Knowledge and performance in action

2004 ◽  
Vol 8 (4) ◽  
pp. 38-53 ◽  
Author(s):  
Thomas Schack
Keyword(s):  
High Performance ◽  
Human Performance ◽  
Cognitive Architecture ◽  
Long Term Memory ◽  
Object Knowledge ◽  
Training Techniques ◽  
Action Knowledge ◽  
And Performance ◽  
High Level

This article addresses the functional links between knowledge and performance in human activity. Starting with the evolutionary roots of knowledge and activity, it shows how the combination of adaptive behavior and knowledge storage has formed over various stages of evolution. The cognitive architecture of human actions is discussed against this background, and it is shown how knowledge is integrated into action control. Then, methodological issues in the study of action knowledge are considered, and an experimental method is presented that can be used to assess the structure of action knowledge in long‐term memory. This method is applied in studies on the relation between object knowledge and performance in mechanics and between movement knowledge and performance in high‐performance sportswomen. These studies show how experts’ knowledge systems can be assessed, and how this may contribute to the optimization of human performance. In high‐level experts, these representational frameworks were organized in a highly hierarchical tree‐like structure, were remarkably similar between individuals, and matched well the functional demands of the task. In comparison, the action representations in low‐level performers were organized less hierarchically, were more variable between persons, and were not so well in accordance with functional demands. These results support the hypothesis that voluntary actions are planned, executed, and stored in memory directly by way of representations of their anticipated perceptual effects. The method offers new possibilities to investigate knowledge structures. Based on such results it is possible to improve performance via special training‐techniques. This paper fulfils an identified research need concerning the interaction of knowledge and performance and offers new perspectives for future forms of knowledge management.

Human Cognitive Processes

2009 ◽  
pp. 1-33
Author(s):  
Slava Kalyuga
Keyword(s):  
Working Memory ◽  
Cognitive Architecture ◽  
Human Cognition ◽  
Long Term Memory ◽  
Domain Specific ◽  
Knowledge Based ◽  
Domain Specific Knowledge ◽  
And Performance ◽  
Memory Knowledge ◽  
High Level

One of the major components of our cognitive architecture, working memory, becomes overloaded if more than a few chunks of information are processed simultaneously. For example, we all experience this cognitive overload when trying to keep in memory an unfamiliar telephone number or add two four-digit numbers in the absence of a pen and paper. Similar in nature processing limitations of working memory represent a major factor influencing the effectiveness of human learning and performance, particularly in complex environments that require concurrent performance of multiple tasks. The learner prior domain-specific knowledge structures and associated levels of expertise are considered as means of reducing these limitations and guiding high-level knowledge-based cognitive activities. One of the most important results of studies in human cognition is that the available knowledge is a single most significant learner cognitive characteristic that influences learning and cognitive performance. Understanding the key role of long-term memory knowledge base in our cognition is important to the successful management of cognitive load in multimedia learning.

scholarly journals Artificial Neural Network Simulations of Human Learning Suggest the Presence of Metastable Attractors in Visual Memory

2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-11
Author(s):  
Philippe Chassy ◽  
Frederic Surre
Keyword(s):  
Neural Network ◽  
Network Architecture ◽  
Visual Memory ◽  
Human Performance ◽  
Cognitive Architecture ◽  
Stable State ◽  
Human Learning ◽  
Learning Curves ◽  
Long Term Memory

The attractor hypothesis states that knowledge is encoded as topologically-defined, stable configurations of connected cell assemblies. Irrespective to its original state, a network encoding new information will thus self-organize to reach the necessary stable state. To investigate memory structure, a multimodular neural network architecture, termed Magnitron, has been developed. Magnitron is a biologically-inspired cognitive architecture that simulates digit recognition. It implements perceptual input, human visual long-term memory in the ventral visual pathway and, to a lesser extent, working memory processes. To test the attractor hypothesis a Monte Carlo simulation of 10,000 individuals has been run. Each simulated learner was trained in recognizing the ten digits from novice to expert stage. The results replicate several features of human learning. First, they show that random connectivity in long-term visual memory accounts for novices’ performance. Second, the learning curves revealed that Magnitron simulates the well-known psychological power law of practice. Third, after learning took place, performance departed from chance level and reached a minimum target of 95% of correct hits; hence simulating human performance in children (i.e., when digits are learned). Magnitron also replicates biological findings. In line with research using voxel-based morphometry, Magnitron showed that matter density increases while training is taken place. Crucially, the spatial analysis of the connectivity patterns in long-term visual memory supported the hypothesis of a stable attractor. The significance of these results regarding memory theory is discussed.

https://imsciences.edu.pk/files/journals/vol12_2/New%201%20MA.864.pdf

2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (2) ◽  
pp. 19-50 ◽  
Author(s):  
Muhammad Siddique ◽  
Shandana Shoaib ◽  
Zahoor Jan
Keyword(s):  
Organizational Performance ◽  
Structural Equation ◽  
High Performance ◽  
Service Sector ◽  
Performance Outcomes ◽  
Theory And Practice ◽  
Relational Coordination ◽  
Multiple Sources ◽  
And Performance ◽  
High Level

A key aspect of work processes in service sector firms is the interconnection between tasks and performance. Relational coordination can play an important role in addressing the issues of coordinating organizational activities due to high level of interdependence complexity in service sector firms. Research has primarily supported the aspect that well devised high performance work systems (HPWS) can intensify organizational performance. There is a growing debate, however, with regard to understanding the “mechanism” linking HPWS and performance outcomes. Using relational coordination theory, this study examines a model that examine the effects of subsets of HPWS, such as motivation, skills and opportunity enhancing HR practices on relational coordination among employees working in reciprocal interdependent job settings. Data were gathered from multiple sources including managers and employees at individual, functional and unit levels to know their understanding in relation to HPWS and relational coordination (RC) in 218 bank branches in Pakistan. Data analysis via structural equation modelling, results suggest that HPWS predicted RC among officers at the unit level. The findings of the study have contributions to both, theory and practice.

scholarly journals Long Term Interactions of Native and Invasive Species in a Marine Protected Area Suggest Complex Cascading Effects Challenging Conservation Outcomes

Diversity ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (2) ◽  
pp. 71
Author(s):  
Charalampos Dimitriadis ◽  
Ivoni Fournari-Konstantinidou ◽  
Laurent Sourbès ◽  
Drosos Koutsoubas ◽  
Stelios Katsanevakis
Keyword(s):  
Invasive Species ◽  
Native Species ◽  
High Performance ◽  
Marine Protected Area ◽  
Habitat Degradation ◽  
Population Increase ◽  
Rocky Reef ◽  
Cascading Effects ◽  
High Level

Understanding the interactions among invasive species, native species and marine protected areas (MPAs), and the long-term regime shifts in MPAs is receiving increased attention, since biological invasions can alter the structure and functioning of the protected ecosystems and challenge conservation efforts. Here we found evidence of marked modifications in the rocky reef associated biota in a Mediterranean MPA from 2009 to 2019 through visual census surveys, due to the presence of invasive species altering the structure of the ecosystem and triggering complex cascading effects on the long term. Low levels of the populations of native high-level predators were accompanied by the population increase and high performance of both native and invasive fish herbivores. Subsequently the overgrazing and habitat degradation resulted in cascading effects towards the diminishing of the native and invasive invertebrate grazers and omnivorous benthic species. Our study represents a good showcase of how invasive species can coexist or exclude native biota and at the same time regulate or out-compete other established invaders and native species.

scholarly journals STABILITY AND INSTABILITY OF AN OUTDOOR ILLUMINATION INSTALLATION

2004 ◽  
Vol 12 (4) ◽  
pp. 115-119
Author(s):  
Klaus-Dieter Fröhner ◽  
Ze Li
Keyword(s):  
Human Performance ◽  
Night Shift ◽  
Lighting Design ◽  
Work Efficiency ◽  
Safety And Health ◽  
Stability And Instability ◽  
Visual Tasks ◽  
And Performance ◽  
The Stability

Stability and instability are very important for the layout of real world processes concerning safety and health esp. when planned by scientists. The long‐term investigation of stability was carried out for the last ten years on the basis of the installation and the evaluation of an ergonomically designed outdoor illumination. In the depicted dynamic situation the lighting design influences directly visual discomfort and human performance and in the end stability and instability. The improvement of the adaptation of luminance and its influence on the visual tasks after the rearrangement are presented and discussed. The effective factors on the visual capability and performance of workers, work efficiency and potential accidents in the night shift, and furthermore the accelerators and barriers for the stability of the project are analysed and discussed.

The Gollin Incomplete Figures Test: A Flexible, Computerised Version

Perception ◽  
1987 ◽  
Vol 16 (4) ◽  
pp. 543-548 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nigel Foreman ◽  
Robert Hemmings
Keyword(s):  
Parietal Cortex ◽  
Visual Development ◽  
Long Term Memory ◽  
Clinical Test ◽  
Term Memory ◽  
And Performance ◽  
Age Range ◽  
Familiar Objects

The Gollin incomplete figures test has been used as a measure of visual development, as a clinical test for parietal cortex dysfunction, and to examine long-term memory in amnesic patients. It has traditionally been administered by using a series of three or five stimulus cards, successive cards containing progressively more information. A study is reported in which digitised outline drawings of familiar objects were presented via a computer, the percentage of the figure on the screen slowly increasing from 0 to 100. The original findings of Gollin were successfully replicated; children's performance on the task improved markedly over the age range 2–5 years, and performance improved dramatically over three tests in all subjects. Computerisation of the Gollin task provides a precise and versatile alternative to the original card version.

scholarly journals Evaluation of a Cold-Mixed High-Performance Polyurethane Mixture

2019 ◽  
Vol 2019 ◽  
pp. 1-12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sun Min ◽  
Yufeng Bi ◽  
Mulian Zheng ◽  
Sai Chen ◽  
Jingjing Li
Keyword(s):  
Energy Consumption ◽  
High Performance ◽  
Greenhouse Gas Emission ◽  
Asphalt Mixture ◽  
Temperature Stability ◽  
Water Stability ◽  
High Temperature Stability ◽  
Forming Mechanism ◽  
And Performance

The energy consumption and greenhouse gas emission of asphalt pavement have become a very serious global problem. The high-temperature stability and durability of polyurethane (PU) are very good. It is studied as an alternative binder for asphalt recently. However, the strength-forming mechanism and the mixture structure of the PU mixture are different from the asphalt mixture. This work explored the design and performance evaluation of the PU mixture. The PU content of mixtures was determined by the creep slope (K), tensile strength ratios (TSR), immersion Cantabro loss (ICL), and the volume of air voids (VV) to ensure better water stability. The high- and low-temperature stability, water stability, dynamic mechanical property, and sustainability of the PU mixture were evaluated and compared with those of the stone matrix asphalt mixture (SMA). The test results showed that the dynamic stability and bending strain of the PU mixture were about 7.5 and 2.3 times of SMA. The adhesion level of PU and the basalt aggregate was one level greater than the limestone, and basalt aggregates were proposed to use in the PU mixture to improve water stability. Although the initial TSR and ICL of PU mixture were lower, the long-term values were higher; the PUM had better long-term water damage resistance. The dynamic modulus and phase angles (φ) of the PU mixture were much higher. The energy consumption and CO2 emission of the PU mixture were lower than those of SMA. Therefore, the cold-mixed PU mixture is a sustainable material with excellent performance and can be used as a substitute for asphalt mixture.

scholarly journals Robust Recall and Long-Term Memory T-Cell Responses Induced by Prime-Boost Regimens with Heterologous Live Viral Vectors Expressing Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Gag and Env Proteins

2002 ◽  
Vol 76 (15) ◽  
pp. 7506-7517 ◽  
Author(s):  
Karl Haglund ◽  
Ingrid Leiner ◽  
Kristen Kerksiek ◽  
Linda Buonocore ◽  
Eric Pamer ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Human Immunodeficiency Virus ◽  
Vaccinia Virus ◽  
Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type ◽  
Long Term Memory ◽  
Term Memory ◽  
Immunodeficiency Virus ◽  
High Level ◽  
Hiv 1

ABSTRACT We investigated long-term memory and recall cellular immune responses to human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) Env and Gag proteins elicited by recombinant vesicular stomatitis viruses (VSVs) expressing Env and Gag. More than 7 months after a single vaccination with VSV-Env, ∼6% of CD8+ splenocytes stained with major histocompatibility complex class I tetramers containing the Env p18-I10 immunodominant peptide and showed a memory phenotype (CD44Hi). The level of tetramer-positive cells in memory was about 14% of the peak primary response. Recall responses elicited in these mice 5 days after boosting with a heterologous recombinant vaccinia virus expressing HIV-1 Env showed that 40 to 45% of CD8+ splenocytes were tetramer positive and activated (CD62LLo), and these cells produced gamma interferon after stimulation with Env peptide, indicating that they were functional. Five months after the boost, the long-term memory cell population (tetramer positive, CD44Hi) constituted 30% of the CD8+ splenocytes. Recall responses to HIV-1 Gag were examined in mice primed with VSV recombinants expressing HIV-1 Gag protein and boosted with a vaccinia virus recombinant expressing Gag. Using this protocol, we found that ∼40% of CD8+ splenocytes were activated (CD62LLo) and specific for a Gag immunodominant peptide (tetramer positive). The high-level Gag recall response elicited by the vaccinia virus-Gag was greater than that obtained by boosting with a VSV-Gag vector with a different VSV glycoprotein. The corresponding levels of CD44Hi memory cells were also higher long after boosting with vaccinia virus-Gag than after boosting with a glycoprotein exchange VSV-Gag. Our results show that VSV vectors elicit high-level memory CTL responses and that these can be amplified as much as six- to sevenfold using a heterologous boosting vector.

scholarly journals The life of high-level athletes: The challenge of high performance against the time constraint

2016 ◽  
Vol 53 (2) ◽  
pp. 234-249 ◽  
Author(s):  
Fabrice Burlot ◽  
Rémi Richard ◽  
Helene Joncheray
Keyword(s):  
High Performance ◽  
Elite Athletes ◽  
Time Constraint ◽  
Sport Expertise ◽  
Pace Of Life ◽  
And Performance ◽  
High Level ◽  
State Of Tension ◽  
Sporting Performance

The conditions for high performance have changed considerably over the last few years. Athletes must spend more time training and competing, devote a lot of time to mental, physical and nutritional professionals and continue to respond to some constraints such as studying, spending time with their families, friends and quality of life. In this context and based on the work of Rosa, we wonder about the capacity of elite athletes to combine all these constraints, namely to manage the acceleration in their pace of life, in order to be able to achieve always more and better in the same time unit. To address this issue, we interviewed 42 French high-level athletes who train at the National Institute of Sport, Expertise and Performance (INSEP). Results show that to suit their goals, athletes implement arrangement and adjustment strategies aimed at making the time they have wholly useful and efficient. This time constraint puts athletes in a perpetual state of tension, on the verge of a good or poor life. The paper shows how the question of time, and particularly the acceleration of pace of life, is vital for modern sporting performance.

scholarly journals What Makes Employees Productive and Have High Performance? Human Capital Investment in Universities

2020 ◽  
pp. 21-36
Author(s):  
Fitri Nurmahmudah ◽  
Eka Cahya Sari Putra
Keyword(s):  
Human Capital ◽  
Capital Investment ◽  
High Performance ◽  
Evaluation Method ◽  
Net Present Value ◽  
Pearson Correlation ◽  
Human Capital Investment ◽  
Correlation Technique ◽  
And Performance ◽  
High Level

The study describes the evaluation results concerning the improvement of the education levels among the employees of a university in Indonesia by making an investment in education. The study is aimed at investigating the employees’ productivity and performance after making an investment in education. This study with evaluation method using discrepancy model. The sample of the study consisted of 255  non-academic university employees. Data were collected by way of a questionnaire on Guttmann scale. The questionnaire was validated by using logical and empirical validation by a Pearson correlation technique and reliability by KR-20 technique. The data analysis with descriptive. To calculate the capital human investment, the human capital investment formula was used for finding payback period, benefit/cost ration, return-on-investment, net-present-value, and internal-rate-of-return. The results of the study showed that the employees who made human capital investment in education were able to increase their productivity and performance as their insights, knowledge, and skills improved. The research findings were able to give insights to leaders in high-level institutions or government institutions that investing in education is truly essential, needs more attention, and needs to be done by employees.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document