
pp. 25911-25922 ◽  
Author(s):  
Matilde M. Vaghi ◽  
Michael Moutoussis ◽  
František Váša ◽  
Rogier A. Kievit ◽  
Tobias U. Hauser ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Functional Connectivity ◽  
Population Sample ◽  
Resting State Fmri ◽  
Change Score ◽  
Developmental Trajectory ◽  
Healthy Population ◽  
Model Based Control ◽  
Model Based ◽  
Frontoparietal Network ◽  
Ability To Act

A characteristic of adaptive behavior is its goal-directed nature. An ability to act in a goal-directed manner is progressively refined during development, but this refinement can be impacted by the emergence of psychiatric disorders. Disorders of compulsivity have been framed computationally as a deficit in model-based control, and have been linked also to abnormal frontostriatal connectivity. However, the developmental trajectory of model-based control, including an interplay between its maturation and an emergence of compulsivity, has not been characterized. Availing of a large sample of healthy adolescents (n= 569) aged 14 to 24 y, we show behaviorally that over the course of adolescence there is a within-person increase in model-based control, and this is more pronounced in younger participants. Using a bivariate latent change score model, we provide evidence that the presence of higher compulsivity traits is associated with an atypical profile of this developmental maturation in model-based control. Resting-state fMRI data from a subset of the behaviorally assessed subjects (n= 230) revealed that compulsivity is associated with a less pronounced change of within-subject developmental remodeling of functional connectivity, specifically between the striatum and a frontoparietal network. Thus, in an otherwise clinically healthy population sample, in early development, individual differences in compulsivity are linked to the developmental trajectory of model-based control and a remodeling of frontostriatal connectivity.

The Neural Correlates of Relational Reasoning: A Meta-analysis of 47 Functional Magnetic Resonance Studies

2018 ◽  
Vol 30 (11) ◽  
pp. 1734-1748 ◽  
Author(s):  
Julia Wertheim ◽  
Marco Ragni
Keyword(s):  
Spatial Information ◽  
Meta Analysis ◽  
Inductive Reasoning ◽  
Neural Correlates ◽  
Relational Reasoning ◽  
Cognitive Mechanisms ◽  
Train Station ◽  
Frontoparietal Network ◽  
Open Questions ◽  
The Impact

It is a core cognitive ability of humans to represent and reason about relational information, such as “the train station is north of the hotel” or “Charles is richer than Jim.” However, the neural processes underlying the ability to draw conclusions about relations are still not sufficiently understood. Central open questions are as follows: (1) What are the neural correlates of relational reasoning? (2) Where can deductive and inductive reasoning be localized? (3) What is the impact of different informational types on cerebral activity? For that, we conducted a meta-analysis of 47 neuroimaging studies. We found activation of the frontoparietal network during both deductive and inductive reasoning, with additional activation in an extended network during inductive reasoning in the basal ganglia and the inferior parietal cortex. Analyses revealed a double dissociation concerning the lateral and medial Brodmann's area 6 during deductive and inductive reasoning, indicating differences in terms of processing verbal information in deductive and spatial information in inductive tasks. During semantic and symbolic tasks, the frontoparietal network was found active, whereas geometric tasks only elicited prefrontal activation, which can be explained by the reduced demand for the construction of a mental representation in geometric tasks. Our study provides new insights into the cognitive mechanisms underlying relational reasoning and clarifies previous controversies concerning involved brain areas.

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